PHYSICAL SCIENCE

1.Discuss comprehensively the a) structures of atoms, b) properties of substances, and d) chemical bonds .
a). The structure of an atom is mainly composed of three sub atomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. ... Both protons and
neutrons are present inside of the nucleus and the electrons are present in the orbitals or different energy level around the nucleus.
b). The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are examples of physical properties. Properties that describe how
a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. Flammability and corrosion/oxidation
resistance are examples of chemical properties
c). A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The
bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of
electrons as in covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" or "primary bonds" such
as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds, and "weak bonds" or "secondary bonds" such as dipole–dipole interactions, the London
dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.
Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the
positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other. An electron positioned between two nuclei will be attracted to both of
them, and the nuclei will be attracted toward electrons in this position. This attraction constitutes the chemical bond. Due to the matter
wave nature of electrons and their smaller mass, they must occupy a much larger amount of volume compared with the nuclei, and this
volume occupied by the electrons keeps the atomic nuclei in a bond relatively far apart, as compared with the size of the nuclei
themselves.
In general, strong chemical bonding is associated with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. The atoms
in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases—indeed most of the physical environment around us—are held together by chemical
bonds, which dictate the structure and the bulk properties of matter.
2.How did you apply the Newton’s Laws into real life situations.
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: The law of Inertia
Statement: A body remains at rest, or moves in a straight line (at a constant velocity), unless acted upon by a net outside force.
Real life application – Shake up that bottle of ketchup! When you shake that bottle, you bring the bottom down, then suddenly you
stop. This is inertia and it’s the inertia which causes the ketchup to come out of the bottle.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: F = ma
Statement: The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force acting upon it.
Real life application – Your friend weighs less than you, but you both walk exerting the same amount of force. Your friend will go a
good deal faster than you because the acceleration used by them would undoubtedly be higher.
One of the main reasons why people constantly try to reduce the mass of objects is to be able to increase its speed and acceleration.
All of the factors have an effect on each other. If something has much more mass, then exerting more force will make it move faster.
Newton’s 3rd Law: Equal and opposite reaction
Statement: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. If one body exerts force on the second body then the second body
exerts equal force on the first body.
Real life application – Hitting the Wall with Your Fist
There are two forces, your force and the other is an equal and opposite force applied by the wall on the fist. Hence, the harder you hit
the wall the more force is exerted on your fist by the wall. This is why you get hurt more. So don’t hit the wall, you will get yourself
hurt laddie!
Newtons Law of motion can be applied everywhere..(2nd law, law of acceleration)..if you are in the supermarket..pushing an empty
cart is easier than pushing a cart full of groceries..empty cart have more acceleration than cart full of groceries..(1st law,Law of
inrtia).if you kicked a ball in space,it would keep going.It will only stop in one direction if hits by domething...(3rd law, Law of action
reaction) when air rushes out of a balloon,the opposite firection is yhat the balloon flies..
Newton's 2nd Law of motion states that acceleration is produced when an unbalanced force acts on an object (mass). The more mass
the object has the more net force has to be used to move it. It can be applied when you go to the grocery store and use a shopping cart
you will notice that It is easier to push an empty shopping cart than a full one, because the full shopping cart has more mass than the
empty one. This means that more force is required to push the full shopping cart.

3. How is conservation of energy applied in real life situations? Explain your answer.
The law of conservation of energy can be seen in these everyday examples of energy transference:
1. When you stop a ball from rolling on the floor, it may seem like there's no conversion of energy, but in reality, you absorb the
kinetic energy of the ball and turn it into heat potential energy.
2. When you switch on the fan innyour bedroom, the electrical energy gets converted into the mechanical energy.
3. The green plants use sunlight to carry out photosynthesis process. It allows them to store the energy in their cells. In this process,the
light energy is converted into chemical energy which they use for their growth and nourishment.
4. In thermal power stations, the heat energy is converted to electrical energy. The heat, however, is generated from the combustion of
fossil fuel, which is a transformation of chemical energy into heat energy.
Law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another.It can be
observe in our daily life,example if you sit on the highest branch of a tree,you have this potential energy and falls to ground, the
potential energy is now being converted to kinetic energy,.When you push a book across the table,the energy from your moving arm is
transferred from your body to the book ,causing the book to move. Potential energy of oil or gas is changed into energy to heat a
building.
4. Identify a scientific breakthrough in the field of Physical Science.
Gene-editing technology has been in existence for a few years now, but in 2017 scientists achieved a significant breakthrough when
they fixed a mutation responsible for congenital heart disease.

