BSHS 1201

BSHS 1201
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY
Course Study Guide
BASIC SKILLS DEPARTMENT (BSD)
Course Developed by:
Engr. Kashif Adnan, Instructor (Mech Skills Dept.)
Year: November 2020

Table of Contents
Module Topics
1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY (OHS)
1.1 Introduction to Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
2 BASICS OF SAFETY
2.1 The ten points of good safety habits

2.2 General Safety - The Basics of Safety
2.3 Shop Safety Checklist
2.4 Basic Machine Safety
2.5 Personal Tools and Equipment
2.6 Here are a few key points to remember regarding using your
personal tools at work:
3 ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTIONS
3.1 Was it an Accident or Error?

3.2 Seven Causes for Accidents
3.3 Accident Prevention
3.4 Common Sense & Accidents
3.5 Unsafe Acts
3.6 Driving Safety
4 HAZARD AWARENESS
4.1 Hazard Awareness

4.2 Hazard Signs
4.3 Hazard Awareness - Little Things
4.4 Hazard Recognition
4.5 Identify Hazards!
4.6 Hazcom vs. Hazmat
4.7 HAZCOM
4.8 HAZMAT
4.9 Hazardous Materials Classification
4.10 Hazardous Waste
4.11 Shop Hazards & Incidents
5 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS PPE
5.1 PPE Are You Dressed

5.2 Proper clothing is the key:
5.3 What is personal protective equipment?
5.4 Safety signs
6 HOUSEKEEPING
6.1 Housekeeping is Safe Keeping

6.2 ABCD’s Of Good Housekeeping:
6.3 How can such a "minor" issue
6.4 Here are some results of poor housekeeping practices:
6.5 Why good housekeeping?
6.6 General housekeeping rules to remember are:
7 MATERIAL HANDLING & LIFTING
7.1 Forklift Fatalities

7.2 Fatal forklift accident causes and where they occur:
7.3 Preventing these accidents:
7.4 5 Things You Should Know About Forklift Safety
7.5 Forklift Safety - Elevating Personal
7.6 Presently, forklifts may be used to lift personnel only if the
7.7 Material Handling Lift Trucks
8 FIRE SAFETY AWARENESS
8.1 Emergency - Where's the Fire

8.2 Fire triangle
8.3 Stairs and Walkways
8.4 Temporary Heat Safety
8.5 Using Portable Fire Extinguishers
8.6 Flammable Liquids - Gasoline
9 HAZARDS WHEN OPERATING ELECTRICAL TOOLS & EQUIPMENT
9.1 Causes of Electrical Accidents:

9.2 Unsafe Work Practices:
9.3 Lack of knowledge of the dangers of electricity:
10 GENERAL SAFETY – SIGNS
10.1 Signs -- They Are Everywhere

10.2 Examples of sign
10.4 Barricades
10.5 So when should you place signs?
10.6 How safety signs classified
BSHS 1201
Occupational Health & Safety

(OHS)
Introduction
Introduction Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
BSHS 1201 - Occupational Health & Safety

Introduction:
This Course shows
• How to take simple, effective, and low-cost action which improves safety and
health at the workplace and at the same time raises productivity.
• The training method encourages owners and operators to make concrete
improvements at the shop-floor level.
• The methodology is based on pilot studies, extensive field experience and
careful analysis of the real needs of informal sector operators.
• The module addresses basics safety and health concerns.
• It includes useful and practical ideas on key topics such as:
o Accidents and preventions

o Hazard awareness
o Personal protective equipment
o Fire prevention
o Working postures
o Working premises
o Electrical hazards and preventions, etc.
o The emphasis is on practical, low-cost and locally identified measures
to improve working conditions and workplaces.
Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this Course, trainees will be able to:
(1) Explain that occupational health and safety is more than accident prevention,
that it encompasses all aspects of working conditions
(2) Explain why management's commitment to health and safety is crucial
(3) Explain why training is a critical component of any health and safety program
(4) Recognize a number of occupational hazards and some of the types of work
generally associated with those hazards
(5) Discuss the range of hazards in their own workplaces
Yanbu Technical Institute 1

BSHS 1201
Introduction to Occupational
Health & Safety
MODULE - 1
Module - 1 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
Module - 1 Occupational Health & Safety

Introduction:
This module covers the definition and basic concept of Occupational Health and
Safety in different workplaces where trainee may work.
Learning Objectives of this Module:
The trainees will:
• Introduced to the Occupational Health and Safety

• Learn the concept of Occupational Health and Safety
Keywords:
Occupational Safety and Health, domain, Skills, workplace

1.1 Introduction to Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
Introduction to Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) is generally defined as:
The science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards

arising in or from the workplace that could impair the health and well-being of
workers, taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities
and the general environment.
This domain is necessarily vast, encompassing a large number of disciplines and

numerous workplace and environmental hazards.
A wide range of structures, skills, knowledge and analytical capacities are needed to
coordinate and implement all of the “building blocks” that make up national OSH
systems so that protection is extended to both workers and the environment.
Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

BSHS 1201
Basics of Safety
MODULE - 2
Module - 2 Basics of Safety

Introduction:
This module covers and explains the basic concepts of workplace safety. This module
shows the good points of safety habits and safety guideline for workplace
environment. The instructions are given to select and use of specific personal
protective equipment in different workplace.
The trainees will:
• Learn and discuss the ten points of good safety habits

• Learn the common, important safety guidelines to remember when working in
the shop environment
• Familiarize and practice the Shop Safety
• Recognize the basic machine safety
• Learn the key points regarding using personal tools
Keywords:
Safety Habits, Housekeeping, Lifting, Personal Cleanliness, Power Train, Safety

