Chapter #2

SITEWORK FOR BUILDING PROJECT

INTRODUCTION
Site work:
Site Work means the on-site improvements, parking lot improvements and restoration,
demolition of any buildings located in the Project, landscaping (additions and removals), and
hardscaping.
Explanation:
Before starting any civil engineering project complete drawing, estimate, and specification of the
project are prepared and then are approved by the competent authority after then procedure of the
work method are planned. Often major project are contracted the constructional place of the
project is known as site incharge.
Site incharge is supposed to go through all the drawing estimate and specification carefully in
case of any error incharge is supposed to let it to concerned designer and consultant he also point
out the spots for labour colony, offices, and store rooms. Despite he is supposed to make
arrangement for the gas and water supply to make schedule of the work.
Special procedure are followed in the construction of multi-storied building and relevant drawing
are thoroughly studied before construction cleanliness of the site is ensured.

SITE LAYOUT/JOB LAYOUT

A site layout plan shows a detailed layout of the whole site and the relationship of the proposed
works with the boundary of the property, nearby roads and neighbouring buildings.
Most applications should include an existing site layout plan and a proposed site layout plan. For
simple applications the existing and proposed site can be combined and shown on one plan so
long as what is existing, what is proposed and what is to be demolished is highlighted and
annotated clearly.
PURPOSE
How well a site is designed impacts development cost, time, materials, labor, and equipment.
Through the site design process, a site is carefully laid out so that the locations of each
component of a new development are valued engineered. This is essential because an well
engineered site leads to a successful and cost-effective development process.
If a site layout isn’t properly executed the developer will endure those costs later on in the
development and construction process. All of these problems essentially lead to detrimental
development delays, increased costs, and dangerous work environments.
In order to have your next big development project go as smoothly as possible, there are an array
of factors that must be considered

SITE LAYOUT PLANNING

Most construction sites that run into trouble do so for reasons related to managerial factors rather
than because of technical problems. The site-based management can make significant
improvements in the cost and time savings during the construction process without involving a
mass of additional work. The role of site managers is to control and maintain work performance
and then taking actions to rectify situations where performance is unsatisfactory. Site
management, in general, involves many tasks, such as site investigation before construction
process starts, material delivery and procurement management, keeping better site records,
keeping good site communication and high level of information flow, monitoring performance
regularly, establishing a well co-ordination system among different parts, and performing a good
site layout planning. Among the important tasks of site management is the site layout planning.
Extensive time loss and cost overruns could result in large projects, where the number of
manpower, subcontractors, and equipment involved are high, if there is no effective and
systematic approach to site planning. A detailed planning of the site layout and location of
 temporary facilities can enable the management to make considerable improvement by
minimizing travel time, waiting time, and increasing worker morale by showing better and safer
work environment. Due to its importance, this research focuses on the site layout planning
problem.
The following are the steps involved in designing a layout:
 Collection of required data. ...
 Preparation of blueprint for the floor plan. ...
 Preparation of process chart and flow diagram. ...
 Preparation of draft layout. ...
 Test run.
PROBLEM CAUSE BY POOR SIT LAUOUT PLANING

 Inappropriate storage which can result in damage to products and materials.

 Poor siting of plant.
 Poor siting of welfare facilities.
 Inadequate space provision.
 Unsatisfactory access.
 Security and safety issues.
 Poor way finding (due to complex layouts or inadequate signage).
 Demoralized workers, delays and increased costs.

ADVANTAGES
Smooth and economical working of the project. To Reduces the completion time of the
project. To Provide more safety in the working of the project. To Material wastage and
deterioration are reduced.

NECESSARY CONDITION
Take care in mind the following condition for good construction
1) site layout should come with the feature with depicts better work performance
2) material must be closed to the spot of usage
3) necessity facility should be available for all works
4) keep machinery at place where it can easily be managed for work
5) site layout must come with merit that ensures inter-communication among all jobs at
constructional sites.