Taking advantage of the revolutionary tool called CRISPR-Cas9, a gene linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (a type of heart
failure) was successfully “deleted” from a human embryo so they were no longer programmed to inherit the disease.

While a significant amount of research has to be done before the technique is shown to be safe and effective enough to be used
clinically, the breakthrough could potentially prevent thousands of diseases being passed onto subsequent generations.

Also, altering nuclear DNA in a developing embryo is currently illegal so a change in the law would be needed before such treatments
can be considered, and this would involve addressing some profound ethical questions.
ANSWER.. Physics is, by nature, an additive science: over decades and centuries, hypotheses are created, tested, and proved, and our
understanding of the nature of physical reality is gradually built upon. It’s a slow process that takes place over generations.

Bose-Einstein Condensate First Created (1995)

In 1924, an Indian physicist named Satyendra Nath Bose developed a theory now forming the basis of quantum statistics. He brought
his conclusions to Albert Einstein, and the two scientists collaborated on a theory describing the motion of atoms in extremely low
temperatures (nearing absolute zero). They predicted the existence of the Bose-Einstein Condensate, a condensed cloud of atoms in a
supercooled state that act in an otherwise unknown manner.
In 1995, a pair of scientists at the University of Colorado at Boulder were the first to experimentally verify the Bose-Einstein
Condensate hypothesis. By cooling rubidium atoms to an extremely cold state — the coldest temperature ever experimentally
achieved, at the time — they were able to condense the atoms into a “superatom” that behaved as if it were a single entity. This could
have profound effects for various fields of science and technology, and research on these “BECs” has continued in the years since.
5. Give at least 5 basic concepts under physical science.
Basic Concepts Under Physical Science
1. Energy
2. Waves
3. Stoichiometry
4. Laws of motion
5. Matter
1.thermodynamics
2.electromagnetism
3.classical mechanics (Laws of Motion)
4. Atoms
5.Electromagnetic Radiation

FIELD ECOLOGY
1.. Identify key terms in field ecology and give there meanings. (At least 5 words)
1. Ecology, the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment
2.Biidiversity, is the sum of all different species of animals,plants,fungi, and microbial orgnisms living on Earth and the variety of
habitats in which they live.
3. Conservation, the sustainable use and protection of natural resources including plants,animals,mineral deposits,soils,clean
water,clean air, and fossil fuels.
4. Ecosystem, organisms living in a particular environment such as forest or coral reefs and the physical parts of the environment that
affect them.
5. Environment, all of the external factors affecting an organism, either biotic factors or abiotic factors
1. Population-all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country

2.Community-a group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat

3.Abiotic-not derived from living organisms

4.Biotic-relating to, or resulting from living things.

5.Niche-a position or role taken by a kind of organism within its community. Such a position may be occupied by different organisms
in different localities

