Mainatainance of Building: Chapter #14

Chapter #14
MAINATAINANCE OF BUILDING
INTRODUCTION
Maintenance is the process of ensuring that buildings and other assets retain a good appearance
and operate at optimum efficiency. Inadequate maintenance can result in decay, degradation and
reduced performance and can affect heath and threaten the safety of users, occupants and others
in the vicinity
Operation is the activity of running the building in proper working condition.
While maintenance is the activity carried out for the proper up-keeping of it and repairing is the
activity carried out to repair the defect or damage present in the structure. Servicing is a very
important aspect of the building.
Depending on
its design, quality of materials and workmanship, function and location, buildings deteriorate at
different rates and require different levels of attention. No building will ever be maintenance-
free, but the quality of the design and workmanship can minimize the level required.
Maintaining your building premises is necessary in order to preserve the assets and protect
the building the building occupants. Proper building maintenance makes sure that
the building and the environment remain healthy, clean and a safe place to work or reside.
Building maintenance is responsible for a property's upkeep, including structural, electrical, and
plumbing systems. The main goal is to manage a building and its grounds, as well as customize
needs for the facility. Responsibilities can vary from building to building. It can include
everything from leaky faucets to major repairs.
This may include obtaining outside contractors to resolve major issues. Around the building,
responsibilities can include lawn maintenance and sprinkler repair, electrical problems, and trash
disposal. Because building maintenance encompasses so many things, companies choose to
outsource to building maintenance companies.
MAINTANACE OF BUILDING
the building and the environment remain healthy, clean and a safe place to work or reside
OBJECTS
(i) To preserve machinery, building and services, in good operating condition.
(ii) To restore it back to its original standards, and
(iii) To improve the facilities depending upon the development that is taking place in the
building engineering
All the buildings deteriorate from the time they are completed. The rate of deterioration depends
on a number of factors. Not all the factors can be controlled by the occupants of the building.
DURING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION STAGE
(i) Right choice of building materials.
(ii) Selection of suitable construction techniques.
(iii) Adequate specifications for construction and installation work.
(iv) Effective supervision throughout construction and rectification of defects prior to final
certification.
(v) Provision of adequate space for landscaping with proper design
CLASIFICATION OF BUILDING MAINTANACE

Building maintenance can be classified as follow
1. Routine maintenance
2. Special maintenance
Routine maintenance is post construction activity which is required to be attended for up-keeping
of the building to resist its early decay causing severe damage to it and saving it from becoming
non-functional.
It has further 2 types
i. Annual repair
ii. Quadrennial maintenance
i. Annual repair
Annual repairs concentrate on maintaining the general look of the building and include painting,
washing, and cleaning. Often these repairs are done once a year and are planned at a specific
time to reduce inconvenience to the occupants and the public.
1. White washing of building
2. Painting
3. Distempering of building
4. Painting of doors & windows
5. Repairing surface of damaged plaster
6. Repairing spoiled tap
7. Repairing damaged floor
8. Removing of stain from floor of concrete and chips etc.
9. Polishing of floor
10. Cleaning gutter
11. Cleaning chimney
12. Repairing damaged spot of wooden floor
13. Replacing damaged or broken glass
14. Replacing damaged setting of electricity
15. Replacing hinges of doors and windows
ii. Quadrennial maintenance

Quadrennial maintenance is done after every 4 year following work are done in quadrennial
maintenance
1. Removing old paint of doors and windows and repainting them
2. Removing damaged parts of plaster
3. Maintenance of damaged parts of floor
4. Maintenance of damaged parts of chips floor
5. Remaking of external surface of wooden floor
6. Replacing damaged parts of door & windows
Special repairs of building are undertaken to replace the existing parts of buildings and services
which get deteriorated on ageing of buildings. It is necessary to prevent the structure & services
from deterioration and restore it back to its original conditions to the extent possible.
Following work are carried out in special maintenance
1. Changing entire floor or parts of door
2. Changing entire ceiling or part of the ceiling
3. Changing entire door and window and vents etc.
4. Reinforcing damaged foundation of the building
5. Laying new layer of DPC
6. Repairing cracks in wall
7. Termites control
8. Repairing of concrete joints
9. Blocking cracks in ceiling causing water leakage
10. Maintenance of floor damaged by water
REPAIR OF DAMAGED PLASTER SURFACE