REQUIREMENTS
Following requirements should be observed while preparing site layout
1) project drawing and specification should carefully be observed that aid up in
understanding the project nature
2) required area should be estimate for incorporating machinery and other facility
magnitude of machinery and material should also be estimated if material is not easily
available more area has to be reserved for material storage
3) material of same nature should be stored closure to each other
 4) machinery should be installed on appropriate place where it can easily be operated and
looked after

FACTOR AFFECING SITE LAYOUT

Following factor are affecting on site layout
1) nature of work
2) location of project
3) method of construction
4) availability of labour
5) availability of material
6) other factors

1) NATURE OF WORK
According to the type of building site layout may also be different to the nature of work. For
example site layout prepared for building will be totally differ from the site layout prepare
for roads.
Maintenance and tools/machinery is also affect the site layout moreover availability of
material also be affected the site layout

2) LOCATION OF PROJECT
Location of the project is also affect the site layout of a project. For example site layout
prepare for smooth ground will be different from the site layout prepared for sloped ground.
Major project should provide adequate area for keeping materials around while small project
occupy surrounding space for keeping material around while small project occupied
surrounding space for keeping material

3) METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
Method of construction also affect site layout. Likewise multistoried buildings involved
heavy construction machinery and normal building and normal building involves ordinary
construction equipment. So site layout prepared for both types of building would be different.
Similarly site layout prepared for canal would be differ in sense that weather excavation
would be done by machines or by labors.

4) AVAILABILITY OF LABOUR
There would be no need of accommodation in case of local labor however the scenario will
be different if labor are out of town. In this case accommodation along with other facility
have to be provided.

5) AVAILABILITY OF MACHINERY
If machinery is not locally available then there should be area reserved for keeping them
when they are brought into site layout

6) PROVISION OF TEMPERORY ROADS

These are necessary to transport the necessary plant, machinery and material required for the
project and also to provide the access to the construction site form the existing nearby roads
 7) OTHER FACTOR
Following miscellaneous factor should also be observed during preparation of project site
layout
1) Medical facilities
2) Electricity
3) Daily necessities
4) School for children
5) Public health etc.

PRINCIPAL OF SITE LAYOUT

Sit layout principal are given below
1) Administration block
 The administration block should be located near the main Entrance of the project site, so that the
visitor do not require to move long in construction Area. In the reduction chance of accidents to
the visitors.

2) Warehouse
Warehouse-should be preferably located near the administration block so that incoming material
can be easily stored and outgoing material can be watch properly.

3) Entry & exit

For easy flow of traffic entry and exit should be at different locations.

4) Location of workshop
workshop for welding fitting electrification carpenter and mechanical etc. Should be located near
the site of work and easy Roads 

5) Service
Services like temporary petrol pump, temporary substation, telephone line, water supply line
should be properly planned in job layout out.

6) Temporary roads
Temporary Roads should be planned in job layout for easy handling of materials and equipment.

7) Staff accommodation
In the job layout staff quarters should be located away from the actual work site at silent place all
the staff should be located at one place so that service can be made available easily.

8) Identification of facility
The Following are the temporary facilities are identified to be constructed on site,
1) Site Office
2) Booking office
3) Subcontractor’s office
4) First Aid and Medical Room
5) Guard Room
6) Toilet on Site
7) Engineer and Staff quarters
8) Labor quarters
9) Equipment Maintenance room
10) Parking for machines
11) Bar bending shop
12) Fabricated rebar storage yard
13) Carpentry shop
14) Cement warehouse
15) Batching plant and aggregates storage
16) Testing Lab
17) Material storage lab
18) Water tank
19) Scaffolding storage
20) Canteen

PREPARING OF SIT LAYOUT

Before preparing sit layout engineer carefully go through the drawing and specification prepared
for the project. Moreover material going to be used in project along with its proper storage are
also carefully studied document contract is also deeply analyzed after studied all these factors
site plan is prepared during preparation of site layout it is taken into account that no hindrance
should occur in work flow and work are design to take minimal time to complete. To achieve this
goad stored material and amid distance are taken into account with discretionary importance.
This distance should be less for fast work. Site layout should also addressed the problem of
material addlement and being theft out and proper measure should be listed to eliminate these
issue.
WATER SUPPLY
There should be water supply for the new building. Usually pumps are fitted for this purpose and
more pumps will be fitted for requirements of more water. Water standard should also be tested.
If it is according to standard then it may be used in construction similarly labours and working
staff should also be provided with drinking water.
Temporary connection may be obtain from water supply at surrounding of the site in case of
absence of any source of water, water tanks may be installed and refilled at regular intervals at
disposal of water.