2. Present a trivia about birds. State their unique characteristics .

The smalkest bird egg belongs to the hummingbird and is the size of a pea. Birds eye takes up about 50 percent of its
head. Msle birds tend to have more glamorous feather shape,coloration,songs and dances and female birds vhoose their
mate based on how attractive they find.
3.EXPLAIN HOW THE ENVIRONMENT IS BEING DISTURBED?
The environment is disturbed due to natural disturbances such as fire, flood. Although these disturbances tend to to
negatively affect population of residents plants, animals and other organisms in a given ecosystem, they provide some
fugitive species with opportunities to move into and gain foot holds in ecosystems whose biological communities once
excluded them.
The earth is undergoing rapid environmental changes because of human actions. Humans have greatly impacted the rates of supply
of the major nutrients that constrain the productivity, composition, and diversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Specifically, the natural
rates of nitrogen addition and phosphorus liberation to terrestrial ecosystems, have been doubled, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations
have been increased to about 40% above preindustrial levels. Soil calcium levels are declining in some ecosystems because of
increased rates of leaching caused by acidic deposition. Humans have relaxed biogeographic barriers to dispersal by accidentally or
deliberately moving exotic species to new biogeographic realms (e.g., ref. Through both active fire suppression and increased use of
fire as a land clearing or management tool, humans have regionally changed fire frequency, which is a major force structuring
communities and ecosystems. Humans now appropriate more than a third of all terrestrial primary production, and, in doing so, have
simplified or destroyed large portions of some types of ecosystems, leaving behind fragments that often lack herbivores or predators
that provided important top-down constraints. Moreover, many human environmental impacts are projected to be two to three times
stronger within 50 years. In total, humans may be imposing combinations of constraints that already do, or may soon, fall outside the
ranges within which many species evolved.
Here we explore how and whether such changes could result in the loss of local diversity and accelerated extinction, and thus
potentially decrease ecosystem functioning (e.g., refs. The effects of environmental change on species composition, diversity, and
ecosystem functioning are poorly understood. As a tool to explore this issue, we use theories that potentially can explain multispecies
coexistence. These models are based on the interplay of environmental constraints and the trade-offs organisms face in dealing with
these constraints. They can predict both the persistence of a large number of species and the conditions that could lead to

extinctions. Explain
4.Cite example/s of insect-plant interactions. Give concrete evidences.h
1.ow the environment is being disturbed. Cite concrete evidence/s.Explain how the environment is being disturbed. Cite
co11.nInsects and plants exhibit every kind of relationship,mutualism is a kind of relationship wherein both organism
benifit from each other..examples are bees and flowers, bees serve as the pollinators and flowers provide food for the
bees..insects also is a seed dispersal...harvester ants eat grass seeds but also provide seed dispersal..both the ants and
plants may benifit.cr
etPeople generally view insects only as pests that destroy agricultural crops. However, there are many beneficial insects that help
protect and propagate plants. Interestingly, as the insect helps the plant, the insect is benefited as well.This is called a mutualistic
relationship
which means that both organisms involved in the relationship benefit. For example, bees get nectar from a plant, but carry the pollen
to the next plant they land on. The bee gets fed, and the plant is helped in reproduction. Besides helping plants spread pollen, there are
many other mutualistic relationships between insects and plants.
Some insects help protect the plant from predators or spread the plant's seeds(besides pollen). Some of these relationships have
become so interwoven, that the plant cannot survive without the insect and the insect without the plant--like the yucca plant and yucca
moth which you will read about.e Eare vidence/s. Exp
5lAR
5
5EAll organisms are interrelated or interconnected as one cannot function without the other. Ecosystems have lots of different living
organisms that interact with each other. The living organisms in an ecosystem can be divided into three categories: producers,
consumers and decomposers. They are all important parts of an ecosystem. Producers are the green plants. They make their own food.
Consumers are animals and they get their energy from the producers or from organisms that eat producers.

yes, a food chain is an example of an ecosystem that has interconnected and interrelated parts.example is a hawk eats snake,which has
eaten a frog, which has eaten a grass hopper,which live through the nutrients that come from soil given by the decomposers from a
dead hawk. these parts are interrelated and interconnected that a change in one component of an ecosystem will cause subsequent
changes throughout the system.

6. What are your strategies in teaching Earth Science? State how it will be used in the class.

 I always used power point presentations, student -based learning, different games for evaluation and motivation that sometimes

awakes their feelings towards the topic esp sharing their (student's) experiences and thoughts r
one of the strategy is learning by doing....
i will let the students do some experiment , activities, group presentations or other output showing the topic we discussed