Apply the mixture with the 10" wallboard knife and spread a 1/4"-inch layer over the hole.
Cross-scratch the first coat as it begins to set to allow the second coat to adhere well.
If needed, apply drywall/plaster tape to the wall to fill in larger, bumpy areas. First, apply a thin
layer of plaster or joint compound and then apply the tape. Apply more plaster or joint
compound mixture over the tape and use the drywall knife to smooth the surface until it's even
with the wall, pressing to remove pockets of air and plaster/drywall mud from beneath the tape.
Once the first layer has dried, apply a second layer. Apply another 3/8"- to 1/4"-inch layer and
cross-scratch as you did the first time. Allow it to dry thoroughly before you continue.
After the second layer has dried, mix joint compound according to the manufacturer's
instructions and apply it very thinly using the 10" wallboard knife. Blend the layer into the wall
and allow it to dry.
Procedure
Step.1
Snap a chalk line or use a carpenter's square to form a rectangle that encompasses the damage.
To protect sound plaster from damage while clearing deteriorated plaster from the rectangle,
screw plaster washers just outside the chalked lines
Step.2
Score the plaster along the chalked lines with a utility knife; then, with a hammer and cold
chisel, remove the damaged plaster within the rectangle, chiseling gently to avoid loosening
plaster outside the rectangle.
Step.3
Cut strips of 1/4" plywood, 1" wide. Edge the opening with the strips, loosely fastened with 1-
5/8" drywall screws driven partway into the lath. Shim the strips to position a scrap of drywall
flush with the plaster. Tighten the screws. Trim the protruding shims with a keyhole saw
Step.4
Cut a piece of drywall to fit the rectangle. Depending on the thickness of the plaster, use 1/4",
1/2", or 5/8" drywall. Apply a bead of construction adhesive to each plywood strip, then press
the drywall against the adhesive. Fasten the drywall to the plywood strips with 1" drywall screws
6" apart, starting at the corners.
Step.5
Cut pieces of mesh drywall tape to cover the edges of the patch, and press them into place. Using
a 6" or 8" drywall knife, spread joint compound over the tape, just thick enough to cover the
tape. Do not wrinkle the tape. Allow the patch to dry for 24 hours, then apply a second coat,
feathering the edges. Once the patch has dried, smooth it with fine-grit sandpaper on a sanding
block, feathering the edges. It may take 3 or 4 coats to get a perfectly smooth patch.
REPAIR OF FLOOR
Continuous usage of floor damaged it which is to be repaired floor repair depends on the type of
floor
1. REPAIR TO TERRAZO FLOOR
They are not only functional but durable and lovely to look at season after season. Terrazzo
floors are highly desired for high-end installations. This versatile flooring option lends itself to
limitless possibilities in design for homeowners who are looking for a unique surface to traverse
daily. While terrazzo flooring is impressive to behold and can stand up to high traffic without
losing its luster, the inevitable chip or crack can occur from dropped or dragged items on its
immaculate surface.
Terrazzo is made of chips of marble or granite in treated concrete that is polished to a high
sheen. It is ideal for flooring due to its durability that is paired with beauty. The ecofriendly
material has withstood centuries of trampling in floors throughout Europe, Asia and the Middle
East. The material can be manipulated throughout its production, making it ideal for design
elements. Long-lasting dyes and stains can be added to the terrazzo as it is being made to create
just the right golden hue or any shade that can be imagined. The epoxy coating can withstand
years of hard use, but it may need to be repaired or resurfaced on occasion depending on the
color and application. The durability of the tile makes terrazzo restoration an easy endeavor.
Procedure
The variegated coloring and classic style of the tile can make terrazzo repair seem intimidating.
If a fine line has begun to spread on the surface of the terrazzo flooring, then you have a growing
issue that needs to be addressed. If left unattended, the little lines can become big problems that
can cause damage to the integrity of the terrazzo flooring.
For little jobs, place a small amount of epoxy and any coloring to match the terrazzo, if needed,
to a piece of cardboard. Thoroughly mix the epoxy with a toothpick and gently apply it to the
fine lines. Let it dry for at least 24 hours before allowing people to walk over the area.
For larger repairs, clean out the crack and use paint stripper to remove the sealant surrounding
the area. Use a high-gloss, oil-based paint that is tinted to match the terrazzo. Carefully apply it
to the cracks to cover them. Apply a sealant to blend the repair into the rest of the terrazzo
flooring.
Portland cement-based terrazzo flooring can use cement grout to fix problems that appear. This
can take a lot more work. The repair area needs to be sanded with a fine-grit paper to prepare it.
Mix grout to fill the crack, adding any dyes to get the color needed. Apply the grout to the area
with a trowel. Let it dry overnight before sanding down to be level with the terrazzo flooring.
Use 40-grit sandpaper followed by an 80-grit sandpaper to achieve the desired finish. Apply a
sealant to the repaired area. If the crack is wide or deep, a professional may be needed in order to
not only repair what damage can be seen but to find the root of the problems in order to prevent
future issues from popping up on the pristine surface of the terrazzo flooring.
2. REPAIR TO CONCRETE FLOOR

In case of damaged surface of concrete floor it is dig out till floor base in case of any panel of
floor settle it is completed dig and remove surface is than completely brush by steel and curing is
dine for one day cement slurry is applying over repairing parts of the floor damaged part of then
repaired with new material and flooring topping is done for curing for 3 days
3. REPAIR TO TIMBER FLOOR