Program, Work Shop Safety, Material Handling, Personal Protecting Equipment,

2.1 The ten points of good safety habits
In most everything we do, we find a "trick" to make the process easier and
faster. After we develop these tricks, they become work habits in our
everyday activities. Developing everyday safety habits can keep you, injury
free through the year. Here are ten safety habits to live by:
2.1.1 Set Your Own Standards.
Don't be influenced by others around you who are negative. If you fail to wear
safety glasses because others don't, remember the blindness you may suffer
will be yours alone to live with.
2.1.2 Operate Equipment Only if Qualified.
Your supervisor may not realize you have never done the job before. You have
the responsibility to let your supervisor know, so the necessary training can be
provided.
2.1.3 Respect Machinery.
If you put something in a machine's way, it will crush it, pinch it or cut it. Make
sure all guards are in place. Never hurry beyond your ability to think and act
safely. Remember to de-energize the power first before placing your hands in
a point of operation.
2.1.4 Use Your Own Initiative for Safety Protection.
You are in the best position to see problems when they arise. Ask for the
personal protective equipment or additional guidance you need.
2.1.5 Ask Questions.
If you are uncertain, ask. Do not accept answers that contain, "I think, I
assume, I guess." Be sure.
2.1.6 Use Care and Caution When Lifting.
Most muscle and spinal injuries are from overstraining. Know your limits. Do
not attempt to exceed them. The few minutes it takes to get help will prevent
weeks of being off work and in pain.

2.1.7 Practice Good Housekeeping
Disorganized work areas are the breeding grounds for accidents. You may not
be the only victim. Don't be a cause.
2.1.8 Wear Proper and Sensible Work Clothes.
Wear sturdy and appropriate footwear. These should enclose the foot fully.
Avoid 1oose clothing, dangling jewelry, and be sure that long hair is tied back
and cannot become entangled in the machinery.
2.1.9 Practice Good Personal Cleanliness.
Avoid touching eyes, face, and mouth with gloves or hands that are dirty.
Wash well and use barrier creams when necessary. Most industrial rashes are
the result of poor hygiene practices.
2.1.10 Be a Positive Part of the Safety Team.
Willingly accept and follow safety rules. Encourage others to do so. Your
attitude can play a major role in the prevention of accidents and injuries.

The Ten Points of Good Safety Habits
Figure 2.1

2.2 General Safety - The Basics of Safety
Through several years of investigating accidents and research in the field of

accident reconstruction, leaders in the field of occupational accident
prevention have concluded that there are specific reasons why accidents
occur. They found that worker safety is dependent on worker behavior and
human factors. They developed ten safety rules and, while some of you may
have heard them before, they are worth repeating:
2.2.1 STAY ALERT – and stay alive.
The more awake a worker is, the less likely he or she is to get hurt. If you are
unsure how to operate equipment or perform a task, ask your supervisor.
Don't guess and muddle through. Make sure you know in advance the correct,
safe way to do it.
Figure 2.2
2.2.2 WEAR THE RIGHT CLOTHES –
Work clothes should fit properly. Anything that can catch in machinery or trip
you up is hazardous. Wear protective clothing and equipment as required.
WEAR THE
RIGHT
CLOTHE
S
Figure 2.3
2.2.3 USE THE RIGHT TOOLS –
If you need a hammer, get a hammer. It may be handier to use a pair of pliers,
wrench, screw driver or even your fist. But you will have only yourself to
blame if you break your fingers.
Figure 2.4
2.2.4 LEARN HOW TO LIFT –
Lifting takes more than muscle; it is an art. Don't try to show how strong you
are; you may end up in a hospital. Get help to handle anything that is too
heavy or cumbersome for you.
Figure 2.5

2.2.5 DON'T BE A PRANKSTER –
Practical jokes and horseplay can be dangerous around machinery. If you

feel the urge to play, resist it until after work.
Figure 2.6

2.2.6 BE TIDY –
Good housekeeping reduces hazards in the workplace or your home. Always

put away tools when they are not in use. Keep the floors clean, pick up scraps,
and wipe up spills. A slip or trip can be fatal.
Figure 2.7

2.2.7 REPORTING IS IMPORTANT –
Never fail to report accidents, defective equipment, and unsafe conditions.
2.2.8 GET FIRST AID IMMEDIATELY –
If you're hurt even, if it is just a scratch. Neglect of the injury may lead to
serious infection, weeks of lost time, even permanent injury.
Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9

2.2.9 BACK YOUR SAFETY PROGRAM –
If you have an idea you believe will reduce accidents, tell your supervisor
about it. Set an example by obeying safety rules. Cooperate with your safety
committee.
Figure 2.10
2.2.10 NEVER TAKE A CHANCE –
Next to sheer carelessness, the short cut is probably the biggest killer of all. To
save a minute or two, you may lose a lifetime. Whatever you are doing, if you
are not doing it safely, you are not doing it right!!
Figure 2.11

2.3 Shop Safety Checklist
The following are common, important safety guidelines to remember when

working in the shop environment:
• Under no circumstances should unapproved people be allowed to use

the shop equipment. Do not allow unauthorized persons to visit or
loiter in the shop.
• Secure the shop when no one is present. It goes without saying that
you should never leave a machine in operation while it is unattended.
• Check emergency equipment such as first aid kits, emergency lighting,
fire extinguishers and eye wash stations monthly.
• Periodically check all hand tools, portable power tools and larger shop
equipment. This is usually a good time to submit purchase requisitions
for replacements cords, guards and other worn or damaged
equipment, such as a scratched face shield that users can hardly see
through.
• Check to make sure all cleaning baths and parts washers are safe to
use. Take this opportunity to check area lighting, ventilation and
fusible links on the self-closing covers.
• Good safety practices start with good housekeeping. Use the following
guidelines for your shop maintenance:
▪ Clean up spills immediately.
▪ Keep walkways and stairs free of tripping hazards.
▪ Store oily rags in a covered metal container and be sure to
empty it every night.
▪ Periodically remove excess cutting oils and filings from shop
machinery.
▪ Keep all tools in their place and red-tag tools that need repair.
• Never wear jewelry or loose clothing around rotating machinery. Be
cautious of any item that may become entangled, including long hair.
• Remember to follow all the proper steps when utilizing a
lockout/tagout procedure. Never cut corners because you think it's
going to save time.
If you have any doubts or questions about the operation

of a particular piece of shop machinery, never hesitate
to ask your supervisor or a qualified co-worker.