about Earth science. e organisms in the ecosyst

i
Given the concepts on earth science, explain the origin, history, evolution and future of
earth.n
terr One of the most sought about theory on the origin of the Earth is the Nebular Theory, which suggests how the planets in our solar
system is formed. In this theory it suggests that our Solar system came from a rotating gas cloud. From here the densest parts were at
the center and the less dense were on the outer part. This was said to be the reason why Mercury, Venus Earth and Mars are made of
rocks and are coined as the “Rocky Planets while Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are made of gas and are coined as “Gaseous
Planets”.
The Earth was known to have existed around 4.5 billion years. In this span of years, it was divided into eras, eons, periods and epochs.
Precambrian marks how the planet became habitable. Mesozoic Era was known to be the "Age of Dinosaurs". Cenozoic was coined as
the "Era of Recent life".
How did Earth evolved? The Earth evolved from purely made up of water to the emergence of landmass. This was possible due to
earthquakes, tectonic activities, exogenic proccess and mantle convection. Different processes have molded the Earth to what we see
now. Just like the suggestion of Alfred Wegener, the continents drift to be able to form what we see as its arrangement today. In his
writings, he mentioned different evidences that proves his theory. One is the close fitting of the continents, the fossils of glossopteris
and mesosaurus and the coastlines.
What might happen in the future? Knowing these events that have occurred in our planet as well as the effects of climate change, we
know for sure that Earth will still be continuously change. The continents will vary position, the Earth may still change its atmospheric
properties and that different life forms may be extinct.

2. The Solar System is composed of a set of radically different types of planets and moons—from the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune to the rocky inner planets. Centuries of studying Earth, its neighboring planets, and meteorites have enabled the
development of models of the birth of the Solar System. Astronomical observations from increasingly powerful telescopes have added
a new dimension to these models, as have studies of asteroids, comets, and other plan-ets via spacecraft, as well as geochemical
studies of stardust and meteorites. While it is generally agreed that the Sun and planets all coalesced out of the same nebular cloud,
little is known about how Earth obtained its particular chemical composition, or why the other planets ended up so different from
Earth and from each other. For example, why has Earth, unlike every other planet, retained the unique properties—such as the
presence of water—that allow it to support life? New measurements of Solar System bodies and extrasolar planets and objects, will
further advance understanding of the origin of Earth and the Solar System.1
elated
8. Think of instances about Earth that has been changed as time goes on. Explain and cite evidences why
the prior concepts were altered.

AIt is the global warming that always change. the rise of temperature due to concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse
gases and their radiative force. Global warming has been felt all over the world, other coastal areas are rising the sea
level because of the melting of the glaciers and other polar ice caps, El Nino, and other unexpected floods and soil
erosions in unexpected places....

rThe earth has not always looked the way it looks today. In other words, the Philippines one billion years ago was in a totally
different location than it is today!! How does this happen? And why does this happen? Let's take a look. In order for us to get some
understanding of how the earth has changed over time, we first need to understand some of the things that took place, and are still
taking place, in the earth. Among all known planets, the Earth undergoes the most active processes of land form destruction. Largely,
this activity is due to its thick atmosphere and flowing water, which other planets lack. Erosion includes all processes by which rock
materials are broken down and transported across a planet's surface; such processes include water flow, chemical weathering, and
windblown transport of dust. Deposition included all processes by which the materials are deposited and accumulated; such processes
include deposition of sediments in lake and ocean bottoms and dropping of windblown dust in dune deposits. Most of these processes
do not occur on most other planetary bodies.

9. What are the processes that helped shape the surface of the earth? Discuss comprehensively .
Water is a major factor in the processes that shape Earth’s surface. The abundance of
water is not only a major contributor to weathering processes that erode the newly-built
mountains, but without watertectonic processes themselves would be slowed, or even halted, because frictional forces would inhibit
the collisions between oceanic and
continental plates. Water as rain erodes mountains and coastal cliffs. Water in the form of rivers excavates large canyons. Water in the
form of glaciers creates fjords, lake
basins and even modifies Earth’s continental shelves. Water as ocean waves or currents
moves barrier islands, erodes the seafloor and carries sediment to ocean basins. Tectonic
processes, the presence of water, and human impacts together combine to shape the
Earth as we know it

eDespite our tendency to consider Earth as static, it is actually dynamic and ever changing planet. Wind, water, erosion, volcanic
eruption, earthquake alter the lansldscape in a dramatic and often violent manner. And on a much longer timescale the movement of
earth's plates slowly configures oceans and continents.
Land formations are the result of a constructive and destructive forces.
Constructive forces include crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, and deposition of sediments while destructive forces include
weathering and erosion
Some of these change also influence by human.

