Buckling and Lateral Buckling

Before answering your question, I want to copy and paste from the calculation manual about
buckling.

It is called the buckling length Lk of a piece subjected to a normal compressive stress to the
length of another prismatic straight ideal piece, bi-articulated and loaded at its ends, such that
it has the same critical load as the actual piece considered.

The buckling length is given by: Lk=B.L

Where:

L actual part length

Erratum in definition.

The customer has to get used to the idea that the value entered is a coefficient and not the
magnitude: length. With the coefficient entered, the program will calculate the buckling length
simply by multiplying this coefficient by the length of the bar section.

The buckling coefficients and the local axes of the bar.

The buckling coefficients of each member must be defined in two orthogonal planes, the xy
plane and the xz plane, defined by the local axes of the members. Being the x-axis, the directrix
of the bar.

Note: To find out the orientation of the local axes of the bar in space we must return to the
option "describe profile", and then the local axes will appear at the ends of the bars.

Buckling coefficient by default.

All bars by default are assigned the unit coefficient as buckling coefficient. The client has to
change this, assigning the corresponding one depending on the type of bar, the type of node
and the internal or external constraints that they have imposed, type of structure, etc.

Methods for entering the buckling coefficients in the members in CYPE 3D.
There are three ways to do it:
1. Manual assignment and verification of assigned values.
Manual assignment allows you to enter the value of the coefficient you deem
appropriate. It is also used to consult the values assigned for any of the indicated
methods.
2. Rough calculation (Automatic 1)
The approximate calculation is based on commonly accepted formulas whose validity
is limited to substantially orthogonal structures, differing in their behavior due to their
displacement. In addition, the following hypotheses are accepted:
• Supports buckle simultaneously.
• The elastic shortening of the supports is neglected.
• Beams behave elastically and are rigidly attached to supports.
• The stiffness of the beams is not modified by normal forces.
3. Calculation as insulated bar (Automatic 2)
In the CYPE 3D calculation memory, the three ways of assigning buckling coefficients
are discussed. You can find a more detailed explanation of the third method in the
article of a specialized journal entitled "Comparative analysis of the calculation of
buckling lengths according to Eurocode-3 and according to NBE-EA-95". Logically, the
"Calculation of buckling lengths for isolated bars" mode is done using the same
method described in Eurocode-3.

Factors that influence the determination of buckling coefficients in CYPE 3D.

The following factors influence the determination of the buckling coefficients:

• The supports.

• The intermediate nodes in the bar.

• Bars not included in the data entry for calculation purposes.

• The theoretical Beta that we want to contemplate.

• The length of the piece (section).

• The total length of the part.

Once we have this clear theory, it is understood that in the inclined beams of the gantry, the
upper flange has the purlins, separated by a certain distance, and the lower flange has another
beam that braces at a certain distance. With this information you can go to the program / slash
/ side buckling / click on a slash / with the right mouse click / a window like this will appear:

Displaying the reference to lateral buckling, for the upper flange you must choose Lb
separation between bracing. This value is the one that corresponds to the separation between
belts. Perform the same operation for the lower flange and that distance can be the maximum
between bracing 4.2 m. What is related to Cm should consult the standard.

As a practical example, we have an industrial warehouse like the one shown below.
 Link: Version d
Download file: http://share2.cype.com/files/GP_CORREAS_Y_VIENTO_20210125_210431.cyp
(3369 KB)

CYPE Software

• The pillars of the frames, profiles of rolled steel and click on the Profile button to select
an IPE-300.
• The lintels of the central porches, the beams of the slabs such as IPE-300.
• The pillars of the IPE-300 office slab and the lintels of the openings as IPE-240, and the
bracing beams as IPE-240.

Buckling.

To assign the buckling coefficients, select the Buckling option from the Member menu, and, in
a first selection, mark the IPE-240 beams that brace the frames. As the structure has IPE-100
purlins spaced every 1400 mm attached to the covering panel with rigid fixation, and in turn
150 mm thick concrete plates will be used as the enclosure, it can be considered that these
bars will not sag, since The entire structure should be loaded in order for this phenomenon to
occur. Therefore, in these beams, the value 0 will be assigned as buckling value, in the XY
plane, keeping the value 1 for the other plane.
For the IPE-240 beams that join the two frames that support the office floor, It will be done
exactly the same as in the previous case, since you have the slab that prevents buckling of the
profile in the XY plane of the profile. In the IPE-300 columns that support the internal frame of
the slab, a ß = 0.7 (embedded in its base and articulated in its head in both planes).

In the IPE-300 columns of both pinion walls they will have prevented buckling in the XY plane,
due to the lateral enclosure that is embedded in them. For the XZ plane we can consider a ß =
0.7 (embedded in its base and articulated in its head). No We must forget that since there are
intermediate nodes, we must modify the value, as This is the case of the pinion wall in the slab
area, in these three pillars it should be assign a ß = 0.7 for the entire length, or what is the
same, assign the length buckling equivalent (figure below), which is 10 x 0.7 = 7 m for the
central.

and 9 x 0.7 = 6.3 m for the other two pillars.

For the lintels of the three openings, we place buckling coefficient ß equal to the unit (bi-
supported part) in both planes.
For the intermediate frames, if we have started the work with the Frame Generator and the
structure has been defined as translational, we see that the buckling coefficients that are
exported in the plane of the frames are ß = 1.20 for the columns and from ß = 1,135 for the
lintels, we will take these values for the example, in the central frames. We make the pertinent
modifications in the members in which there are intermediate nodes, or we assign to all the
central frames the corresponding buckling lengths in the XZ plane, that is: - For columns lk =
1.20 x 8 = 9.6 m.

- For lintels lk = 1,135 x 10,198 = 11,575 m.

Lateral buckling.

In the lintels of the central porticoes of the nave, due to the hypothesis of wind suction on the
roof, lateral buckling of the lower wing may occur. This is avoided by having braces in the
project that brace the lower flange against this phenomenon; to do this in the program, use
the Lateral buckling option from the Member menu and select the IPE-300 beams that form
the roof and then right-click to edit the lateral buckling coefficients of the selected members.
On the lower flange of these, place a buckling free length of 4.2 m.

For the IPE-300 columns of the central frames, place the lateral buckling braced in both planes.
For the lintels of the three holes, we place a buckling coefficient ßv equal to unity (bi-
supported part) for the upper flange, which is the one that is compressed

Have a nice day.

Kind Regards.