2.4 Basic Machine Safety
It's tough to imagine modern society without machines hard at work all
around us. New and improved machinery leads to increased productivity,
higher quality, and more affordable production. But misused machines can be
as harmful as they are helpful. Machines that cut metal can cut off fingers.
Machines that punch through steel can punch through flesh. Such injuries can
cause career-ending disabilities as well as severe pain and suffering.
Be alert to these areas when working around or operating machinery:
2.4.1 The point of operation:
That is where the work of the machine takes place. It's where the pressing,
cutting, punching and boring takes place. It's a place where no part of the
body should be. If any part of the body is in the way at the point of operation,
the force of the machine can cause a serious injury. The point of operation
may also produce sparks or fragments that can fly toward the operator. Safety
glasses are important for this type of work.
2.4.2 The power train:
That is where energy is transferred through moving parts like gears, shafts,
belts, cables, hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders. No body parts should be in
these areas either. When working on this type of machinery, always follow the
lockout/tagout procedures and replace all guards when repairs are complete.
Employees should report any missing guards to their supervisor before
operating this equipment.
Workers must control machines carefully. In addition to avoiding the power

train and point of operation, employees should always:
• Make sure machines are anchored securely to prevent "walking,"

tipping, excessive vibration or other movement that could be
hazardous.
• Never reach blindly into areas that may contain energized parts.
• Be sure there is enough lighting to clearly see all points of operation.
• Keep conductive items -- watches, rings, steel wool, belt buckles --
away from exposed electrical parts.
• Never plug or unplug electrical equipment with wet hands.
• Follow all lockout/tagout procedures.
• Always wear the proper protective equipment for each job.

2.4.3 Material handling equipment:
Power lifts, forklift trucks, etc. are not considered to be production machinery,
but their points of operation and power train can be just as hazardous.
Employees must be properly trained in the operation of this type of
equipment before they are allowed to use it.
Mechanical hazards may come from many different areas and have potential
for serious injury.
Beware of the danger zones located within your

operation and respect the power of
machinery.

Figure 2.12

2.5 Personal Tools and Equipment
A recent mishap on the job with a personally owned power tool is worthy of
making all employees aware of the hazards that may be an issue for
employees who use personal tools and equipment in their work environment.
Figure 2.13

2.6 Here are a few key points to remember regarding using your
personal tools at work:
• If you bring your personal tools or equipment to the job and they are
used to perform various tasks associated with your employment, your
employer is ultimately responsible for the safe condition of those
tools and equipment.
• The company has the right to inspect all personal tools and equipment
to ensure they are in a safe condition with all of the necessary required
safety features to meet recognized safety standards.
• If your personal tools and equipment are not in compliance with
recognized standards, the company can require you to upgrade them
to be in compliance, or have them removed from the job immediately.
• The company can also require you to perform necessary maintenance
on tools and equipment according to the manufacturer's specifications.
Your personal tools and equipment may be owned by you, but from OSHA's
perspective, they become the responsibility of the company when they are
used in the workplace.
Everyone is best served when all tools and equipment utilized in the
workplace are industrial use grade and well maintained. Your safety
depends on it!
Figure 2.14

Safety Practice
Lab Exercise No. I Shop Safety Checklist
Inspector Name I.D #

Inspection Area Location
Completed By Date
Corrective
Checking Details Yes No N/A Action
Corrected
A. Emergency and Fires

1. Are emergency phone numbers
(including
EH&S injury hotline) posted near a
phone?
2. Do employees know where to gather in
case of an evacuation?
3. Do employees know where and how
receive care for an injury?
4. Are signs present for emergency safety
equipment (eyewash, exits etc.)?
5. Are emergency evacuation drills regularly
conducted?
6. Are all exits and paths free of
obstruction?
7. Are first aid kits fully stocked and
inspected monthly?
8. Are fire extinguishers present and
inspected within the past year?
9. Are oily rags kept in a metal bin and
removed from the shop daily?
10. Are flammable materials in excess of 10
gallons stored in appropriate containers
and storage cabinets?

Corrective
Corrected
B. Safety Administration
1. Have all employees received general
safety training: MSDS, personal
protective equipment (PPE), fire and
back safety, etc.?
2. Have all employees been trained on the
equipment that they operate?
3. Are all employees current on specialized
training:
Ladders
Fall Protection
First Aid
Lockout/Tagout
Forklift
Materials Handling
Respirators
Injury and Illness Prevention
4. Are all safety trainings documented and
filed?
5. Are regularly scheduled safety meetings
conducted in the shop?
6. Are safety meeting minutes posted and
implemented?
7. Do all employees have access to the shop
safety guide?
8. Is PPE provided and used whenever
necessary?
9. Are filters changed routinely?
C. Housekeeping and Ventilation
1. Are all worksites clean and orderly?
2. Are waste containers kept clean and
emptied daily?
3. Is food kept in the designated area at all
times?
4. Are all cabinets and shelves secured or
anchored?
5. Are all machines secured or anchored?
6. Are floors in good condition and kept
dry?
7. Are all light fixtures adequate and

functioning properly
8. Is the ventilation system adequate for
the work being performed?
9. Are filters changed routinely?
Corrective
Corrected
D. Portable Tools
1. Are all electrical hand tools in good
operating condition?
2. Are tools free from cracks and broken
parts
3. Are ladders free from dents, splinters,
grease, dirt etc.?
4. Do the spreaders lock in place?
5. Are all safety feet on the ladder in good
condition?
6. Are only approved welding equipment
used?
7. Are all welding equipment properly
insulated?
8. Are fuel gas hoses red, oxygen green,
and inert gas black?
9. Are cylinders legibly marked?
10. Are cylinders and hoses free from cracks
or dents?
11. Are cylinders secured upright with a
double chain and valve protector caps?
E. Storage, Hazardous Materials and
Waste
1. Are materials stored to prevent falls and
spills?
2. Do signs designate storage areas?
3. Are all storage containers labeled with
their contents?
4. Are storage racks free from sagging?
5. Are employees taught how to stock and
unstock shelves safely?
6. Are combustibles and chemicals kept in
closed containers when not in use?
7. Do workers use the appropriate PPE

when handling materials?