ELECTRIC SUPPLY
Electricity is required for many of jobs at site so electric supply should also be managed if there
is electric supply at the site connection may be obtain from it. Electric generator may be brought
into used in case of no electric supply that will run on fuel.

GROUND WATER CONTROLL

Water can be defined as water which is held temporarily in the soil above the level of water table
Dewatering is a process to lower down the water table to give reasonably dry working conditions
especially for excavations activities. 
Water that is seen in lakes and ponds is called surface water. This water is absorbed by the lower
soil that makes it volume down there and is called sub-surface water. Its level usually keeps on
uniform. It is some time hazardous for constructional purpose. So different method and
procedure adopted to extract this water
This phenomena is called ground water control.

EFFECT OF GROUND WATER ON CONSTRUCTION

The presence of ground water beneath a foundation can reduce the allowable bearing pressure of
the soil. The geotechnical report will take that into consideration when they provide you with
allowable bearing pressures. It can also create problems with the subgrade during construction-
trucks or equipment can cause it to “pump” Civil-engineering construction works often have a
significant impact on groundwater conditions. Such an impact can range from the derogation of
water sources by dewatering works, to the creation of barriers and pathways for groundwater
flow formed by foundations or ground-improvement processes. In some cases, not all these
impacts are identified early enough during the planning and design process. This paper describes
the full range of potential groundwater impacts which can result from construction activities. The
effects are grouped into five rational categories as an aid to initial assessment. The need for
accurate baseline groundwater environmental data is set out. and recommendations are made for
the planning of monitoring programes
A high water table could cause flooding during wet period. Subsoil water can cause problems
during excavation works by its natural tendency to flow into the voids created by the excavation
activities. It can cause an unacceptable humidity level around finished building and structures.

IMPACT OF GROUND WATER ON CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

DEWATERING
DEFINITION
 When water table exists at a shallow depth below ground surface, it is essential to lower the
water so as to carry out construction of foundation, basement, and metro tunnels etc. This is
achieved by pumping out water from multiple wells installed at the site. The process is called as
dewatering.

EXCLUSION OF GROUND WATER

Different method and procedure adopted to de water the ground is called exclusion of ground
water that can be categorized in to 2 as follow.
1) Permanent exclusion of water
2) Temporary exclusion of water

1) PERMANENT EXCLUSION OF WATER

Dewatering and groundwater control systems are occasionally required as permanent systems,
intended for very long term operation as a part of completed structures, facilities or engineering
infrastructure. Permanent dewatering systems may be required to:
 Reduce leakage into below ground structures such as tunnels and basements
 Lower groundwater levels to reduce groundwater uplift loads on structures
 Control anticipated rises in groundwater levels
 Depressurize and stabilize slopes and other earth structures
 Help remediate groundwater contamination.
Water can be excluded on permanent basis by following method.
1) Sheet pile
2) Diaphragm wall
3) Slurry cut-of
4) Grouted membrane
5) Continuous pile
6) Cement grout
7) Bentonite grout
8) Chemical grout
9) Resin grout
10) Bitumen grout
11) Grout injection
12) Freezing

1. SHEET PILE
Ground water flow into excavations constructed by sheet pile walls should be minimized in order
to save the cost of the provision of pumping systems or well points to lower the water table
inside the excavation.
In case a layer of impermeable material like clay is located slightly below the excavation, it may
be desirable to drive the sheet piles further into this layer and the cost of further driving may be
less than the cost of the provision of continuous pumping in the excavation. On the other hand, if
there is no impermeable layer beneath the excavation, engineers may consider driving the sheet
piles further so as to increase the flow path of groundwater into the excavation and this helps to
reduce the amount of water flow into the excavation. Similarly, a cost benefit analysis has to be
carried out to compare the extra cost of driving further the sheet piles with the reduced pumping
costs.