Refinishing a wood floor is a big job that involves moving furniture, bringing in a drum sander
or other floor sanders, protecting the rest of your house from dust, dealing with odors from
polyurethane or other finishing products, and more
Because it’s easy to ruin an expensive wood floor, refinishing a hardwood floor is often best left
in the hands of flooring contractors.
You can’t easily prevent problems caused by expansion and contraction. Wood, as a naturally
fibrous and porous material, expands and contracts with changes in temperature and humidity.
As it does so, boards can separate or warp and nails can loosen
Following are the procedure and damaged of timber flooring
1. Minor water damaged
If your home has flooded for any length of time, that is major damage and you will need to
replace your floor. But if you have minor damage to your floor from too much mopping or
overuse in the laundry or bathroom, you can dry your floor out with fans, sand it and polish it.
Try to keep your temperature and moisture levels consistent whenever possible
2. Excessive wear & tear
Children and pets can be especially harmful to your floor’s finish. Even if you don’t have
children or pets, the legs of furniture can mar your floor if you aren’t careful. One of the best
ways to avoid this is to put carpeting under casters and use protective pads under furniture legs.
Keep high heels and stilettos off whenever in the room
3. Dullness & fading
This will happen to most timber flooring in time but it doesn’t mean you need a new floor. You
can slow the process by making sure the areas that receive the most direct sunlight are covered
with carpets or furniture. But if you do find your finish becoming drab, you can sand and use a
nice stain to restore a nicer color to your floor.
When the damage is too extensive or you are just bored with your floor, you probably need new
timber flooring. If you do, call the most trusted timber suppliers in Brisbane today
REPAIR TO MASONRY CRACKS

Several types of cracks occur in masonry walls in a building which can be minor and
insignificant, some requiring expensive repairs and in some extreme cases the only solution is
total demolition of the wall. Causes of these cracks in masonry walls can be movement of
building causing settlement and subsidence
Common cause of cracks in masonry wall
Settlement and subsidence of building walls is shown in figure below.
Settlement of masonry wall occurs due to downward pressure from the loads on wall and
subsidence occurs due to the removal of earth beneath the foundations. Settlement is usually
easily dealt with via cosmetic repair, whereas subsidence can prove difficult and costly to repair.
There is a situation where settlement of walls can cause subsidence. If the drains connected to a
building shear or crack due to settlement, the subsequent leakage can cause subsidence by
washing away the subsoil.
All buildings settle when they are constructed; the trick is to keep the settlement to an
infinitesimally low level. The other causes of movement and cracking are due to poor design,
poor construction methods, or poor maintenance
TYPES OF CRACKS
i. Expansion cracks
Walls are affected by temperature and moisture change. Materials can suffer from initial
shrinkage and/or subsequent expansion and contraction. This movement gives rise to the
expansion cracks in masonry walls.
The crack shown in the picture is shown as vertical, which is often the case. However, the crack
sometimes follows the line of least resistance and can end up stepped.
The expansive cracks are often seen above window and door openings where the opening itself
relieves the crack. This type of crack has a consistent width and it is this that distinguishes from
other more serious cracks.
REPAIR
Expansive crack is of no real structural significance, although it may allow water into the cavity
in brick built houses, and subsequence cause deterioration of the wall ties. Therefore filling the
crack with a mastic or sealastic compound is recommended.
However, for more severe cracking it is advisable to form an expansion joint. This would be cut
into the wall, filled with a compressible material with a waterproof stopper to the outside
On some modern buildings these are formed at construction stage and then hidden behind
rainwater downpipes
ii. Cracks above opening in masonry wall
Four causes of cracks above openings in masonry walls are:
1. Removal of windows or doors with inadequate propping,
2. Inadequate bearings,
3. Loads applied directly over the opening,
4. No lintels.
iii. Cracks due to tie failure

Wall ties are metal ties that are built into both solid and cavity walls built in stretcher bond to
hold the outside skin of brickwork to the inside. Failure normally occurs when the ties rust.
When the metal ties rust they expand causing the cracking normally seen every sixth course
horizontally in the mortar joints.
REPAIR
Replacement wall ties are essential. The cracking is an early indication of failure. Without
replacement, collapse of the wall could occur. Repointing and removal of the existing ties is
recommended.
iv. Cracks due to subsidence

This is the worst and most serious type of cracks in masonry walls and consequently the most
difficult to repair. Subsidence can occur due to a variety of reasons:
1. Mining activity
2. Leaking underground drainage
3. Tree root activity
4. Peak subsoil
5. Clay subsoil
6. Running sand
The list is endless; however, the basic problem is the same; the foundations of the house are
moving. The cracks are normally the first indication of a problem; often they are raking cracks
(widest at the top) and can occur to corners of the building or from the top to the bottom of the
walls.
REPAIR
This will normally involve some form of underpinning. However, specialist advice from a
structural engineer will be required.
v. Cracks due to ground heave

The pattern of crack is similar to subsidence crack, however, the crack will be widest at the base
of the wall. The most common cause of ground heave is expansion of clay subsoil
On older properties with shallow foundations the clay can expand and contract dependent upon
the weather conditions. If the clay becomes waterlogged it can expand and push the foundations
upwards causing the cracks.
The removal of trees can also cause ground heave, which is why trees that are too close to the
property should be taken down in stages, slowly over a number of years to allow gradual ground
movement
REPAIR
In extreme cases underpinning and/or deeper foundations will be the only solution. This is
however, a drastic measure. In cases of ground heave problems the solution will be to remove as
much of the clay from around the foundation as possible and to replace it with hardcore.
PROVIDING D.P.C IN EXISTING BUILDING