8. Has a current chemical inventory list
been provided to EH&S?
9. Are chemicals separated by hazard class
(acids, bases, etc.)?
10. Is chemical waste properly separated
and stored with EH&S?
11. Hazardous Waste Tags?
Report / Conclusion
*This Checklist should be used as a guideline in the

shop. All shops are unique with different hazards.
Supervisors are encouraged to identify hazards that are
not included and supplement the list to ensure utmost
worker safety.

BSHS 1201
Accidents and Preventions
MODULE - 3
Module - 3 Accidents and Preventions

Introduction:
The module covers the workplace accidents, causes of accidents and preventive
measures. The module explains the relations between human acts and accidents.
The trainees will:
• Understand and identify the Accident and Error

• Learn and discuss the common accident causes
• Learn the Accident Prevention
• Recognize the relation of Common sense and accident prevention
Keywords:
Accident, Error, Prevention, Causes of Accidents, Poor Housekeeping, Safety

Procedures, Unsafe Acts, Negative Attitude, Hidden Hazards, Common Sense

3.1 Was it an Accident or Error?
What is an accident?
Briefly, it is a sudden and unforeseen event.
Given that definition, can we say that the Apollo fire that killed three astronauts on the
launch pad, and the Challenger disaster, were accidents?
Figure 3.1
The first Apollo fatalities were due to a fire that occurred when the spacecraft
cabin was charged with pure oxygen during a test. Unfortunately, there was
an electrical short under the seat of one of the astronauts. Oxygen fed the
resulting fire. The men could not escape because of a poorly designed escape
hatch that took too long to open even under ideal conditions. It is well known
that pure oxygen atmospheres are very dangerous. It has also been recognized
for many years that escape hatches must be simple to use and designed so
they will open quickly.

The Challenger exploded because cold temperatures affected the

performance of a seal already stressed due to an inadequate design.
Figure 3.2
Previous Challenger inspections had shown that the seals were not holding up
as intended during launches, and it was known that low temperatures would
degrade them further.
What do these events have in common?
In every case, there were experts in charge and plenty of opportunities to

anticipate problems. Experience should have told them to take corrective
action long before the disastrous incidents took place. So why--in spite of all
the warning signs were these conditions allowed to exist?
The answer is simple
The warning signs were overlooked.
So, ask the question again

"Were they accidents or were they errors?"

Be alert to warnings and take heed when they are encountered.
• Irritated by the metal filings hitting you in the face and eyes while you grind?
This is a warning that you need eye and face protection.
• Do you keep banging your knuckles when your wrench slips?
That is your warning that an old favorite tool may be worn out and need replacing.
• Have you or a co-worker ever suffered an injury because you failed to

anticipate and ward off possible dangers?
Think about what could go wrong before you act! If something minor goes
wrong, this is a warning to stop! Consider what has gone awry. Figure out
what should be done to resolve the problem, and then take care of it!
Accidents are usually errors on someone's part.
They are not an incidental part of the job. If you accept the mindset that they
are, accidents will occur.
This is your challenge: Think about what pitfalls may come up during work
tasks. Recognize the early warning signs of things going wrong. Have the
strength to stand up and say:
"Hold on a minute. Let's think about this!"

3.2 Seven Causes for Accidents
Consider this statistic: 80 out of every 100 accidents are the fault of the
person involved in the incident. Unsafe Acts cause four times as many
accidents & injuries as unsafe conditions.
Accidents occur for many reasons. In most industries people tend to look for
"things" to blame when an accident happens, because it's easier than looking
for “root causes," such as those listed below.
Consider the underlying accident causes described. Have you been guilty of
any of these attitudes or behaviors? If so, you may have not been injured-but
next time you may not be so lucky.
3.2.1 Taking Shortcuts:
Every day we make decisions we hope will make the job faster and more
efficient. But do time savers ever risk your own safety, or that of other crew
members? Short cuts that reduce your safety on the job are not shortcuts, but
an increased chance for injury.
3.2.2 Being over Confident:
Confidence is a good thing. Overconfidence is too much of a good thing. "It'll

never happen to me" is an attitude that can lead to improper procedures,
tools, or methods in your work. Any of these can lead to an injury.
3.2.3 Starting a Task with Incomplete Instructions:
To do the job safely and right the first time you need complete information.
Have you ever seen a worker sent to do a job, having been given only a part of
the job's instructions? Don't be shy about asking for explanations about work
procedures and safety precautions. It isn't dumb to ask questions; it's dumb
not to.
3.2.4 Poor Housekeeping:
When clients, managers or safety professionals walk through your work site,
housekeeping is an accurate indicator of everyone's attitude about quality,
production and safety. Poor housekeeping creates hazards of all types. A well-
maintained area sets a standard for others to follow. Good housekeeping
involves both pride and safety.

