Chapter #13

ACOUSTICS OF BUILDING
 INTRODUCTION
Building acoustics is the science of controlling noise in buildings. This includes the minimization
of noise transmission from one space to another and the control of the characteristics
of sound within spaces themselves.
Building acoustics are an important consideration in the design, operation and construction of
most buildings, and can have a significant impact on health and wellbeing, communication
and productivity. They can be particularly significant in spaces such as concert halls, recording
studios, lecture theatres, and so on, where the quality of sound and its intelligibility are very
important.
Building acoustics can be influenced by:
 The geometry and volume of a space.
 The sound absorption, transmission and reflection characteristics of surfaces enclosing
the space and within the space.
 The sound absorption, transmission and reflection characteristics
of materials separating spaces.
 The generation of sound inside or outside the space.
 Airborne sound transmission.
 Impact noise.

TECHNICAL TERMS
Following term are involved in acoustic
1. Sound
Sound is the term to describe what is heard when sound waves pass through a medium to the ear.
All sounds are made by vibrations of molecules through which the sound travels. For instance,
when a drum or a cymbal is struck, the object vibrates. These vibrations make air molecules
move.
2. Velocity of sound
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates
through an elastic medium. At 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 343 meter per
second (1,235 km/h; 1,125 ft/s; 767 mph; 667 kn), or a kilometer in 2.9 s or a mile in 4.7 s
3. Intensity of loudness
Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness of sound is
determined, in turn, by the intensity of the sound waves. Intensity is a measure of the amount of
energy in sound waves. The unit of intensity is the decibel (dB)

4. Transmission of sound
Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called
compression waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can
be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves.

5. Frequency of sound
Frequency is the speed of the vibration, and this determines the pitch of the sound. It is only
useful or meaningful for musical sounds, where there is a strongly regular waveform.
Frequency is measured as the number of wave cycles that occur in one second. The unit of
frequency measurement is Hertz (Hz for short).

6. Loudness of sound
Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness of sound is
determined, in turn, by the intensity, or amount of energy, in sound waves. The unit of intensity
is the decibel (dB). As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity
and sounds are louder.

7. Tone
Tone, in acoustics, sound that can be recognized by its regularity of vibration A simple tone has
only one frequency, although its intensity may vary. A complex tone consists of two or more
simple tones, called overtones. The tone of lowest frequency is called the fundamental; the
others, overtones.

8. Echo
An echo is a sound that is repeated because the sound waves are reflected back. Sound waves can
bounce off smooth, hard objects in the same way as a rubber ball bounces off the ground.
Although the direction of the sound changes, the echo sounds the same as the original sound

9. Resonance
Acoustic resonance is a phenomenon in which an acoustic system amplifies sound waves whose
frequency matches one of its own natural frequencies of vibration.

10. Reverberation
Reverberation is the collection of reflected sounds from the surfaces in an enclosure like an
auditorium. It is a desirable property of auditoriums to the extent that it helps to overcome the
inverse square law drop off of sound intensity in the enclosure.

11. Optimum time of reverberation

The optimum reverberation time for an auditorium or room of course depends upon its intended
use. Around 2 seconds is desirable for a medium-sized, general purpose auditorium that is to be
used for both speech and music. A classroom should be much shorter, less than a second

12. Beat
In acoustics, a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different
frequencies, perceived as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two
frequencies. ... As the two tones gradually approach unison, the beating slows down and may
become so slow as to be imperceptible.

FACTOR AFFECTING THE SOUND

Following factor are affecting on sound
1. Vibrating body
2. Material medium
3. Ear

1. Vibrating body
There should be a vibrating body the body is in mode of vibration then it producing the sound
vibration produces sound waves
2. Material medium
As a result, sound waves travel faster in solids than in liquids, and faster in liquids than in gasses.
While the density of a medium also affects the speed of sound, the elastic properties have a
greater influence on the wave speed. The density of a medium is the second factor that affects the
speed of sound.

3. Ear
There should be receiver of sound wave that can receive and recognize them this receiver should
be ear that is used as receiver and recognizer of sound waves.