2. DIAPHRAGM WALL
Are structural concrete walls which can be cast in-situ or using pre-cast concrete methods.
Suitable for most subsoil and their installation generates only a small amount of vibration and
noise. The high cost of these walls makes them uneconomic unless they can be incorporated
into the finished structure. Normally use for basements, underground car parks and similar
structures.
Have some applications with in-situ concrete diaphragm walls. Lack in design flexibility. The
panel or post panel units are installed in a trench filled with a special mixture of bentonite and
cement with a retarder to control the setting time. This mixtures ensures that the joints between
the wall components are effectively sealed. To provide stability, the panels of posts are tied to
the retained earth with ground anchors.
3. SLURRY CUT-OFF
These are non-structural thin cast in situ unreinforced diaphragm walls. They are suitable for
sub soil of silt, sands and gravels. They can be used on sites where there in is sufficient space to
enclose the excavation area with a cut off wall of this nature sited so that there is sufficient earth
remaining between the wall and the excavation to give the screen or diaphragm wall support
provide adequate support is given these wall are rapidly installed and are cheaper than the
structural version

4. GROUTED MEMBRANE
Are used to form a curtain or cut-off wall in high permeability soils where pumping methods
could be uneconomic. The curtain walls formed by grouting methods are non-structural
therefore adequate earth support will be required and in some cases this will be a distance of at
least 4m from the face of proposed excavation.
5. CONTIGUOUS PILES
Contiguous piles can be faced with a reinforced rendering or covered with a mesh reinforcement
sprayed with concrete to give smooth finish. In this method cast In front of the contiguous
piling a reinforced wall remaining in a copping beam to the pile.

6. GROUT INJECTION
Grout mixtures are injected into the soil by pumping the grout at high pressure through special
injection pipes inserted in the ground. The pattern and spacing of the injection pipes will depend
on the grout type and soil conditions. Grout types: Cement grouts Chemical grouts Resin grouts.

7. CEMENT GROUT
Cement grout are used to form a curtain in soil which have high permeability. Cement grout are
used in fissured and joined rock stratas and are injected into the ground through a series of
grouting holes bored into the ground in lines with secondary intermediate boreholes lines if
necessary. The grout can be a mixture of neat cement and water or cement and sand up to ratio of
1:4.

8. BENTONITE GROUT
This method is same as cement grout for dewatering I this method holes are filled up with
mixture of cement and sand. This is inexpensive method and suitable for ground with tiny
particles.

9. CHEMICAL GROUT
This method is suitable for land with medium grand soil in this method drained holes are filled
up with gel composed of two chemicals. One chemical is sodium silicate and other chemical is
calcium chloride. Both together make a dilute solution that prevent water.
10. RESINE GROUT
These normally comprise an epoxy resin mixed with a filler: the type of filler depends on the
brand of grout. However, a new sort of water-based resin has recently been developed which has
advantages over the traditional resin-based grouts.
Resin-based grouts tend to be more expensive than conventional cement-based grouts. They can
also be more difficult to use. However, they set harder and do not break down as easily as the
latter, giving them advantages in certain situations such as areas where hygiene is very important
or where the grout may be subjected to aggressive chemicals, such as swimming pools.

11. BITUMEN GROUT

It is suitable for injection into fine sand to decrease the permeability of the soil but they will not
increase the strength of the soil and there for un suitable for under pining work
12. FREEZING
The freezing tubes can be installed vertically for conventional excavations and horizontally for
tunneling works. Normally using magnesium chloride and calcium chloride with a temperature
of 15 to 25 degree Celsius which takes 10 to 17 days to form an ice wall 1m thick. Liquid
nitrogen could be used as the freezing medium to reduce the initial freezing period if the extra
cost can be justified
Suitable for all types of saturated soils and rock and for soils with a moisture content in excess of
8% of the voids. The basic principle is to insert into the ground a series of freezing tubes to form
an ice wall thus creating an impermeable barrier. Takes time to develop and the initial costs are
high
To change the water in the soil into a solid wall of ice. Seepage into a excavation or shaft can be
prevented by freezing the surrounding soil. However, freezing is expensive and requires expert
design, installation, and operation.