3.2.5 Ignoring Safety Procedures:
Purposely failing to observe safety procedures can endanger you and your co-
workers. You are being paid to follow the company safety policies-not to make
your own rules. Being "casual" about safety can lead to a casualty!
3.2.6 Mental Distractions from Work:
Having a bad day at home and worrying about it at work is a hazardous

combination. Dropping your 'mental' guard can pull your focus away from safe
work procedures. You can also be distracted when you're busy working and a
friend comes by to talk while you are trying to work. Don't become a statistic
because you took your eyes off the machine "just for a minute."
3.2.7 Failure to Pre-Plan the Work:
There is a lot of talk today about Job Hazard Analysis. JHA's are an effective
way to figure out the smartest ways to work safely and effectively. Being hasty
in starting a task or not thinking through the process can put you in harm way.
Instead, Plan Your Work and then Work Your Plan!
"It is better to be careful 100 times than to get killed
once." (Mark Twain)

3.3 Accident Prevention
ACCIDENT PREVENTION - PAINLESS & PROFITABLE!
Why are you working?

The most obvious answer is that you need to earn money.
Your employer is in business for the very same reason--to make money.
If the people you work for don't operate at a profit, they may not be able to
keep you on the job. It may be surprising to hear that most companies do not
make money hand over fist.
Expenses take a big chunk of the income and competition limits how much
your firm can charge for the goods or services it provides. What's more,
competition is no longer just local--it is often worldwide.
Whatever you do in production, sales or service, think about the extra hours
you must work to help pay for the average jobsite injury.
Why should you care about this?
Simple. Safe work behavior can contribute directly to the bottom line as well
as to your own job security.
The more profitable your company, the more likely there will be funds
available for better equipment, improvements in the work environment and,
hopefully, wage increases.
Though money is an important factor to both you and your employer,

personal wellbeing is also important. It is always wiser to spend a bit more
time doing the job safely than to recover from an injury.
This is why you are asked to avoid taking dangerous shortcuts, to wear your
personal protective gear, to do the job as instructed, and to support your
company's safety efforts.
Think of safety as both, pain free and

profitable. Accident prevention is a win-
win proposition!

3.4 Common Sense & Accidents
Generally speaking, we are not born with common sense, we acquire it throughout life.
Actually, common sense is really common experience.
• We learn about life from others' experiences as well as our own.

Awareness of your environment, self-preservation and concern for
your fellow workers are all factors in good common sense.
• Contrary to popular opinion, all workers can prevent themselves from
getting hurt.
The easy way to avoid pain is to observe how others have taken risks
and been injured, rather than learning the hard way--from your own
injury.
That's common sense!
The experts say at least 80% of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe acts
on the part of employees--and not by unsafe conditions. Although employers
are required by law to provide a safe and healthful workplace, it is up to you
to be aware of your work environment and follow safe work practices. By
avoiding unsafe acts and practicing common sense, your work will go
smoother, with less chance for accidents.

3.5 Unsafe Acts
Statistically, most accidents are caused by unsafe acts, including:
3.5.1 Being in A Hurry –
Sometimes there is more concern for completing a job quickly instead of

safely. Take time to do a good job and a safe job.
Figure 3.3
3.5.2 Taking Chances –
Daring behavior or blatant disregard for safe work practices can put the whole
work team at risk. Follow all company safety rules and watch out for your
fellow employees. Horseplay is never appropriate on the job and can lead to
disciplinary action.
Figure 3.4

3.5.3 Being Preoccupied –
Daydreaming, drifting off at work, thinking about the weekend and not paying
attention to your work can get you seriously hurt or even killed. Focus on the
work you are paid to do. If your mind is troubled or distracted, you're at risk
for an accident.
Figure 3.5
3.5.4 Having A Negative Attitude –
Being angry or in a bad mood can lead to severe accidents because anger
nearly always rules over caution. Flying off the handle at work is potentially
dangerous. Keep your bad moods in check, or more than one person may be
hurt. Remember to stay cool and in charge of your emotions.
Figure 3.6

3.5.5 Failing to Look for Hidden Hazards –
At many jobsites, work conditions are constantly changing. Sometimes new,

unexpected hazards develop. Always be alert for changes in the
environment.
Hidden hazards include

• spilled liquids that could cause slips and falls;
• out-of-place objects that can be tripped over;
• unmarked floor openings one could step into;
• low overhead pipes that could mean a head injury; and
• Other workers who don't see you enter their hazardous work area.
Figure 3.7
Remember
To stay alert for hazards, so you won't become one more accident statistic.
You can do a quality job without rushing. Maintain a positive attitude and keep
your mind on your work.
This is just common sense--something smart workers use!

3.6 Driving Safety

Safety tips to help keep you and your passengers safe.
No one wants to admit to being a distracted driver, but we’ve all texted, talked and eaten
while on the road. The truth about distracted driving is that it doesn’t take much for our
attention to be diverted. According to The Daily Signal, humans today have shorter attention
spans than goldfish. Combining our short attention spans with distracted driving while on the
interstate can prove reckless.
1. Buckle up
Although a common tip, buckling your seatbelt is essential. According to the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), seat belt use helped save nearly 15,000 lives
in 2017.
About 90% of Americans wear seat belts, yet some drivers and passengers don’t take the risk
seriously and still don’t wear seatbelts. Before leaving home, be sure to put on your seatbelt
(and remind your fellow riders too) so you all can be safe while on the highway.
2. Put down the cell phone
It’s so tempting to reach for your cell phone when you hear that “bing”, but it’s especially
unsafe (and against the law in some states) to text and drive on the interstate.
The NHTSA states that “[s]ending or reading a text takes your eyes off the road for 5 seconds.
At 55 mph, that’s like driving the length of an entire football field with your eyes closed.” If
you have an iPhone that’s iOS 11 and above, you can use the Do Not Disturb While Driving
feature to send contacts an automated message that allows you to stay focused while you’re
on the road.
Don’t reach for your cell phone while driving to keep yourself, riders and other drivers safe.
Instead, wait until you’re pulled over to a safe location before responding to texts and
notifications.
3. Use the left lane for passing
Be considerate of other drivers by driving in the right lane and using the left lane for passing.
Some states have laws in place that will fine or ticket drivers who ride in the left lane without
the intention of passing. If you stay in the left lane and other drivers behind you need to get
by, they may try to make a dangerous move by passing on the right. Causing traffic to build
up behind you is also a safety hazard. If you don’t intend to pass another driver, be
considerate and allow other drivers to pass on your left.
4. Get up to speed on the acceleration ramp
When merging onto the interstate, use the acceleration ramp to get up to speed and help
prevent other drivers from having to put on brakes or change lanes. By getting up to speed
before getting onto the interstate, you can prevent unnecessary traffic movement and even
accidents from other drivers braking abruptly. You don’t have to punch it, but use this lane to
help you merge more safely.