INTERFERANCE OF SOUND
When two or more sound waves from different sources are present at the same time, they interact
with each other to produce a new wave. The new wave is the sum of all the different waves.
Wave interaction is called interference. If the compressions and the rarefactions of the two waves
line up, they strengthen each other and create a wave with a higher intensity. This type of
interference is known as constructive.
When the compressions and rarefactions are out of phase, their interaction creates a wave with a
dampened or lower intensity. This is destructive interference. When waves are interfering with
each other destructively, the sound is louder in some places and softer in others. As a result, we
hear pulses or beats in the sound.

SILENCE ZONE
When sound is being produced from a certain source this sound penetrate a destination via many
ways this sound can be hear at different location as well some time sound interference destruct
the sound at certain location where it can-not be heard this location refers to silence zone
sometimes audience cannot hear voice of speaker at certain location in conference or theatre due
to effect of silence zone.

SOUND ABSORBENT MATERIAL

At Soundproof Cow, reducing background noise is what our sound-absorbing materials are
meant to do — no matter if the sound is coming from outside, or if you’re the one who’s making
it. We have a long list of noise-absorbing materials that include acoustic panels, acoustic
foam and more.
Sound absorbing materials are meant to improve the quality of sound within a room by
controlling sound reflections. The desired effect is to reduce unwanted noise like echoes or high-
pitched laughing. Sound-absorbing materials can help musicians find greater satisfaction with
their music, or help students stay focused when they’re studying in the library. Sound absorption
is useful in many different commercial and residential settings.
The sound absorbing materials are as follow
1. Glass
2. Foam
3. Cotton
4. Acoustic partition
5. Hanging baffle
 6. Porous plaster
7. Plywood
8. Cotton

1. Glass mineral wool

Our acoustic glass mineral wool panels offer a lightweight solution for highly customizable
sound absorption. Mineral wool is made from natural rock materials that have been spun into a
glassy fibrous structure. Each of our panels offers consistent sound absorption. They can be cut
to fit any budget or room size. Our glass mineral wool panels feature the following:
 Completely made-to-order for perfection every time
 Available in 1-inch or 2-inch thickness
 Made from safe materials
Benefits include:
 Lightweight
 Easy to install
 Budget-friendly
 Customizable and highly versatile
 Reduces unwanted reverberations
 Provides energy efficiency in any space
 Naturally fire-resistant
 Does not absorb or retain moisture
Musicians and audiophiles alike appreciate how acoustic glass mineral wool effectively reduces
reverb, ringing and other unwanted noises in a musical space. However, these panels work great
in a wide range of applications including:
 Inside noisy appliances
 As a ceiling panel
 As an office partition
 In machine rooms
 Inside heating and cooling equipment
 Anywhere sound absorption is needed

2. Acoustic foam
If you’re looking for an affordable, easy way to improve sound quality, acoustic foam is the
answer. Acoustic foam is extremely easy to install in any space with a peel-and-stick backing.
It’s perfect for dampening sound within a commercial or residential area, and you can use it to
help keep sound out. Some of our acoustic foam options include
As you can see, there are tons of acoustic foam options. Although the possibilities are endless
regarding where you can place acoustic foam, here are a few ideas:
 Auditoriums
 Engine compartments
 Gun ranges
 Gymnasiums
 Manufacturing facilities
 Medical facilities
 Offices
 Recording studios
 Theatres
 Utility rooms
 Workshops
Acoustic foam benefits include:
 Keeps sound out
 Reduces reverb
 Improves acoustics
 Affordable
 Can also double as wall art

3. Cotton
Our Echo Absorber™ panels and baffles are among our best sound-absorbing materials. Made of
80-percent recycled materials, the natural fiber panels aren’t just great at controlling sounds.
They’re also resistant to mold, mildew and flames, as well as suited to temporary or permanent
installations. These light-weight materials are easy to install, just like the rest of our products,
and they provide tremendous value for the cost
This sound-absorbing material is perfect for:
 Auditoriums
 Call centers
 Conference rooms
 Computer rooms
 Gymnasiums
 Offices
 Studios
 Theaters
 Warehouses
Acoustic cotton benefits include:
 Cost-effective
 Meets most building codes
 Fungi, mold, mildew and flame resistance
 Environmentally-friendly