TEMPORARY EXPLOSION OF GROUND WATER

The types of temporary explosion of water is given below
1) Sump pumping
2) Well point system
3) Shallow bored well
4) Deep bored well
5) Horizontal control
6) Electro-osmosis

1) SUMP PUMPING
Sump pumping is the simplest form of groundwater control by pumping (i.e. dewatering). In its
basic form it involves allowing groundwater to seep into the excavation, and directing the
groundwater to localized low points (called sumps) in the excavation. Water collects in these
sumps, which are equipped with ‘sump pumps’ – robust pumps with the capacity to handle some
solids in the water. Water is then pumped away (perhaps requiring some treatment to remove
suspended solids prior to discharge at the ultimate disposal point). Sump pumping is widely used
in construction dewatering and mine dewatering (where it is often called in-pit pumping).
Sump pumping can be used for two separate purposes, though the form of a sump pumping
system may be similar for either requirement, and a single sump pumping system can meet both
requirements in some cases:
1. For surface water control: To collect and remove surface water run-off within the
excavation, the water being channeled to sumps by means of collector ditches or
channels.
2. For groundwater control: To collect and remove groundwater seeping into the excavation
through the base and slide slopes, the water being channeled to sumps by means of
collector ditches or channels.
This blog mainly focuses on sump pumping for groundwater control.
In appropriate ground conditions and for suitable excavation types, sump pumping can be used
as the principal method of groundwater control.

Where cut-off walls are used as part of groundwater control by exclusion, sump pumping is often
also needed to deal with: residual seepages from any leakages through the wall; the water
initially stored in the soil enclosed within the cut-off wall; and any run-off from precipitation
falling into the excavation.
 2) WELL POINT SYSTEM
Well point dewatering is widely used for excavations of shallow depths, especially for pipeline
trench excavations. In appropriate ground conditions a well point system can be installed
speedily and made operational rapidly. A typical well point system consists of a series of small
diameters wells (known as well points) connected via a header pipe, to the suction side of a
suitable well point pump. The pump creates a vacuum in the header pipe, drawing water up out
of the ground. For long pipeline trenches, horizontal well points may be installed by special
trenching machines.
Well points are typically installed in lines or rings around the excavation, and are pumped by
diesel or electrically powered pumps, with associated header mains, water discharge pipes,
power supply generators, electrical controls and monitoring systems.
Groundwater Engineering provides complete well point dewatering solutions:
 Design of dewatering systems
 Well point installation
 Equipment sales and rental
 Monitoring systems
 On-site operation and maintenance
3) SHALLOW BORED WELL
This method is very suitable for sandy gravels and water bring rocks and is similar in principle to
well pumping but is more appropriate then the letter for installation which have to pumps for
several months since running cost or generally less.
This method is subject to the same list restriction as well point system and can be arranged as a
multi system if the depth of lowering exceed 5m.

4) DEEP BORED WELL

A deep well system uses bored wells, typically pumped by submersible pumps. Effectively this
method involves applying the drilling and pumping technologies used in water supply wells and
using them in dewatering systems.
These systems work by several wells acting in combination to lower groundwater levels across
the area of the excavation. Pumping from an individual well lowers the groundwater level and
creates a cone of depression or cone of drawdown center on the well. Deep well dewatering
systems involve multiple wells being pumped simultaneously. The cones of drawdown from
each well interact and can lower groundwater level over a wide area beneath an excavation. The
most common form of pumping is by electric submersible pumps. Therefore, because the
technique does not operate on a suction principle, large drawdowns can be achieved, limited only
by the depth of the wells, and the hydrogeological conditions.
The deep wells are generally sited just outside the area of proposed excavation, and are pumped
by electric submersible pumps near the base of each well. Compared to well point systems, deep
wells are typically installed at relatively wide spacing, perhaps 10 to 50 m between wells. Each
well is connected to water collection pipes (sometimes known as a discharge main). Each well is
also provided with electrical power (from mains power or generators) via cables and distribution
units. It is common to provide back up or standby generators to be used in the event that the duty
power supply system is interrupted. As well as the pumped wells there will be a requirement for
monitoring wells to allow groundwater levels to be monitored.
Wells are normally formed by drilling, using either rotary drilling or percussion drilling methods.
Once the well is drilled, a perforated well screen is installed and surrounded by filter gravel. For
most dewatering systems the internal diameter of a deep well is in the range 125 to 350 mm. The
smaller end of the size range is normal for low flow rate systems and the larger diameter wells
are normally used for higher flow rate systems. The internal diameter of the wells controls the
maximum size of the pump that can be installed. The most common type of pump used in deep
well dewatering systems is the slim line electric borehole submersible pump. These are special
electric submersible pumps that are engineered to have a small external diameter so they can fit
down inside the well screen. These pumps are typically powered by 3-phase electricity, and the
power is provided to the pump via a ‘drop cable’ fed down the well. The water from the pump is
carried up to the surface via a ‘riser pipe’ that can be sectional steel, sectional plastic or flexible
hose.
5) HORIZENTAL CONTROLL
This method consist of horizontal system of dewatering which consist of installation into a
ground a 100 mm diameter PVC perforated suction pipe covered with a nylon filter sleve to
prevent the infiltration of the particles
This technique uses a horizontal flexible perforated pipe, pumped by a well point pump, to lower
groundwater levels. The perforated pipe is installed by a special trenching machine. One end of
the pipe is un perforated and is brought to the surface and connected to a well point suction
pump. The method can be very effective for dewatering long pipeline excavations.

6. ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
In practical application of electro-osmotic dewatering (EOD), it is very important to increase
the dewatering rate, and to decrease the final water content and the electric power consumption
for water removal. In a batch apparatus for dewatering operation of colloidal suspensions or
sludges, electric power applications, such as alternating current (AC) electric field and
interrupted or intermittent electric field, and also arrangements and configurations of the
electrode in contact with the suspension or sludge can be available for improving the
performance of electro-osmotic dewatering. The effects of these electric field applications and
the electrode arrangements and configurations on the dewatering processes are shown, and the
usage of electro-osmotic dewatering is focused to biomaterials such as sewage/activated
sludge, waterworks sludge, food processing products and wastes, and biomass sludge.
This method work on a principle that a negative charges which attract the positively charged
ends of the water molecules creating a balanced states.
CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI STORY BUILDING
A multi-story building is a building that has multiple story and typically contains vertical
circulation in the form of ramps, stairs and lifts.
The number of story is determined according to the diagram below:

The cost is particular be emphasized in multi-story building.

Following steps are taken in construction of multi-story building
i) Study of plan layout
ii) Clearance of site
iii) Layout
iv) Excavation
v) Procurement of materials
vi) Laying of foundation
vii) Construction of upper story
viii) Electric supply
ix) Gas supply
x) Surface finishing

1) STUDY OF PLANE LAYOUT

Before construction site layout is carefully be studied before construction different planes for
construction is are also set and different phase are analyzed building may be divided in a zone
in case it is too large.

2) CLEARANCE OF SITE
Clearance of site may be initiated after studying plan layout. Bushes may be removed ground
may be leveled if it is not. Then they creates many problem so first solve it.

3) LAYOUT
After clear the ground site layout is marked according with the map which is called layout.
The marking is done with lime and then accordingly checked for more accuracy theodolite
and total station equipment may be used.

4) EXCAVATION
Foundation of multi storied building may be raft. For which required depth is prepared
according to design.
Procedure for construction of foundation starts with decision on its depth, width
and marking layout for excavation and centerline of foundation. Foundation is
the part of structure below plinth level  in direct contact of soil and transmits
load of super structure to soil. Generally it is below the ground level. If some part
of foundation is above ground level, it is also covered with earth filling. This
portion of structure is not in contact of air, light etc., or to say that it is the
hidden part of the structure.

5) PROCUREMENTS OF MATERIALS
Material procurement Procurements is a term describing the purchasing process for goods and
services. In building construction, material procurement is the process by which
the materials required to construct a building are selected, ordered, invoiced, paid for and
delivered to the site.

6) LAYING OF FOUNDATION
After excavation process method to laying of foundation starts.
In case of lengthy building it is divided for ease and manner that one part is being excavated
while other excavated part is being done with foundation.
Foundation of multi-storied building is like raft sometimes pile are used below the foundation
strength of building usually depends on the strength of foundation hence foundation lying
should be given extra attention.
7) CONSTRUCTION OF UPPER STORY
Multi-story building are usually constructed of frame structure system in which load being
exerted on beams and column of the structure while wall are only used for cover. Column are
prepared for succession of each story however they are inter welded together or overlapped if
welding facility is not available.
Curing facility is also important on concrete walls are mason after completion of frame
structure as they work as cover and usually are of bricks of concrete block. These covering
walls are usually of 10cm with that are built up in mortar of 1:4 ratio These wall should not be
mason together then 1.3 meter in a day form work and scaffolding should be of standard in
multi storied building.