5. Carefully get out of your vehicle after an accident

If you’re ever in an accident on the interstate, do your best to pull as far off of the road as
much as you can. This will help to prevent you or other drivers from getting hurt. It’s easy to
think that you’re safe while on the side of the road, but distracted drivers may not notice you
or your vehicle. It’s very dangerous to get out of your vehicle while on the interstate, but if
you have to, pull over as much as you can into a safer spot.
6. Don’t drive too closely
Don’t drive too closely to the vehicle ahead of you while on the interstate. While you might
be tempted to rush someone, you could end up putting your life and others lives at risk. If
the person ahead of you happens to hit their brakes abruptly, you may not have time to stop
and could rear-end them. Leave some extra buffer room, especially on the interstate,
between yourself and the next vehicle so you and other drivers can stay safe. As a good rule
of thumb, consider the type of vehicle that’s ahead of you, and leave enough room so that
you have three or more seconds to stop. The National Safety Council recommends the three-
second rule, but as always, carefully consider how much room you may really need.
7. Watch your speed
Be mindful of your speed while on the interstate. In 2020, the Bureau of Transportation
Statistics stated that “speeding has been involved in approximately one-third of all motor
vehicle fatalities.” As tempted as you might be to speed, it could cost you, your riders and
other drivers their lives. Always take note of the speed limit and adjust accordingly.
8. Let it go
Road rage is a real issue, but it’s better to overlook another driver’s mistake or negligent
behavior. SafeMotorist.com reports that “66% of traffic fatalities are caused by aggressive
driving.” While it might not be easy to ignore someone else’s mistakes on the interstate, it’s
necessary. Rather than getting frustrated and driving aggressively after another driver makes
a careless mistake, it’s better to take a deep breath, and let it go.
9. Be considerate of tractor trailer drivers
It’s important to remember while driving on the interstate to be considerate of tractor trailer
drivers. One good thing to remember is that if you’re behind a truck and not able to see the
driver, then he or she likely cannot see your car either. If you want to pass a tractor trailer,
be sure to give the driver plenty of space and signal that you are changing lanes. Tractor
trailer drivers aren’t able to stop as quickly as other drivers, so be mindful before merging in
front of them.

10. Drive Defensively

Drive defensively, anticipating that others will make mistakes. Other drivers might not slow
down to let you merge onto the interstate or change lanes if you put your signal light on.
Regarding defensive driving tips for teens, KidsHealth.org shares that teens should “not
depend on others” and “[c]ut out distractions.” Teen Driver Source shares that while teens
know not to text and drive, “they often engage in these behaviors anyway.” Instead of
expecting other drivers to perform certain actions while driving, be on the lookout and cut
down on distractions to develop safer driving habits.
11. Take breaks
On longer trips, you’re bound to get tired. Whenever you’re feeling drained, it’s better to
stop and take a break. Usually, we try to brush off our tiredness by turning on the music or
rolling down the windows and continuing right along, but this can be a reckless choice. Pull
over to a safe location or have a plan to switch drivers. By stopping to allow yourself to rest
physically and or mentally, you’re helping to prevent accidents.
12. Drive according to weather conditions
Stay aware of weather conditions while on the interstate. During inclement weather such as
rainy or snowy conditions, you need to be more alert and provide yourself with more time to
react. Don’t always assume the roads are safe for driving the speed limit, especially in low-
visibility conditions. That’s why it’s a good practice to reduce your speed and give yourself
some buffer room.
13. Do not drive under the influence
Don’t drink and drive or get on the roads incapacitated. Driving under the influence and
incapacitated driving can both be costly risks. The NHTSA reports that 10,511 fatalities in
2018 occurred due to drunk driving in America. That is over 30 people a day. When you are
not fully aware and functioning, you’re not as likely to make good judgements while on the
road. You should have a designated driver or use a rideshare app like Uber or Lyft instead.
Make safety your priority while driving on the interstate
Safety should be a top priority while driving on the interstate. It’s easy to get caught up
listening to music or talking on the phone, but it’s not so easy to correct the outcomes of an
accident. That’s why it’s best to develop safe driving habits and drive proactively while you’re
on the highway.

Safety Practice
Lab Exercise No. I Accidents and Preventions Checklist
Inspector Name I.D #

Inspection Area Location
Completed By Date
Corrective
Corrected
A. Check Items Inspected: Worksite General
1. Are Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) posters
displayed in prominent locations
2. Are safety signs/warnings posted
where appropriate?
3. Are emergency telephone numbers posted
where they can be found
readily?
4. Is a first aid kit available and
adequately stocked?
5. Is a summary of Occupational
Illnesses posted?
6. Are emergency evacuation traffic
routes identified and posted?
B. Management Component
1. Is there a written safety policy
statement?
2. Is the policy statement signed by
management?
3. Are copies of the policy provided to
new employees?
4. Are individual(s) responsible for
development, implementation, and
enforcement of the accident
prevention plan?
5. Are employee/supervisor
responsibilities and authority
assigned?

