1.

Crimes against public interest are committed by the following acts:

• Counterfeiting the great seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, forging the
signature or stamp of the Chief Executive
• Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp
• Making and importing and uttering false coins
• Mutilation of coins, importation and utterance of mutilated coins
• Selling of false or mutilated coin, without connivance
• Forging treasury or bank notes on other documents payable to bearer; importing, and
uttering such false or forged notes and documents
• Counterfeiting, importing and uttering instruments not payable to bearer
• Illegal possession and use of false treasury or bank notes and other instruments of
credit
• Falsification of legislative documents
• Falsification by public officer, employee or notary or ecclesiastic minister
• Falsification by private individual and use of falsified documents
• Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages, and use of said
falsified messages
• False medical certificates, false certificates of merits or service, etc.
• Using false certificates
• Manufacturing and possession of instruments or implements for falsification
• Usurpation of authority or official functions
• Using fictitious name and concealing true name
• Using fictitious name and concealing true name
• False testimony against a defendant
• False testimony favorable to the defendants
• False testimony in civil cases
• False testimony in other cases and perjury in solemn affirmation
• Offering false testimony in evidence
• Machinations in public auctions
• Monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade
• Importation and disposition of falsely marked articles or merchandise made of gold,
silver, or other precious metals or their alloys
• Subsisting and altering trade-mark, trade-names, or service marks
• Unfair competition, fraudulent registration of trade-mark, trade-name or service mark,
fraudulent designation of origin, and false description

2. Article 134 provides that rebellion or insurrection is committed by rising publicly and taking up
arms against the government for the purpose of removing from allegiance of said government
or its laws, its territory or any part thereof, or any body of land, naval or other armed forces, or
depriving the Chief Executive or Legislative, wholly or partially of any of their powers or
prerogatives. However, the difference between the two crimes lies with its purpose. In rebellion,
the object of the movement is to completely overthrow and supersede the existing government
 while in insurrection, the movement is merely to seek minor changes to prevent the exercise of
government authority with respect to particular matters.

3. Two-witness rule in proving the crime of treason means that every act, movement, deed, and
word of the defendant charged to constitute treason must be supported by the testimony of
two witnesses. Each of the witnesses must testify to the whole of the same overt act that
happened in the same place or if it is separable, there must be two witnesses to each part of the
overt act.

4. A. A has not committed a crime. Under the law, the crime of evasion of service of sentence is
committed by the prisoner who escapes if such prisoner is a convict serving sentence by final
judgment. However, if such prisoner is only a detainee, he incurs no liability. In this case, A is
only a detention prisoner. He is not yet convicted by final judgement. Hence, he did not commit
a crime.

B. B has committed the crime of infidelity in the custody of prisoners by conniving with or
consenting to evasion. Under article 223, the elements of conniving with or consenting to
evasion are as follows:
a. that the offender is a public officer;
b. that he had in custody or charge, a prisoner either detention prisoner or prisoner by final
judgement;
c. that such prisoner escaped from his custody;
d. that he was in connivance with the prisoner in the latter’s escape.
In this case, B as a jail guard is a public officer in charge of prisoners, A is a detention prisoner,
and B helping A in his escape is a clear proof of his connivance with the latter. Therefore, B is
liable under article 223 for conniving with or consenting to evasion.