10. As Science teacher, how are you going to discuss the origin and structures of the Earth. Discuss the steps on
how to impart the concepts more interesting and very effective.
Many of my science lessons are based upon and taught using the 5E lesson plan model: Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and
Evaluate. This lesson plan model allows me to incorporate a variety of learning opportunities and strategies for students. With
multiple learning experiences, students can gain new ideas, demonstrate thinking, draw conclusions, develop critical thinking skills,
and interact with peers through discussions and hands-on activities. With each stage in this lesson model, I select strategies that will
serve students best for the concepts and content being delivered to them. These strategies were selected for this lesson to facilitate peer
discussions, participation in a group activity, reflective learning practices, and accountability for learning.
 11. TRIVIA ABOUT EARTH

A single lightning strike can heat the air to some 54,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

o  · 1y
 Maribel Posedio Libed Earth is the only living planet.
 Maria Dionne Fe Cerezo Earth doesn’t take 24 hours to rotate on its axis:
It actually takes 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds for the Earth to rotate once completely on its axis, which astronomers refer to as a
Sidereal Day.
 Vanessa Mara Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees relative to our orbital plane.
 Maybelle F. Fenolan The fiery award for Earth’s hottest spot goes to El Azizia, Libya, where temperature records from
weather stations reveal it hit 136 degrees Fahrenheit (57.8 degrees Celsius) on Sept. 13, 1922, according to NASA Earth Observatory.

MED BIOLOGY

1. Select a particular organism and explain how it evolved .

The shrimp that lost its eyes
In the process of evolutionary change, you either use it or you lose it—and this is certainly true for a group of cave-dwelling
crustaceans. These crabs and shrimp live underground where there is no light, and the sense of sight doesn’t do much good. As a
result, they’ve gone blind, relying on smell and touch to navigate the cavernous depths. When researchers compared the brains of
these spelunkers to their land-dwelling relatives, they found that not only are these creatures sightless, they’re actually losing the parts
of their brains associated with vision. Meanwhile, the areas that control touch and smell are getting bigger. "It's a nice example of life
conditions changing the neuroanatomy," the study’s lead author, Dr. Martin Stegner, from the University of Rostock in Germany, told
the BBC. It’s taken about 200 million years for the brain changes to occur, which may not seem “rapid,” but as the Washington Post’s

Bacteria evolve quickly because they grow fast and can share genes. Bacteria are amazingly adaptable little critters. They are
constantly evolving to become better suited to their environment.
This is what makes bacteria able to become resistant to antibiotics. Over time they are able to thrive in the presence of drugs that used
to kill them. They simply evolve or borrow better genes that outsmart the drugs. Bacteria have a short "generation time." This means
they grow up and make babies pretty quickly. It takes humans on average 20 years to grow and have kids. It can take a bacterium just
20 minutes! The other advantage of bacteria has to do with how they pass their DNA around. Humans can only pass DNA down to
their children. This means it can take many generations before some new trait is seen.
Bacteria, though, can pass DNA to each other. Even between different species! This means helpful DNA can spread through bacteria
very quickly.This DNA sharing makes evolution happen much faster because you don't have to luck into a helpful mutation. The
resistance gene is out there and it is just a matter of getting it.achel Feltman says, it’s “a relatively short time, in the evolutionary
scheme of things.”

2. Select a particular Biosphere Levels of Organization and discuss comprehensively.

Earth's Biomes
The biosphere is divided into regions called biomes. Biomes are the largest of the five organizational levels. Scientists classify biomes
into five main types -- aquatic, desert, forest, grassland and tundra. The main reason for classifying the biosphere into biomes is to
highlight the importance of physical geography on communities of living organisms. A biome may contain several ecosystems and is
defined by the geography, climate and the species native to the region. Factors to determine climate include average temperature,
amount of rainfall and humidity. When classifying species, scientists traditionally focus on the types of vegetation native to a
particular region.

The 12 biological levels of organization for living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are: atoms, molecules,
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem and biosphere. Among these 12, I
chose population. Population is a group of the same species living in an area at the same time. They are capable of interbreeding and
reproduction. In studying the population, you need to broaden your knowledge in ecology, genetics, evolution and apply the study of
species and biodiversity. In populations we also need to know the migratory patterns, the population density and demographics to
identify what really happens in that same group of species.

WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM*** An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of
their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded
as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among
organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces
(although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem). ***ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE *** At a basic functional level,
ecosystem generally contains primary producers (plants) capable of harvesting energy from the sun through the process called
photosynthesis. This energy then flows through the food chain. Next come consumers. Consumers could be primary consumers
(herbivores) or secondary consumers (carnivores). These consumers feed on the captured energy. Decomposers work at the bottom of
the food chain. Dead tissues and waste products are produced at all levels. Scavengers, detritivores and decomposers not only feed on
this energy but also break organic matter back into its organic constituents. It is the microbes that finish the job of decomposition and
produce organic constituents that can again be used by producers.

Energy that flows through the food chain i.e. from producers to consumers to decomposers is always inefficient. That means less
energy is available at secondary consumers level than at primary producers level. Its not surprising but amount of energy produced
from place to place varies a lot due to amount of solar radiation and the availability of nutrients and water. ***TYPES OF
ECOSYSTEM***
There are very many types of ecosystems out there, but the three major classes of ecosystems, sometimes referred to as ‘biomes’,
which are relatively contained, are the following:

Freshwater Ecosystems( Pond and river)

Terrestrial Ecosystems(Rainforests,Tundra, Deserts, Savannas,Forests, Grasslands)
Ocean Ecosystems( Shallow water, Deep Water, Warm Water, Cold Water)

3. Share your insights or readings about evolution.

Evolution is the biological populations over successive generations. these characteristics are the expressions of genes that are pass
from one parent to offspring during reproduction. Different characteristics tend to exist within any given population as a result of
mutation, genetuc recombination and other sources of variation. Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes occurs such as natural
selection and genetic drift act on this variation resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population.
This process of evolution has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organization including the level of species,
individual organisms and molecules

Evolution refers to the cumulative change in a population of organisms over time. It is change in the heritable
characteristics of biological populatiobs of biologic populations over successive generations. Evolution is among the most
substiated concepts in Scienceand is the unifying theory of biological science Charles Darwin, co-originated with Alfred
Russel Wallace, the theory of evolution by natural seletion

Evolution, theory in biology postulating that the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on Earth have their origin in
other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations. The theory of
evolution is one of the fundamental keystones of modern biological theory.
Darwin and other 19th-century biologists found compelling evidence for biological evolution in the comparative study of living
organisms, in their geographic distribution, and in the fossil remains of extinct organisms. Since Darwin’s time, the evidence from
these sources has become considerably stronger and more comprehensive, while biological disciplines that emerged more recently—
genetics, biochemistry, physiology, ecology, animal behaviour (ethology), and especially molecular biology—have supplied powerful
additional evidence and detailed confirmation. The amount of information about evolutionary history stored in the DNA and proteins
of living things is virtually unlimited; scientists can reconstruct any detail of the evolutionary history of life by investing sufficient
time and laboratory resources.

4. Are there evidences that will prove or disapprove the theory of evolution? Discuss comprehensively.

Three Pieces of Evidence That Prove Evolution is a Fact 1. Common Traits. Common Ancestor. Think about your family. You and
your closest relatives look more alike than you and your cousins. Likewise, you look more like your cousins than you do more distant
relatives, and more like distant relatives that people on the other side of the globe. The closer you are related, by-and-large, the more
similarities you share. Of course, these similarities extend well beyond the surface level, reaching into our genetics.This patterning,
like in your family, extends throughout all life on Earth. The patterning of the similarities speaks volumes. In evolution, these
“similarities” are known as “synapomorphies.” They are characteristics that are present in ancestral species and are shared exclusively
(in more or less modified form) by this species evolutionary descendants. Synapomorphies come in nested hierarchies that are related
to the variety and intensity of the similarities.