DPC is generally applied at basement level which restrict the movement of moisture through
wall and floor that is comprise of ratio of cement concrete (1:2:4) then layer of polythene paper
and bitumen is laid over it. DPC is meant for preventing upper part of building from dampness
uprising from ground if DPC layer has not been laid during construction of building or existing
layer has been deteriorated than method of laying new layer of DPC is as follow
First of all layer of bricks are removed intended for providing DPC layer and then required
concrete layer is provided it is cleaned before providing concrete layer curing is done for 14
days and DPC layer is provide without causing any damage to the building
REPAIR TO GLASS PANEL OF DOOR AND WINDOWS

Replacing a window pane in your door requires careful attention. If you don’t feel confident in
your glass repair skills, remember that Glass Doctor provides window repair and replacement
services. If you choose to replace a window pane in your door yourself, these are the materials
you will need:
 Putty knife or scraper
 Safety gloves and glasses
 Razor blade scraper
 Glazing compound (if window pane is glazed)
 Chisel
 Heat gun
 Paint
REPAIR
If you’re attempting to replace a window pane by yourself, follow these steps to replace a single
pane of glass. Remember to take safety precautions when replacing a window pane.
I. Order the replacement pane.
Most buildings require safety glass in entry doors because it helps to prevent injuries if the pane
is broken. Measure the broken pane of glass beyond the molding stops that help to hold the glass
in place. Then subtract 1/8″ to allow for the new glass to expand in the door when it heats up.
This is the size glass pane should order from a hardware store or glass maker.
II. Carefully remove broken glass pieces.
You can put painters’ tape on the backside of the broken pane to hold broken pieces
together. Always wear safety gloves and glasses to protect your-self from broken glass.
III. Use a razor knife to cut free the molding surrounding the pane.
Carefully pry the molding free with a putty knife without breaking the molding.
IV. Insert the new pane of glass.
After you insert the pane, replace the molding.
V. Apply a bead of caulk all around the edges of molding.
Your door is now ready for painting.
CLEANING OF FIRE CHIMNY

Regular cleaning with a shop vac and standard chimney cleaning tools will prevent dangerous
creosote fires. Here's what you need to know before you get started.
Tools
1. Drop cloth
2. Dust mask
3. Flashlight
4. Flue liner brush
5. Long-handled brush
6. Noodle brush
7. Safety glasses
8. Safety harness
9. Shop vacuum
Material required
1. Duct tape
2. Poly sheeting
Failure to clean a chimney can lead to two main problems – a chimney fire, or an inefficient
heater. If left uncleaned, a substance called creosote builds up on the walls of the chimney
or flue. If this build-up gets too heavy, it may prevent smoke from properly venting through the
chimney and cause a subsequent leak of smoke and dangerous carbon monoxide fumes into your
home. The other potential hazard with a creosote build-up in a chimney or flue is a chimney fire.
If the creosote catches fire it will burn very intensely, which has the potential to damage the
structure of the house or the chimney.
Creosote is a thick black tar-like substance, which obviously makes it difficult to clean. The
easiest, cleanest and safest thing to do is to call a professional chimney sweep, although it may
be cheaper to do it yourself if it's safe to do so.
REPAIR TO RCC STRUCTURE

5. The purpose of the project is to gain fundamental and practical understanding on concrete
repair and
6. rehabilitation of the structures. Large number of reinforced concrete (RC) structure are
deteriorating, often
7. prematurely, and need remedial measures to reinstate their safety and/or serviceability.
Consequently, the need
8. for repair and protection has grown considerably in recent years. While costs associated with
repair of
9. deteriorating concrete structures can be substantial, costs resulting from poorly designed or
executed repairs may
10. be even higher. Repair methods need to be designed with consideration for the anticipated
or desired remaining
11. service life of the structure. A distinction must be made between repairs intended to stop
deterioration fully and
12. those merely aimed at slowing down deterioration processes for a limited period of time.
During the research for
13. our project relevant repair methods for damaged concrete structures will be discussed,
focussing on design
14. methods. The project will be initiated with various sites nearby Nizampet inspection and
repairs will examined.
15. Then the respective repairs will be studied and classified into cracks, corrosion of concrete
reinforcement,
16. seepage and deterioration of surface coating. With the help of journals and publications a
detailed study will be
17. done on the causes for each repair and a suitable rehabilitation method will be suggested for
each repair site by
18. comparing various methods. This paper will consist of studies of various repairs along with
pictures, referred
19. case studies and other references.
20. The purpose of the project is to gain fundamental and practical understanding on concrete
repair and
repair of
focussing on design
reinforcement,
each repair site by
pictures, referred
35. he purpose of the project is to gain fundamental and practical understanding on concrete
repair and
repair of
focussing on design
reinforcement,
each repair site by
pictures, referred
repair and
repair of
focussing on design
reinforcement,
each repair site by
pictures, referred
repair and
repair of
focussing on design
reinforcement,
each repair site by
pictures, referred
repair and
repair of
focussing on design
reinforcement,
each repair site by
pictures, referred
repair and
repair of
100. be even higher. Repair methods need to be designed with consideration for the
anticipated or desired remaining
focussing on design
105. Then the respective repairs will be studied and classified into cracks, corrosion of
concrete reinforcement,
107. done on the causes for each repair and a suitable rehabilitation method will be suggested
for each repair site by
108. comparing various methods. This paper will consist of studies of various repairs along
with pictures, referred
repair and
113. for repair and protection has grown considerably in recent years. While costs associated
with repair of
114. deteriorating concrete structures can be substantial, costs resulting from poorly designed
or executed repairs may
focussing on design
repair and
with repair of
focussing on design
repair and
with repair of
focussing on design
For the purposes of repair of concrete structures, repairs can be grouped into two general
categories, namely the ones associated with corrosion deteriorated concrete, and the ones
associated with non-corrosion deteriorated concrete (i.e. accidental damage which does not
incorporate the corrosion process).
Methods of application of repair materials are mainly dictated by the prevailing in-service
conditions, by relative costs, the specified performance characteristics of suitable repair
materials, as well as, the level of in-service performance required from such materials. Other
factors which contribute to the selection of a particular method of application include horizontal,
vertical or overhead repair conditions; restricted access; ease and practicality of erection of
formwork; structural limitations; underwater requirements; prevailing traffic conditions; tidal
and splash zone repairs.
Repair is the process of restoring something that is damaged or deteriorated or broken to good
condition.
Repairs are performed on damaged buildings to restore the strength after disaster
Repair is the process of restoring something that is damaged or deteriorated or broken to good
condition.
Repairs are performed on damaged buildings to restore the strength after disaster
Following are the components which is include in RCC structure repair
a. cracks
b. exposure of reinforcement
c. spilling
REPAIR OF LEAKING ROOF