4. Acoustic partition
An acoustic partition offers the ideal sound-absorbing solution when you want to divide a
room into smaller spaces and save yourself the time, cost and trouble of remodeling. Our free-
standing acoustic partitions are lightweight and easy to move around whenever you want to
change the layout of a room or turn any space into a quiet, private area. They’re available in a
range of colors to fit into the style of an office, restaurant or school.
Our Udderly Quiet™ acoustic partition soffer the following features:
 4 feet by 5 feet with custom sizes available
 60 percent recycled acoustic mineral wool core
 100 percent recycled acoustic fabric options available
 NRC rating of 1.00
Acoustic partitions are perfect for use in:
 Conference spaces
 Hotels
 Offices
 Restaurants
 Study rooms
 Anywhere you want to divide a space and enjoy quality sound
Benefits include:
 Flexibility
 Absorbs background noise
 Offers a temporary sound solution
 Customization options
 Improves privacy
 Superior sound absorption
 Exceptional quality
 Easy to install and move around
 Available in endless fabric options to match any decor
 Class A rating
 Highly durable
 Extremely versatile

5. Hanging baffle
Do you need sound absorption but have very little wall space? Hanging baffles solve the problem
for you. You can hang baffles from the ceiling to create soundproofing insulation just about
anywhere. They capture and redirect sound while blending into the surroundings. You can also
add a touch of art to the ceiling with a custom covering, or you can choose fabric from over
1,000 options. Here’s our selection of hanging baffles worth considering for discreet sound
absorption options
Hanging baffles are the perfect sound-absorbing material for:
 Auditoriums
 Gymnasiums
 Gun ranges
 Call centers
 Offices
 Industrial facilities
 Anywhere with limited wall space

6. Porous plaster
It is used as acoustic material in room. This plaster is made porous as smooth plaster will not
absorb the sound and will echo the sound so that this deficiency can be mitigated by making
surface porous rather than being smooth.

7. Plywood
Plywood is processed from of wooden material that absorb the sound plywood is usually used in
doors and windows and wall and ceiling plywood come with the characteristics that it does not
reflect the sound and does not echo it.

8. Carpet
Carpet are effective way of absorbing the sound carpet surface is not hard so sound may not
reflect back and absorb certain in carpet. Carpet are usually laid on floor but also can be pasted
over wall.

PROPERTIES OF SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALS

Following are sound absorbing material
1. Affordable
2. Simple & easy usage
3. Durable
4. It should be good sound absorbent
5. Material must be porous and flexible
6. It should weightless
7. It should not get rigid rapidly
8. It has delicate look

STEPS TAKEN FOR HEARING CLEAR SOUND

Echo is consequence of sound reflection In order to avoid it building must be equipped with
sound absorbing material there are few method of coping with echo as fallow
1. Few window must be left open
2. Few maps are portrait must be hanged on wall
3. Heavy curtain must be used
4. Number of audience must be increased
5. Cover wall with sound absorbing material
6. Use covering for chairs
7. Properly managed of wall for prevention of sound reflection

CHARECTARISTICS OF AUDITORIUM
A sound can be heard uninterrupted in an auditorium if following steps are taken
1. The intensity of sound be high in such manner that it penetrate every corner of auditorium
2. Auditorium should be mange for proper sound absorbing material so that sound
interference should be mitigated
3. Step should be taken to prevent sound echoing
4. Sound should penetrate every corner of auditorium in uniform manner

FACTOR AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF AUDITORIUM

Special attention should be paid toward acoustic factor during construction of auditorium some
of them are as follow
1. Volume
Hal should not get size 5.7 time bigger than the intended number of audience for hall ceiling the
ratio of height and width should be (2.3) usually the ratio for height, width and length is kept as
(1:2:3) respectively height of roof id kept comparatively lower at location of speaker
2. Shape
Shape of auditorium also affect the acoustic factor of sound the better shape is result in better
management of acoustic factor of sound
3. Sound absorbing material
Sound absorbing material should be applied on wall and ceiling of auditorium to manage the
acoustic factor of sounds

ABSORBING COEFFICIENT OF SOUND

A sound absorption coefficient is a coefficient that, for those of you out there that understand
math, it stands for a value. So a coefficient represents a value and they usually measure sound
absorption coefficients starting at 125 cycles to 4,000. That’s a standard test and that’s how
much energy at that frequency a given material absorbs.