Why is this the case? The similarities have been inherited from common ancestors, and the further back in time any two species shared
a common ancestor, the more faded and distant the similarities become. It is important to note that, species with a large number of
similarities tend to live near each other—penguin species only live in the Southern Hemisphere, marsupials live almost exclusively in
Australia, cacti almost exclusively in the Americas, lemurs in Madagascar, etc. If evolution was not true, this geographic patterning
would make absolutely no sense. Furthermore, these similarities often seem to be completely arbitrary, rather than having some
selective advantage. 2.We See Species Changing Over Time One of the most important discoveries that lead to Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution was extinct animals found as fossils. Early paleontologists, like Charles Lyell and George Cuvier, noticed a very simple
fact: Species that lived in the past are very often drastically, wildly different from anything alive today. Trilobites, dinosaurs, giant
sloths, baculites, etc., they all suggest that life on Earth has changed quite a bit.That would be interesting enough on its own. What
makes it more interesting is that, the further back one goes, the more different the species appear when compared to today’s species.
These overarching trends can also be seen on the individual level, as lineages can be seen changing over time.

How do we know, though, that fossil progressions don’t just represent separate, unrelated species? First, they have similarities that
suggest they are related (see above reasoning concerning similarities between species). Secondly, they represent a trend, also known
as a progression of change. For instance, over time, the species go from low expression of a certain trait to intermediate expression to
high expression. Like the evolution of legs, for example. In fact, since we are on the topic, there is no missing link in evolution.

Lastly, the fossils are dated and organized by direct means (like radiometric dating) or indirect means (like relative dating using
unique marker layers, fossils, or other techniques). 3.The Remnants Of Past Generations
Turn over a manufactured product today, and you are likely to see a small sticker or tag that says what country it was made in. Like
those tags, species bear the marks of where they came from. These signs of origin might come in the form of repurposed traits, traits
that hurt a species chances of surviving or reproducing. Put simply, species are flawed, and it’s these flaws that clearly tell of their
natural origin.

5. How do you classify organisms in a systematic manner? Cite examples or situations to justify your answer .
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION A hierarchical system is used for classifying organisms to the species level. This system is called
taxonomic classification. The broadest classifications are by domain and kingdom; the most specific classification is by genus and
species. The hierarchical groupings in between include phylum, class, family, and order. Species are the basic unit of classification.
While there are different views on what defines a species, in sexually reproducing organisms, a species has traditionally been defined
by the ability of its members to reproduce together to form fertile offspring. This definition is trickier in asexually reproducing
organisms like bacteria, archaea, and protists, where scientists look at the similarity in DNA among individuals to tell whether they are
in the same “species.”

When identifying an organism, familiar names — like human, fruit fly, or maple tree — are most likely the names you use. However,
each type of organism has a scientific name — humans are called Homo sapiens, for example. Scientific names are derived from the
genus and species names in a system known as binomial nomenclature (“bi” = two; “nom” = name). When species names appear in
print, the genus is always capitalized and the species name is not, and both names appear in italics (or underlined).

This system allows for a common language with which biologists can both classify and compare organisms. It also provides a basis for
biologists to communicate their findings with other scientists. A key aspect of taxonomy is the ability to characterize each level of
description with unifying features, thus relaying information about the organism(s). For example, for Homo sapiens, the classification
would break down as follows:
6. State the Interdependence of Organisms. Give concrete examples or evidences to affirm your answer.

All organisms in an ecosystem depend upon each other. If the population of one organism rises or falls, then this can affect the rest of
the ecosystem.
A simple food chain is:

grass → rabbit → fox

If the foxes in the food chain above were killed, the population of rabbits would increase because they are no longer prey to the foxes.
As a result the amount of grass would decrease because the increased population of rabbits would be eating it.

Often very small changes to ecosystems have large consequences, which can be difficult to predict. This means that all the organisms
in an ecosystem are dependent upon each other. We call this interdependence.

Interdependence of Living Things. All living things depend on their environment to supply them with what they need, including food,
water, and shelter. Their environment consists of physical factors—such as soil, air, and temperature—and also of other organisms.
An example of this is the symbiotic relationship of the deer and the birds. Birds are able to pick out food from the fur of the deer. The
deer won't eat the birds. In fact, the deer knowingly lets the birds rest on it.