To repair a leaking roof with curled shingles, straighten the shingles with a heat source, like a
hair dryer, and reattach them with asphalt roof cement or compound. For loose or damaged
shingles, remove them by pulling the nail out and scraping glue from underneath the shingles
before replacing with new ones.
MAINTENANCE OF SANITARY APPLIANCE
1. Clean your water storage tank at-least once in a month.

2. Install water filter on main line of water in order to get maximum results.
3. Always apply a diluted solution of shampoo, washing powder or quality toilet soap and water
with a soft cloth for cleaning the fittings.
4. SILVO may also be applied with a soft cloth for removal of dirt deposits.
5. After cleaning, the fittings should be washed with clear water and immediately dried with
soft cloth.
6. A light application of car polish will keep the fittings shining clean for another eight to ten
days.
7. Use of usual media of cleaning like acid dilution or acid based products I.e. Harpic power,
Harpic Jet Action, Moon Super Flush, Brite Lotion and Sweep must be avoided. Acids react
negatively on the electroplating, resulting in fading or blackening the colors. drain opening
and hard scale removing chemicals can erode the beauty of the sanitary fittings, resulting in
cracks and reducing the shine and outlook on youthful and plastic. Even the fumes of an acid
are sufficient to destroy the finish of such sanitary fittings. While you use acid based diluted
solutions for cleaning of ceramic parts, sanitary fittings must be protected by wrapping a
polyethylene bag on them.
8. Please remember that water pressure required for effective performance of level and quarter
turn series is minimum 10 pound and maximum 90Psi.
9. To lighten the water and products foaming, all Master mixers are equipped with a very fine
set of filters. Even the smallest dirt particles can gradually choke them. Filter must be
cleaned at least two to three times a month. The problem can be minimized using Master’s
main line water filter, which is available in different mashes.
10. Toilet shower gauze requires cleaning at frequent intervals. Once you feel that the water
pressure in the shower has decreased, open the gauze of the shower and clean it thoroughly
with a tooth brush. This will revive the normal pressure of water through the shower.
MAITENANCE OF WATER SUPPLY FITTINGS
Water supply system include tap valve and tank etc. they can be maintained in following manner
a. Pipe line
G.I pipe are generally used for water supply that are to repaired on their breakdown in case of
leakage they are tightened again the specific member like socket and bend may be replace
nowadays PPRC pipe are being used as they are durable and require very less or no maintenance
b. Repair of valves
Valves used in water supply breaks down after sometime that need to be replaced with newer
ones
c. Repair tabs
Tabs used in water supply system are broken down after sometimes that need to be replaced with
never ones
d. Cleaning tanks
Tank used in water supply should be cleaned on regular basis otherwise it start collecting organic
and inorganic matter causing damaged to health and spreading different disease in rainy season
pinkie must be poured into tank
MAINTENACE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Electrical system should running across the building should be also maintained and they include
the following system
a. Wiring
Older wiring of the building if show sign of any failure must be corrected if older wire are
completely rotten they must be replaced
b. Switch board
With continuous usage switch, socket and fuse installed on switch board get spoiled so they need
to be changed
c. Appliances
If electric appliance installed in building like bulb, bulb holder Ceiling rose, capacitors and tubes
etc. must be replaced if they get spoiled
RENOVATION OF OLD BUILDING