8) ELECTRIC SUPPPLY
In multi-story building the electric supply layout is prepared for each story separately. Walls
and ceiling are grooved to fit pipes and boards in them. After plastering wire are passed through
those pipes and relevant fitting are them installed. Wiring test id then conduct after finishing all
stuff of wiring.
At the end electric is delivered after obtaining certificate from the inspector.
9) WATER SUPPYL & SANITARY
Pipes of water supply and sanitary are installed before plastering. Gas supply line is laid out on
outer walls and roof and should be done by skilled workers.

10) GAS SUPPLY

Pipes of gas supply should be also installed before plastering gas supply line is laid out on outer
walls and roof and should be done by skilled worker as natural gas is poisonous and highly
flammable. Plastic pipes should never be used for gas supply.

11) SURFACE FINISHING

It is last step of building construction it contain the following items
i) Pointing
ii) Plastering
iii) White wash
iv) Distempering
v) Painting etc.
Surface finishing is the actual fascination of the building therefore it should be fault less.
EXERCISE
MCQS

1) Before starting any project, indication the area of construction storage of material, machinery
and offices etc. is called ______________
a) Alignment
b) Site clearance
c) Site layout
d) Management
2) Location of office is preferred in site layout_________
a) Near entrance
b) Near the exit
c) Near the labor colony
d) Central place
3) Best of administrative block is in ____________ size
a) Near entrance
b) Near the exit
c) Near the labor colony
d) Central place
4) Location of labor colony________
a) Near entrance
b) Near the exit
c) Near the labor colony
d) Central place
5) Water which is stand on the surface of earth in the form of lakes and ponds_______
a) Surface water
b) Sub-surface water
c) Water table
d) Hard water
6) Under ground water can be controlled by___________
a) Sheet pile
b) Cement grout
c) Slurry cut off
d) All of these
7) Method of temporary exclusion of water__________
a) Sump pumping
b) Well pointing
c) Shallow bored well
d) All of these
8) The tallest building of Pakistan is ___________
a) Pakistan tower
b) Ocean tower
c) HBL karachi
d) Burj khalifa
9) The tallest building of the world is __________
a) World trade center
 b) Burj khalifa
c) Picaso tower
d) Eiffle tower
10) Method of permanent exclusion of water_______
a) Diaphragm wall
b) Grout injection
c) Continuous pile
d) All of these
11) Factor affecting site layout __________
a) Nature of work
b) Location of project
c) Availability of labor
d) All of these
12) Cost of foundation of ordinary building id considered ____________ of the total cost of
construction
a) ¼
b) ¾
c) 1/8
d) ½
13) Electric current is used in this method of exclusion of ground water_____________
a) Sump pumping
b) Well point system
c) Electro-osmosis
d) None of these
14) Under ground water can be controlled by
a) Sheet pile
b) Cement grout
c) Slurry cut off
d) All of these
15) The place where building is constructed
a) Site
b) Side
c) Site lay out
d) All of these
 SHORT QUESTION + ANSWER

Q1) DEFINE SITE LAYOUT?

ANS)
A site layout plan shows a detailed layout of the whole site and the relationship of the proposed
works with the boundary of the property, nearby roads and neighbouring buildings.
Most applications should include an existing site layout plan and a proposed site layout plan. For
simple applications the existing and proposed site can be combined and shown on one plan so
long as what is existing, what is proposed and what is to be demolished is highlighted and
annotated clearly.
Q2) give the necessary condition of site layout?
ANS)
Take care in mind the following condition for good construction
1) site layout should come with the feature with depicts better work performance
2) material must be closed to the spot of usage
3) necessity facility should be available for all works
4) keep machinery at place where it can easily be managed for work
5) site layout must come with merit that ensures inter-communication among all jobs at
constructional sites.

Q3) enlist factor affecting the site layout?

ANS)
Following factor are affecting on site layout
1) nature of work
2) location of project
3) method of construction
4) availability of labour
5) availability of material
6) other factors

Q4) what is the purpose of site layout?

ANS)
How well a site is designed impacts development cost, time, materials, labor, and equipment.
Through the site design process, a site is carefully laid out so that the locations of each
component of a new development are valued engineered. This is essential because an well
engineered site leads to a successful and cost-effective development process.

Q5) what the reason of poor site layout?

ANS)

 Inappropriate storage which can result in damage to products and materials.