The interaction of living organisms does not take place on a passive environmental stage. Ecosystems are shaped by the nonliving
environment of land and water—solar radiation, rainfall, mineral concentrations, temperature, and topography. The world contains a
wide diversity of physical conditions, which in turn creates a wide variety of environments: freshwater and oceanic, forest, desert,
grassland, tundra, mountain, and many others. In all these environments, organisms use vital earth resources, with each organism
seeking its share in specific ways that are limited by other organisms. In every part of the habitable environment, different organisms
vie for food, space, light, heat, water, air, and shelter. The linked and fluctuating interactions of life forms and environment compose a
total ecosystem; understanding any one part of it well requires knowledge of how that part interacts with the others.

In order for an ecosystem to function properly, numerous interactions occur between the system's living and nonliving components.
The living components of an ecosystem, such as the dragonfly, phytoplankton, bluegill fish, and snapping turtle in the freshwater pond
diagram are called biotic factors. The nonliving components, such as sunlight, water, soluble chemicals, and soil in the field diagram
are called abiotic factors abiotic factors. Interactions between biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem influence five major
processes: energy flow, adaptation and natural selection pollution, population growth, and succession.

Examples:
1. The bee is dependent on the flower for its nectar. The flower is dependent on the bee for pollination.

7. Identify biological breakthroughs that can change the history of human race.

One biological breakthrough I can think of would be Cloning. It is scientifically amazing and at the same time,
catastrophically terrifying. It is amazing how they can produce a replica truly that likeliness of the original. Scary as
organisms can only be made by man.

STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY

- a very rapid developing field that offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant
diseases. There are rather complex ethical issues related to applications of cloning and nuclear transfer in human stem
cells

Newborn screening is the practice of testing every newborn for certain harmful or potentially fatal disorders that aren't otherwise
apparent at birth.

With a simple blood test, doctors often can tell whether newborns have certain conditions that eventually could cause problems.
Although these conditions are rare and most babies are given a clean bill of health, early diagnosis and proper treatment sometimes
can make the difference between lifelong impairment and healthy development.

8. Present a study regarding Human Impact on Environment. State the important findings.

We as humans have become dependent on luxuries such as cars, houses, and even our cell phones. But what does our love for
manufactured metallic and plastic goods do to the environment?

Human activity can be directly attributed to the cause of hundreds of extinctions in the last two centuries, versus the millions of years
that extinctions naturally occur. As we progress through the 21st century, humans have changed the world in unprecedented ways.

Human impact on the environment has become one of the main topics for university staff all over the world. While they search for the
answer, the public needs to do its part. At least, you need to be aware of all the factors that contribute to this state and share the
knowledge.

Overpopulation

Survival used to mean repopulating. That, however, is quickly becoming true for the opposite as we reach the maximum carrying
capacity that our planet can sustain.

2. Pollution

Pollution is everywhere. From the trash thrown out on the freeway, to the millions of metric tons of pollution pumped into the
atmosphere every year- it's obvious, pollution and waste are inescapable.

3. Global Warming

Global warming is arguably the greatest cause of impact to the environment. The largest of causes emanating through CO₂ levels from
respiration to more detrimental causes like burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

4. Climate Change
Climate change is closely connected to historical developement of industry and technology. As global temperatures increase, Earth's
weather patterns will drastically change. While some areas will experience longer growing seasons, others will become barren
wastelands as water will deplete in vast areas, turning once floral regions into deserts.

5. Genetic Modification

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been a major contributor to the survival and prosperity of humans. GMO's are selected
bred crops or crops that have had DNA directly implanted into it in order to give an advantage to the crop, whether that be to sustain
colder temperatures, require less water, or yield more product.

6. Ocean Acidification

Ocean acidification is caused when CO₂ dissolves into the ocean bonding with sea water creating carbonic acid. The acid reduces the
pH levels in the water, essentially changing the Ocean acidity by 30% in the last 200 years according to analysis - a level that the
ocean has not been at in over 20 million years.

7. And others includes water pollution, deforestation, acid rain, and ozone depletion.

Give at least one trivia about Earth?

7 organisms in the ecosystem interrelated and
interconnected? Explain your answer by citing
evidences. interconnected? Explain your answer
by citing evidences. how the environment is being
disturbed. Cite concrete evidence/s.