ACOUSTICAL ANALYSIS
Acoustic or sonic analysis is the measurement of sound waves caused by component contacts
inside equipment. It is a term commonly used in other fields such as the music recording
industry, but its application in monitoring bearing lubrication is relatively new.
This is not to say that primitive derivatives have not been used for many years; most everyone
involved in industrial maintenance is familiar with the screwdriver-toear/ temple method of
listening to rotating equipment. For safety reasons, this should never be attempted. It is,
however, a simple and fairly effective method of diagnostics.
This method works well because sound is created when a medium vibrates, which occurs when
rolling elements inside a bearing are allowed to touch one another or the element raceway.
Acoustic analysis is similar to vibration analysis; however, its focus is not to detect causes for
rotating equipment failure by measuring and monitoring vibrations at discrete frequencies and
recording data for trending purposes. Instead, acoustic bearing analysis is intended for the
lubrication technician and focuses on proactive lubrication measures.
Devices that detect sound frequency use input transducers. Input transducers convert sound into
audio signals. The following are various types of input transducers:
1. Air pressure or velocity microphones - convert sound waves traveling through air into an
audio signal traveling in the microphone cable.
2. Contact pickups - convert sound waves in a dense medium (wood, metal, skin) into an audio
signal. These are sometimes used on acoustic stringed instruments such as guitars,
mandolins, violins, etc.
3. Magnetic pickups - convert fluctuating waves of induced magnetism into an audio signal.
These are found on electric stringed instruments (electric guitars, etc.) and displacement
meters on rotating shafts.
4. Tape heads - convert fluctuating magnetic fields (imprinted on magnetic recording tape
cassette) into an audio signal.
An input transducer designed for bearing monitoring and lubrication utilizes a contact pickup
and senses the vibrations (sound waves) generating in the bearing. Applying lubricant to a dry
bearing softens the bumping metallic contacts and dampens the vibration of the rolling elements,
therefore altering the strength of the vibration signal. This can easily be heard and recorded using
equipment created for this purpose. Input transducers are extremely sensitive and it is extremely
important to note that the smallest amount of pressure of the contact pickup to the vibration
source can yield varying results.

REQUIREMENT OF GOOD ACOUSTIC MATERIAL

1. Should have high absorption power
2. It should be able to absorb a wide range of frequencies
3. Should be cheap and easily available
4. Should look attractive after fixing it
5. It should be fire resistant
6. Should have adequate structural strength
7. Should be non- hygroscopic.
8. It should be insects and termites free
SOUND INSULATION
Sound insulation is a kind of measure to prevent the sound waves from permeating. It is
demonstrated by the sound transmission loss which is expressed by the difference
of decibels between the incident sound and permeated sound. The higher the numeral is, the
better the sound insulating property is.
According to the way of transmittance, the sound that people would like to insulate can be
divided into air-borne sound (due to the vibration of the air) and solid-borne sound (due to the
impact on solids or solid vibration). The sound permeation complies with the “mass law” in
acoustics. The sound insulation property of wall or plate depends on its mass area ratio. The
greater the mass is, the harder it is to vibrate this material, thus the better the insulating property
will be. Therefore, it is better to choose dense and heavy material (clay brick, reinforced
concrete, steel plate, etc) as sound insulating material. The best way to insulate the solid-borne
sound is to use the unconnected structure. That means to fill in elastic liner between wall and
spandrel girder, as well as between the frame of the building and the wallboard. The elastic liner
can be chosen from felt, cork, rubber, and elastic carpet. Do not mistake sound absorbing
material for sound insulation material. Note that good sound absorbing material is light, loose
and porous.