6. Is a safety team established to monitor your

safety and health program
Corrective
Corrected
7. Is there an established procedure for

handling employee safety and health
complaints?
C. Record Keeping Component
1. Are OSHA 300/301 being maintained
as required?
2. Are procedures in place to maintain
records and logs?
a. Safety inspections
b. Safety meeting minutes
c. Accident investigations
d. Emergency response drills
3. Are employee medical records up-to- date
and in accordance with OSHA
standards?
4. Are records of employee exposure to
hazardous substances or harmful
physical agents maintained?
5. Are employees training records
maintained and available for review?
6. Are records being maintained for the
time period required by law?
7. Are operating permits and records
current?
8. Is a responsible person designated by
job title for record keeping?
D. Analysis Component
1. Has a job safety analysis been
conducted?
2. Has a trend analysis been
conducted?
3. Is there an established time frame
for analysis (monthly, quarterly,

semi-annually, and annually)?

4. Are analysis records maintained and
current?
5. Is the safety program documentation
reviewed for completeness?
6. Are identified discrepancies
corrected?
7. Does the insurance loss run
information matches your records?
Corrective
Corrected
8. Is the safety program current for all

employer operations and employee
activities?
9. Has the accident prevention program
documentation been reviewed for
completeness?
10. 10. Have hazard assessments been
conducted, are they current, and are
controls established?
11. Is a responsible person designated
for analysis?
E. Health & Safety Training
Component
1. Have new employees received
orientation training?
2. Do employees participate in regularly
scheduled safety meetings?
3. Does management provide resources
and participate in employee
training?
4. Have employees received
documented required training?
a. Work area hazards
b. Emergency action plan
c. Equipment operation
d. Personal protective
equipment
e. Location and use of emergency
equipment

f. Hazard communication
/Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS)
g. Hearing conservation
5. Do all employees receive refresher
training at least annually?
6. Have employees received instruction on
reporting procedures to report unsafe
conditions, defective
equipment, and unsafe acts?
7. Have supervisors received instruction in
accident investigation and hazard
abatement?
8. Is a responsible person designated to
give training?
9. Have employees received the
following required OSHA training, as
needed?
a. Emergency action plan
b. Fire prevention plan
c. Operation of powered man
lifts
d. Hearing protection
e. Ionizing radiation
f. Storage of flammable and
combustible liquids
g. Explosives or blasting agents
h. Storage and handling of LP
gases
i. Process safety man age me n t
of highly hazardous chemicals
j. Hazardous waste operations
and emergency response
k. Respiratory protection
l. Accident prevention signs and
tags

m. Permit-required confined space
n. Control of hazardous energy

– lockout / tagout
o. Medical service and first aid
p. Fire brigades
q. Portable fire extinguishers
r. Fire extinguishing system
s. Servicing multi-piece and
single-piece rim wheels
t. Powered industrial trucks
u. Mechanical power presses
v. Welding
w. Electrical safety related work
practices
x. Toxic and hazardous
substances
y. Blood borne pathogens
z. Hazard communication

Corrective
Corrected
F. Audit/Inspection Component
1. Are there regularly scheduled and
conducted inspections of:
a. Facilities
b. Worksite locations
c. Vehicles
d. Equipment and tools
e. Personal protective
equipment
f. Housekeeping
2. Is inspection of fire suppression
equipment current?
3. Are first-aid equipment available and
the sharps disposal kit adequately
supplied?
4. If medical/first-aid facilities are not in
proximity, is at least one employee
on each shift qualified to render first-
aid?
5. Are medical personnel readily
available for advice and
consultation?
6. Are quick drenching and/or eye
flushing stations available where
corrosive liquids or materials are
handled?
7. Are inspection checklists utilized?
8. Are procedures established to ensure
that inspection deficiencies are
corrected?
inspect?
G. Accident Investigation Component
1. Have accident investigation
guidelines been established?
2. Are responsibilities assigned for all
phases of the investigation process?
a. Who is responsible for
conducting investigations?

b. Who completes
records/logs?
c. What forms are used?
d. Who completes the accident
investigation report?
e. Who ensures corrective
actions are implemented and
effective?
3. Are all accidents and “near misses”
investigated?
4. Are accident investigation
recommendations implemented?
5. Are the personnel involved in the
investigation process trained in
investigation techniques and
procedures?
investigate?
H. Periodic Review and Revision
Component
1. Is your accident prevention plan
reviewed at least annually?
2. Are results documented and shared
with management/supervisors/
employees?
3. Are professional safety services or
other sources utilized in revising or
updating safety program?
4. Who conducts the review?
5. Are follow-up procedures in place?
review?
I. Corrective Actions
Are deficiencies found by this review,
proposed corrective actions, and
commitment dates described in
attached documents?

Note: This Accident Prevention Plan review checklist is not

designed to supersede existing safety inspection checklists;
rather it should be used only as a general guideline to assess
your accident prevention plan.
You are encouraged to customize this general guideline to

accommodate your specific accident prevention plan.

BSHS 1201
Hazard Awareness
MODULE - 4
Module - 4 Hazard Awareness

Introduction:
The module explains the different types of workplace hazards and their
classifications. The module covers the identification and assessment techniques of
workplace hazards and their consequences. The module describes the hazardous
materials, their classification and safe working instructions also describes the
hazardous wastes and safe disposal. The module covers the explanation of work place
accident, incident, risk, near miss.
The trainees will:
• Learn and differentiate the work place accident, incident, risk, near miss.
• Learn and discuss the different types of workplace hazards and their classifications.
• Recognize and identify the Workplace hazards.
• Perform risk assessment of workplace.
• Learn the hazardous materials, their classification and safe handling.
Keywords:
Hazard, Potential Hazards, Incident, Risk, Near miss, Hazard Recognition, Hazard
Signs, HAZCOMM, HAZMAT, HAZWOPER, Hazardous Materials, Hazardous Wastes,
Hazard Communication Standard, Workers' Right to Know, Five P’s

4.1 Hazard Awareness
A hazard is defined as a condition or changing set of circumstances that

present a potential for injury, illness, or property damage.
Cut you Trip You

Burn you Crush you

Hurt your hearing Hurt your Eye
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Cause you pain
Figure 4.7

Make you sick
Figure 4.8

4.2 Hazard Signs
Figure 4.9

The potential or inherent characteristics of an activity, condition, or

circumstance which can produce adverse or harmful consequences.
An accident is defined as an unfortunate event often the result of carelessness

or ignorance. An unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance usually
resulting in an unfavorable outcome.
There are some key words in these definitions:
• Unplanned
• Unforeseen
• Unfortunate
• Unfavorable and most importantly
• Potential
Figure 4.12

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17

So, as you begin work, ask yourself:
1. Do I have the right tools/equipment for the job?