Renovation is the process of renewing a building or structure by fixing what's already present
and in some cases adding new components
Renovation tends to be cheaper than remodeling. Depending on the project, it can also be more
cost-effective than restoration.
Renovations are done in conjunction with restorations. For example, someone may decide they
want to restore their bathrooms. But to make it a bit more modern, they add a shower component
to the tub, which would make it a renovation project as well.
Renovation can be divided into two parts
1. Renovation of structural member
2. Renovation of non-structural member
1. RENOVATION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER

Building must properly be inspected before renovation structural member like beam, slab and
column etc. of the building estimation to be made for load being exerted on these member and its
drawing is sought out from municipality office if not available currently strength of concrete and
steel is to be calculated so in accordance all that required amount of steel and size is calculated
for renovation of structural member if concrete is showing up cracks then these cracks are to be
filled up with epoxy by pressure gun. If cracker are wider then they are filled with mortar method
of renovation of different structural member as follow
i. Beam
In order to deliver strength of RCC beam new steel girder, channel, angle and flat strip are
installed with them with bolts despite new beam are raided up in accordance with older one on
order to provide additional support to the slab despite if possible column in constructed under
beam in order to diminish its span
ii. Slab
In order to deliver strength to older RCC slabs, new steel bars are installed with them to provide
additional support to the slab to do it cutter is used to form grooves in slab that are then placed
in by steel bars and filled with concrete older bar are cleaned and filled with concrete
iii. Column
In order to deliver strength to column new steel bars are used to provide it additional strength to
do it cutter is used to grooves and then steel bars are placed in these grooves and filled with
concrete despite angle iron are fit around the column corner to provide additional strength
column section are installed over surface of column with bolts.
2. RENOVATION OF NON-STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Renovation of non-structural member floor, ceiling and walls etc. is the process of improving
these broken and damaged members
i. Floor
New floor is constructed instead of older floor which is totally damaged it may repair in case of
minor damaged if floor of marble then case of relevant damaged portion are repaired and new
surface polishing of floor is carried out making new timber floor will enhance the market value
of building
ii. Ceiling
Older ceiling is plaster again and designed despite false ceiling is carried out that will improve
the building condition
iii. Walls
Older plaster of wall is removed and it is plaster again it also painted and may be covered with
panel or wallpaper for additional beauty
iv. Column
Older column are also treated with new finishing nowadays they are being treated with cladding
for additional attraction different material are being used for cladding such as ceramic tiles
marble tiles and metal sheet etc.
v. Doors & windows
Doors and windows of the older building are replaced with new ones nowadays metal doors and
windows are being used
EXERCISE
MCQS
1. Repair which is done after duration of one year

a) Annual repair
b) Special
c) Quadrennial
d) Repair
2. Repair other than annual repair which is done after 4 year is called
a) Annual
b) Special
c) Quadrennial
d) Repair
3. Repair which is done special situation
a) Annual repair
b) Special
c) Quadrennial
d) Repair
4. To make building modern and attractive is called
a) Renovate
b) White washing
c) Painting
d) Repairing
5. Quadrennial repair is a such repair of building
a) Annual repair
b) Routine repair
c) Special repair
d) All of these
6. White washing of an old building is such type of repair
a) Annual
b) Routine
c) Special
d) Any one
7. Painting the doors and windows of an old building is such type of repair
a) Annual repair
b) Routine repair
c) Special
d) Any one of these
8. Repair of plaster is such type of plaster
a) Annual
b) Routine
c) Special
d) Any one
9. Polishing the old terrazzo or mosaic floor is such type of repair
a) Annual
b) Routine
c) Special
d) Any one
10. White wash or color wash of building is done
a) Every year
b) After 4 year
c) After 5 year
d) After 8 year
11. Strengthening of wall is include in
a) Special
b) Annual
c) Maintenance
d) None
12. Maintenance of building include in
a) Cleaning
b) Overhauling
c) General
d) All of these
13. Repair of leaked roof is known as
a) Annual
b) Special
c) Routine
d) None
14. Painting the door and window after removal of old paint is such type of repair
a) Annual
b) Routine
c) Special
d) Quadrennial
15. Repair of worn out part of terrazzo or mosaic floor is such type of repair
a) Annual
b) Quadrennial
c) Special
d) Any one
16. Replacing hings or bolts of old doors and windows is such type of repair
a) Annual
b) Quadrennial
c) Special
d) Any one
17. Providing new floor after removing the old is such type of repair
a) Annual
b) Quadrennial
c) Special
d) Any one
18. Termite control and treatment of leaking roof is such type of repair
a) Annual
b) Quadrennial
c) Special
d) Any one
19. In distemper the brush should first be applied
a) Angular
b) Vertical
c) Horizontal
d) Any one
20. Damaged of terrazzo floor is repaired by
a) Removal of stains
b) Polishing
c) Repair of panel
d) All of these
SHORT QUESTION + ANSWERS
Q1) what is meant by maintenance of building?