METHOD OF INSULATION
Following step can be taken in respect of sound insulation
1. Cavity wall must be built in construction of building in order to prevent sound from passing
through wall
2. If solid wall are to built then outer wall must come up wider
3. Sound absorbing material must be used in constructed building
4. Control way through which sound travel such as thick glass can be used on window, door
and vents etc.
5. Use air tight door and window in too noisy place
6. Building roof must be laid in continuous shape over rooms
7. Use sound absorbing material in room where sound producing machinery may be operated
like stitching machine and type writer etc.
EXERCISE
MCQS

1. Velocity of sound in m/s

a) 342
b) 345
c) 645
d) All of these
2. Velocity of sound in steel ______ m/s
a) 49
b) 7
c) 490
d) 4900
3. Unit of intensity of loudness
a) Mili bill
b) Meter
c) Foot
d) Decibel
4. Sound having frequency more than 20000-30000 is called
a) Loudness
b) Ultra-sound
c) Resonance
d) Frequency
5. Audible sound for human being has the frequency
a) 10-100
b) 100-1000
c) 50-5000
d) 20-30000
6. Frequency of ultra sound is
a) Less than 20
b) 100-1000
c) 50-5000
d) 20-30000
7. Minimum distance between source sound and obstruction for producing echo
a) 5m
b) 10m
c) 17m
d) 32m
8. To control the echo on auditorium following material may be used
a) Porous
b) Heavy curtain
c) Carpet
d) All of these
9. The area where sound is not hear is called
a) Silence zone
b) Hall
 c) Room
d) Road
10. The material used in hall to absorb sound is called
a) Sound absorbent
b) Acoustic
c) Heavy curtain
d) All of these
11. The point of low intensity of sound created by un satisfactory hearing are called
a) Dead spot
b) Foci
c) Fringes
d) None of these
12. The broad casting room should be
a) Moisture proof
b) Sound proof
c) Water proof
d) None of these
13. Frequency of vibration is called
a) Pitch
b) Echo
c) Sound
d) None of these
14. Velocity of sound in brick masonry is _________ m/s
a) 3000
b) 3600
c) 1800
d) 2600
15. The sound listened after reflection from the wall is called
a) Pitch
b) Frequency
c) Reverberation
d) All of these
16. DB is abbreviation of
a) Desidel
b) Desibolt
c) Desibell
d) Decibel
17. The sound absorbing co-efficient of air is
a) 1
b) 10
c) 100
d) 1000
SHORT QUESTION + ANSWER

Q1) define acoustics of building?

ANS)
Building acoustics is the science of controlling noise in buildings. This includes the minimization
of noise transmission from one space to another and the control of the characteristics
of sound within spaces themselves.
Building acoustics are an important consideration in the design, operation and construction of
most buildings, and can have a significant impact on health and wellbeing, communication
and productivity. They can be particularly significant in spaces such as concert halls, recording
studios, lecture theatres, and so on, where the quality of sound and its intelligibility are very
important.

Q2) define sound also define velocity of sound?

ANS)
Sound
Sound is the term to describe what is heard when sound waves pass through a medium to the ear.
All sounds are made by vibrations of molecules through which the sound travels. For instance,
when a drum or a cymbal is struck, the object vibrates. These vibrations make air molecules
move.
Velocity of sound
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates
through an elastic medium. At 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 343 meter per
second (1,235 km/h; 1,125 ft/s; 767 mph; 667 kn), or a kilometer in 2.9 s or a mile in 4.7 s

Q3) define intensity of loudness?

ANS)
Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness of sound is
determined, in turn, by the intensity of the sound waves. Intensity is a measure of the amount of
energy in sound waves. The unit of intensity is the decibel (dB)

Q4) define transmission of sound?

ANS)
Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called
compression waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can
be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves.

Q5) define frequency of sound?