 Poor siting of plant.
 Poor siting of welfare facilities.
 Inadequate space provision.
 Unsatisfactory access.
  Security and safety issues.
 Poor way finding (due to complex layouts or inadequate signage).
 Demoralized workers, delays and increased costs.

Q6) write the advantages of site layout?

ANS)

 Inappropriate storage which can result in damage to products and materials.

 Poor siting of plant.
 Poor siting of welfare facilities.
 Inadequate space provision.
 Unsatisfactory access.
 Security and safety issues.
 Poor way finding (due to complex layouts or inadequate signage).
 Demoralized workers, delays and increased costs.

Q7) what is the requirement for site layout?

ANS)
Following requirements should be observed while preparing site layout
1) project drawing and specification should carefully be observed that aid up in understanding
the project nature
2) required area should be estimate for incorporating machinery and other facility magnitude of
machinery and material should also be estimated if material is not easily available more area
has to be reserved for material storage
3) material of same nature should be stored closure to each other
4) machinery should be installed on appropriate place where it can easily be operated and
looked after

Q8) define dewatering?

ANS)
When water table exists at a shallow depth below ground surface, it is essential to lower the
water so as to carry out construction of foundation, basement, and metro tunnels etc. This is
achieved by pumping out water from multiple wells installed at the site. The process is called as
dewatering.

Q9) define ground water?

ANS)
Dewatering and groundwater control systems are occasionally required as permanent systems,
intended for very long term operation as a part of completed structures, facilities or engineering
infrastructure. Permanent dewatering systems may be required to:
 Reduce leakage into below ground structures such as tunnels and basements
 Lower groundwater levels to reduce groundwater uplift loads on structures
 Control anticipated rises in groundwater levels
 Depressurize and stabilize slopes and other earth structures
 Help remediate groundwater contamination.
Q10) enlist the types of permanent ground water control?
ANS)
1) Sheet pile
2) Diaphragm wall
3) Slurry cut-of
4) Grouted membrane
5) Continuous pile
6) Cement grout
7) Bentonite grout
8) Chemical grout
9) Resin grout
10) Bitumen grout
11) Grout injection
12) Freezing

Q11) enlist method dewatering?

ANS)
Different method and procedure adopted to de water the ground is called exclusion of ground
water that can be categorized in to 2 as follow.
1) Permanent exclusion of water
2) Temporary exclusion of water

Q12) define slurry cut off?

ANS)
These are non-structural thin cast in situ unreinforced diaphragm walls. They are suitable for
sub soil of silt, sands and gravels. They can be used on sites where there in is sufficient space to
enclose the excavation area with a cut off wall of this nature sited so that there is sufficient earth
remaining between the wall and the excavation to give the screen or diaphragm wall support
provide adequate support is given these wall are rapidly installed and are cheaper than the
structural version

Q13) how nature of work affect the site layout?

ANS)
According to the type of building site layout may also be different to the nature of work. For
example site layout prepared for building will be totally differ from the site layout prepare for
roads.
Maintenance and tools/machinery is also affect the site layout moreover availability of material
also be affected the site layout.

Q14) how location of project effect the site lay out?

ANS)
Location of the project is also affect the site layout of a project. For example site layout prepare
for smooth ground will be different from the site layout prepared for sloped ground. Major
project should provide adequate area for keeping materials around while small project occupy
surrounding space for keeping material around while small project occupied surrounding space
for keeping material.
Q15) what is meant by electro-osmosis?
ANS)
In practical application of electro-osmotic dewatering (EOD), it is very important to increase
the dewatering rate, and to decrease the final water content and the electric power consumption
for water removal. In a batch apparatus for dewatering operation of colloidal suspensions or
sludges, electric power applications, such as alternating current (AC) electric field and
interrupted or intermittent electric field, and also arrangements and configurations of the
electrode in contact with the suspension or sludge can be available for improving the
performance of electro-osmotic dewatering. The effects of these electric field applications and
the electrode arrangements and configurations on the dewatering processes are shown, and the
usage of electro-osmotic dewatering is focused to biomaterials such as sewage/activated
sludge, waterworks sludge, food processing products and wastes, and biomass sludge.
This method work on a principle that a negative charges which attract the positively charged
ends of the water molecules creating a balanced states.

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