ANS)
Maintenance is the process of ensuring that buildings and other assets retain a good appearance
and operate at optimum efficiency. Inadequate maintenance can result in decay, degradation and
reduced performance and can affect heath and threaten the safety of users, occupants and others
in the vicinity
Operation is the activity of running the building in proper working condition.
While maintenance is the activity carried out for the proper up-keeping of it and repairing is the
activity carried out to repair the defect or damage present in the structure. Servicing is a very
important aspect of the building.
Q2) why necessary maintenance of building?

ANS)
the building and the environment remain healthy, clean and a safe place to work or reside
Q3) write the objective of maintenance of building?

ANS)
The main objective of maintenance of building are
(i) To preserve machinery, building and services, in good operating condition.
(ii) To restore it back to its original standards, and
(iii) To improve the facilities depending upon the development that is taking place in the
building engineering
All the buildings deteriorate from the time they are completed. The rate of deterioration depends
on a number of factors. Not all the factors can be controlled by the occupants of the building.
Q4) enlist the classification of maintenance building?

ANS)
Building maintenance can be classified as follow
Q5) what is meant by routine maintenance?

ANS)
Routine maintenance is post construction activity which is required to be attended for up-keeping
of the building to resist its early decay causing severe damage to it and saving it from becoming
non-functional.
Q6) enlist the types of routine maintenance?

ANS)
It has further divided into two types
1. Annual repair
2. Quadrennial repair
Q7) define annual repair?
ANS)
Annual repairs concentrate on maintaining the general look of the building and include painting,
washing, and cleaning. Often these repairs are done once a year and are planned at a specific
time to reduce inconvenience to the occupants and the public.
1. White washing of building
2. Painting
3. Distempering of building
4. Painting of doors & windows
5. Repairing surface of damaged plaster
6. Repairing spoiled tap
7. Repairing damaged floor
8. Removing of stain from floor of concrete and chips etc.
9. Polishing of floor
10. Cleaning gutter
11. Cleaning chimney
12. Repairing damaged spot of wooden floor
13. Replacing damaged or broken glass
14. Replacing damaged setting of electricity
15. Replacing hinges of doors and windows
Q8) define quadrennial repair of building?

ANS)
Quadrennial maintenance is done after every 4 year following work are done in quadrennial
maintenance
1. Removing old paint of doors and windows and repainting them
2. Removing damaged parts of plaster
3. Maintenance of damaged parts of floor
4. Maintenance of damaged parts of chips floor
5. Remaking of external surface of wooden floor
6. Replacing damaged parts of door & windows
Q9) define special maintenance?

ANS)
Special repairs of building are undertaken to replace the existing parts of buildings and services
which get deteriorated on ageing of buildings. It is necessary to prevent the structure & services
from deterioration and restore it back to its original conditions to the extent possible.
Following work are carried out in special maintenance
1. Changing entire floor or parts of door
2. Changing entire ceiling or part of the ceiling
3. Changing entire door and window and vents etc.
4. Reinforcing damaged foundation of the building
5. Laying new layer of DPC
6. Repairing cracks in wall
7. Termites control
8. Repairing of concrete joints
9. Blocking cracks in ceiling causing water leakage
10. Maintenance of floor damaged
Q10) what is meant by providing DPC in existing building?

ANS)
DPC is generally applied at basement level which restrict the movement of moisture through
wall and floor that is comprise of ratio of cement concrete (1:2:4) then layer of polythene paper
and bitumen is laid over it. DPC is meant for preventing upper part of building from dampness
uprising from ground if DPC layer has not been laid during construction of building or existing
layer has been deteriorated than method of laying new layer of DPC is as follow
First of all layer of bricks are removed intended for providing DPC layer and then required
concrete layer is provided it is cleaned before providing concrete layer curing is done for 14
days and DPC layer is provide without causing any damage to the building
Q11) enlist the name of tools use in cleaning of chimney?

ANS)
1. Drop cloth
2. Dust mask
3. Flashlight
4. Flue liner brush
5. Long-handled brush
6. Noodle brush
7. Safety glasses
8. Safety harness
9. Shop vacuum
Q11) write a note on maintenance of electrical system?

ANS)
Electrical system should running across the building should be also maintained and they include
the following system
Wiring
Older wiring of the building if show sign of any failure must be corrected if older wire are
completely rotten they must be replaced
Switch board
With continuous usage switch, socket and fuse installed on switch board get spoiled so they need
to be changed
Appliances
If electric appliance installed in building like bulb, bulb holder Ceiling rose, capacitors and tubes
etc. must be replaced if they get spoiled
Q13) what is meant by renovation of building?

ANS)
Renovation is the process of renewing a building or structure by fixing what's already present
and in some cases adding new components
Renovation tends to be cheaper than remodeling. Depending on the project, it can also be more
cost-effective than restoration.
Renovations are done in conjunction with restorations. For example, someone may decide they
want to restore their bathrooms. But to make it a bit more modern, they add a shower component
to the tub, which would make it a renovation project as well.
Q14) write a note on renovation of a structural member?