ANS)
Frequency is the speed of the vibration, and this determines the pitch of the sound. It is only
useful or meaningful for musical sounds, where there is a strongly regular waveform. Frequency
is measured as the number of wave cycles that occur in one second. The unit of frequency
measurement is Hertz (Hz for short).

Q6) define the following

Loudness
Tone
Echo
Resonance
Reverberation
Optimum time of reverberation
Beat.
ANS)
Loudness of sound
Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness of sound is
determined, in turn, by the intensity, or amount of energy, in sound waves. The unit of intensity
is the decibel (dB). As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity
and sounds are louder.
Tone
Tone, in acoustics, sound that can be recognized by its regularity of vibration A simple tone has
only one frequency, although its intensity may vary. A complex tone consists of two or more
simple tones, called overtones. The tone of lowest frequency is called the fundamental; the
others, overtones.
Echo
An echo is a sound that is repeated because the sound waves are reflected back. Sound waves can
bounce off smooth, hard objects in the same way as a rubber ball bounces off the ground.
Although the direction of the sound changes, the echo sounds the same as the original sound
Resonance
Acoustic resonance is a phenomenon in which an acoustic system amplifies sound waves whose
frequency matches one of its own natural frequencies of vibration.
Reverberation
Reverberation is the collection of reflected sounds from the surfaces in an enclosure like an
auditorium. It is a desirable property of auditoriums to the extent that it helps to overcome the
inverse square law drop off of sound intensity in the enclosure.
Optimum time of reverberation
The optimum reverberation time for an auditorium or room of course depends upon its intended
use. Around 2 seconds is desirable for a medium-sized, general purpose auditorium that is to be
used for both speech and music. A classroom should be much shorter, less than a second
Beat
In acoustics, a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different
frequencies, perceived as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two
frequencies. ... As the two tones gradually approach unison, the beating slows down and may
become so slow as to be imperceptible.

Q7) what factor are affecting on sound?

ANS)
Following factor are affecting on sound
1. Vibrating body
2. Material medium
3. Ear

Q8) define interference of sound?

ANS)
When two or more sound waves from different sources are present at the same time, they interact
with each other to produce a new wave. The new wave is the sum of all the different waves.
Wave interaction is called interference. If the compressions and the rarefactions of the two waves
line up, they strengthen each other and create a wave with a higher intensity. This type of
interference is known as constructive.

Q9) define silence zone?

ANS)
When sound is being produced from a certain source this sound penetrate a destination via many
ways this sound can be hear at different location as well some time sound interference destruct
the sound at certain location where it can-not be heard this location refers to silence zone
sometimes audience cannot hear voice of speaker at certain location in conference or theatre due
to effect of silence zone.

Q10) write and enlist the sound absorbent material?

ANS)
At Soundproof Cow, reducing background noise is what our sound-absorbing materials are
meant to do — no matter if the sound is coming from outside, or if you’re the one who’s making
it. We have a long list of noise-absorbing materials that include acoustic panels, acoustic
foam and more.
Sound absorbing materials are meant to improve the quality of sound within a room by
controlling sound reflections. The desired effect is to reduce unwanted noise like echoes or high-
pitched laughing. Sound-absorbing materials can help musicians find greater satisfaction with
their music, or help students stay focused when they’re studying in the library. Sound absorption
is useful in many different commercial and residential settings.
The sound absorbing materials are as follow
9. Glass
10. Foam
11. Cotton
12. Acoustic partition
13. Hanging baffle
14. Porous plaster
15. Plywood
16. Cotton

Q11) enlist properties of sound absorbent material?

ANS)
Following are sound absorbing material
1. Affordable
2. Simple & easy usage
3. Durable
4. It should be good sound absorbent
5. Material must be porous and flexible
6. It should weightless
7. It should not get rigid rapidly
8. It has delicate look
Q12) enlist step taken for hearing clear sound?
ANS)
Echo is consequence of sound reflection In order to avoid it building must be equipped with
sound absorbing material there are few method of coping with echo as fallow
1. Few window must be left open
2. Few maps are portrait must be hanged on wall
3. Heavy curtain must be used
4. Number of audience must be increased
5. Cover wall with sound absorbing material
6. Use covering for chairs
7. Properly managed of wall for prevention of sound reflection

Q13) write the characteristics of auditorium?