ANS)
Building must properly be inspected before renovation structural member like beam, slab and
column etc. of the building estimation to be made for load being exerted on these member and its
drawing is sought out from municipality office if not available currently strength of concrete and
steel is to be calculated so in accordance all that required amount of steel and size is calculated
for renovation of structural member if concrete is showing up cracks then these cracks are to be
filled up with epoxy by pressure gun. If cracker are wider then they are filled with mortar method
of renovation of different structural member as follow
iv. Beam
In order to deliver strength of RCC beam new steel girder, channel, angle and flat strip are
installed with them with bolts despite new beam are raided up in accordance with older one on
order to provide additional support to the slab despite if possible column in constructed under
beam in order to diminish its span
v. Slab
In order to deliver strength to older RCC slabs, new steel bars are installed with them to provide
additional support to the slab to do it cutter is used to form grooves in slab that are then placed
in by steel bars and filled with concrete older bar are cleaned and filled with concrete
vi. Column
In order to deliver strength to column new steel bars are used to provide it additional strength to
do it cutter is used to grooves and then steel bars are placed in these grooves and filled with
concrete despite angle iron are fit around the column corner to provide additional strength
column section are installed over surface of column with bolts.
Q15) define renovation of non-structural member?

ANS)
Renovation of non-structural member floor, ceiling and walls etc. is the process of improving
these broken and damaged members
Floor
New floor is constructed instead of older floor which is totally damaged it may repair in case of
minor damaged if floor of marble then case of relevant damaged portion are repaired and new
surface polishing of floor is carried out making new timber floor will enhance the market value
of building
Ceiling
Older ceiling is plaster again and designed despite false ceiling is carried out that will improve
the building condition
Walls
Older plaster of wall is removed and it is plaster again it also painted and may be covered with
panel or wallpaper for additional beauty
Column
Older column are also treated with new finishing nowadays they are being treated with cladding
for additional attraction different material are being used for cladding such as ceramic tiles
marble tiles and metal sheet etc.
Doors & windows
Doors and windows of the older building are replaced with new ones nowadays metal doors and
windows are being used
Q16) enlist the maintenance of sanitary appliance?

ANS)
1. Clean your water storage tank at-least once in a month.
2. Install water filter on main line of water in order to get maximum results.
3. Always apply a diluted solution of shampoo, washing powder or quality toilet soap and water
with a soft cloth for cleaning the fitting.
4. SILVO may also be applied with a soft cloth for removal of dirt deposits.
5. After cleaning, the fittings should be washed with clear water and immediately dried with
soft cloth.
6. A light application of car polish will keep the fittings shining clean for another eight to ten
days.
7. Use of usual media of cleaning like acid dilution or acid based products I.e. Harpic power,
Harpic Jet Action, Moon Super Flush, Brite Lotion and Sweep must be avoided. Acids react
negatively on the electroplating, resulting in fading or blackening the colors. drain opening
and hard scale removing chemicals can erode the beauty of the sanitary fittings, resulting in
cracks and reducing the shine and outlook on youthful and plastic. Even the fumes of an acid
are sufficient to destroy the finish of such sanitary fittings. While you use acid based diluted
solutions for cleaning of ceramic parts, sanitary fittings must be protected by wrapping a
polyethylene bag on them.
8. Please remember that water pressure required for effective performance of level and quarter
turn series is minimum 10 pound and maximum 90Psi.
9. To lighten the water and products foaming, all Master mixers are equipped with a very fine
set of filters. Even the smallest dirt particles can gradually choke them. Filter must be
cleaned at least two to three times a month. The problem can be minimized using Master’s
main line water filter, which is available in different mashes.
10. Toilet shower gauze requires cleaning at frequent intervals. Once you feel that the water
pressure in the shower has decreased, open the gauze of the shower and clean it thoroughly
with a tooth brush. This will revive the normal pressure of water through the shower.
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Mainatainance of Building: Chapter #14

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Chapter #14

CLASIFICATION OF BUILDING MAINTANACE

ii. Quadrennial maintenance

REPAIR OF DAMAGED PLASTER SURFACE

2. REPAIR TO CONCRETE FLOOR

3. REPAIR TO TIMBER FLOOR

REPAIR TO MASONRY CRACKS

iii. Cracks due to tie failure

iv. Cracks due to subsidence

v. Cracks due to ground heave

PROVIDING D.P.C IN EXISTING BUILDING

REPAIR TO GLASS PANEL OF DOOR AND WINDOWS

CLEANING OF FIRE CHIMNY

REPAIR TO RCC STRUCTURE

REPAIR OF LEAKING ROOF

1. Clean your water storage tank at-least once in a month.

MAINTENACE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

RENOVATION OF OLD BUILDING

1. RENOVATION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER

1. Repair which is done after duration of one year

Q1) what is meant by maintenance of building?

Q2) why necessary maintenance of building?

Q3) write the objective of maintenance of building?

Q4) enlist the classification of maintenance building?

Q5) what is meant by routine maintenance?

Q6) enlist the types of routine maintenance?

Q8) define quadrennial repair of building?

Q9) define special maintenance?

Q10) what is meant by providing DPC in existing building?

Q11) enlist the name of tools use in cleaning of chimney?

Q11) write a note on maintenance of electrical system?

Q13) what is meant by renovation of building?

Q14) write a note on renovation of a structural member?

Q15) define renovation of non-structural member?

Q16) enlist the maintenance of sanitary appliance?

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