ANS)
A sound can be heard uninterrupted in an auditorium if following steps are taken
1. The intensity of sound be high in such manner that it penetrate every corner of auditorium
2. Auditorium should be mange for proper sound absorbing material so that sound
interference should be mitigated
3. Step should be taken to prevent sound echoing
4. Sound should penetrate every corner of auditorium in uniform manner

Q14) write a note on factor affecting the design of auditorium?

ANS)
Special attention should be paid toward acoustic factor during construction of auditorium some
of them are as follow
1. Volume
Hal should not get size 5.7 time bigger than the intended number of audience for hall ceiling the
ratio of height and width should be (2.3) usually the ratio for height, width and length is kept as
(1:2:3) respectively height of roof id kept comparatively lower at location of speaker
2. Shape
Shape of auditorium also affect the acoustic factor of sound the better shape is result in better
management of acoustic factor of sound
3. Sound absorbing material
Sound absorbing material should be applied on wall and ceiling of auditorium to manage the
acoustic factor of sounds

Q15) what is the absorbing coefficient of sound

ANS)
A sound absorption coefficient is a coefficient that, for those of you out there that understand
math, it stands for a value. So a coefficient represents a value and they usually measure sound
absorption coefficients starting at 125 cycles to 4,000. That’s a standard test and that’s how
much energy at that frequency a given material absorbs.

Q16) write a note on acoustical analysis?

ANS)
Acoustic or sonic analysis is the measurement of sound waves caused by component contacts
inside equipment. It is a term commonly used in other fields such as the music recording
industry, but its application in monitoring bearing lubrication is relatively new.
This is not to say that primitive derivatives have not been used for many years; most everyone
involved in industrial maintenance is familiar with the screwdriver-toear/ temple method of
listening to rotating equipment. For safety reasons, this should never be attempted. It is,
however, a simple and fairly effective method of diagnostics.
This method works well because sound is created when a medium vibrates, which occurs when
rolling elements inside a bearing are allowed to touch one another or the element raceway.
Acoustic analysis is similar to vibration analysis; however, its focus is not to detect causes for
rotating equipment failure by measuring and monitoring vibrations at discrete frequencies and
recording data for trending purposes. Instead, acoustic bearing analysis is intended for the
lubrication technician and focuses on proactive lubrication measures.
Devices that detect sound frequency use input transducers. Input transducers convert sound into
audio signals. The following are various types of input transducers:

Q17) what is the requirement of good acoustic materials?

ANS)
1. Should have high absorption power
2. It should be able to absorb a wide range of frequencies
3. Should be cheap and easily available
4. Should look attractive after fixing it
5. It should be fire resistant
6. Should have adequate structural strength
7. Should be non- hygroscopic.
8. It should be insects and termites free

Q18) define sound insulation?

ANS)
Sound insulation is a kind of measure to prevent the sound waves from permeating. It is
demonstrated by the sound transmission loss which is expressed by the difference
of decibels between the incident sound and permeated sound. The higher the numeral is, the
better the sound insulating property is.

Q19) define method of sound insulation?

ANS)
Following step can be taken in respect of sound insulation
8. Cavity wall must be built in construction of building in order to prevent sound from passing
through wall
9. If solid wall are to built then outer wall must come up wider
10. Sound absorbing material must be used in constructed building
11. Control way through which sound travel such as thick glass can be used on window, door
and vents etc.
12. Use air tight door and window in too noisy place
13. Building roof must be laid in continuous shape over rooms
14. Use sound absorbing material in room where sound producing machinery may be operated
like stitching machine and type writer etc.

Q20) define material medium?

ANS)
As a result, sound waves travel faster in solids than in liquids, and faster in liquids than in gasses.
While the density of a medium also affects the speed of sound, the elastic properties have a
greater influence on the wave speed. The density of a medium is the second factor that affects the
speed of sound.

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