2. Have I inspected my tools/equipment to make sure they are in good repair
or am I trying to get by?
3. Is the work laid out to provide safe completion of the job?
4. Are the materials I am using safe, and do I need additional personal
protective equipment such as: safety glasses, gloves, hard hat,
respirator, etc.?
5. Is there a safer way to accomplish the task?
6. Are all necessary equipment guards in place?
7. Are written procedures such as lockout/tag out being followed?
BE AWARE OF THE POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH

YOUR WORK AND MAKE YOUR CHOICES
CAREFULLY!!

4.3 Hazard Awareness - Little Things
Most of us have probably heard the old
saying, "It's the little things that
count."
There are many small things that influence our lives, and ignoring them can
sometimes have serious consequences -- particularly when it comes to safety.
We have all been trained to watch out for the big hazards that could harm us,
but the little ones can sometimes cause serious injuries too.
One company became very concerned when its accident frequency showed a
large increase over a three-month period. Management began an in-depth
check of systems, equipment, and material that are considered to be high-
hazard: heavy machinery, ventilation, toxic substances, machine guarding, etc.
To everyone's surprise, none of these things were the cause of their accidents.
• Chemicals were properly labeled and stored;

• Machines were in good repair and properly guarded;
• The exhaust fans, sprinkler systems, respirators, etc., were all in good
working order.
Instead, accidents stemmed from a variety of "little things" that had been ignored
until an injury occurred.

For example, they found that serious falls had been caused by:
• A puddle of oil on the floor from a leaking forklift.
Figure 4.18
No one had poured absorbent on the spill because it was "too small to worry
about." It wasn't too small, however, to make a passing employee slip and fall
when he didn't notice it. (Furthermore, the leaking forklift needs to be
repaired so this accident won't happen again.)
• A ladder that was placed in front of an outward-opening door
"just for a minute" to change a light bulb. It was knocked over by another
worker coming through the door, and both he and the worker on the ladder
were injured.
Figure 4.19

• A box of supplies that had been left on the floor in front of a shelf,
instead of properly stored.
It had been walked around dozens of times before someone finally tripped
over it.
Figure 4.20
All these "accidents waiting to happen" had been ignored because they didn't
really seem that dangerous to the workers involved. Employees all knew
about, and carefully avoided, the major hazards found when repairing
energized electrical equipment or bypassing machine guards.

We often intend to report

• a defective tool,
• extension cord,
• or stepladder
to the maintenance department but don't take the time, or forget about.
It is important to follow through on our good intentions, since these are just
the sort of "little things" that can result in a serious injury to us or to other
workers.
Minor injuries left untreated are also "little things" that can cause big trouble if
ignored.
• "Just a scratch" can become infected;
• A speck of dust in the eye can scratch the cornea and cause severe eye
damage if not attended to.
So, be sure to report even seemingly minor injuries and get appropriate first
aid treatment.
Little things do count and if we take a few minutes to pay attention to

all the potential hazards around us we can prevent serious injuries from
happening to ourselves and other employees.

4.4 Hazard Recognition
I've never met a worker who intentionally injured himself or herself. This
should go without saying.
Unfortunately, many workers are seriously injured each year and many people
still believe that accidents "just happen." But accidents do not just happen!
What Goes Wrong?
Usually, an error that is within the control of one or more people is at the
bottom of things. Often, several errors take place, at the same time, for an
accident to occur.
So, when we analyze accidents,
We should focus on which aspects of a task were controlled and which were
not. Assuming that workers have been properly trained and all the proper
materials and tools were available, what else can go wrong?
A lot! Accidents are most frequently due to haste and poor planning.
Don't Take Safety Shortcuts:
When workers get out on the job with a supervisor monitoring their output,
they are expected to achieve production goals. If they feel their job is on the
line, they may take pay less attention to safety than to production, in order to
look better in the eyes of the boss. This often means poor choices are made
that put them and co- workers at risk. Many accidents happen in just this
manner. And these incidents have a negative impact on production, because
dealing with them requires valuable time and money.
Plan Ahead!
It is an employee's responsibility to work safely, and that means taking time

to review what is to be done--and what could go wrong. All employees should
make it a habit to check out the site and assure the work can be done without
mishaps.
It helps to remember the

Five P’s: Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance!

4.5 Identify Hazards!
The following questions should be asked, to help predict what could go wrong
and how risks might be controlled:
• Is the site and the job the same as depicted on the prints?
• Are the necessary materials available to perform the work?
• Does everyone have the proper tools to perform the tasks at hand?
• Are there enough workers to handle the job? Have they all had safety
training?
• Are environmental conditions such as light, noise and weather a factor?
• Are there too many people in the area to work safely?
• Have other subs on the job been notified about hazardous tasks or materials?
Don't wait for accidents to occur!

Think and plan ahead!

4.6 Hazcom vs. Hazmat
HAZCOMM vs. HAZMAT vs. HAZARDOUS WASTE
What Is the Difference?????
There are thousands of chemicals and chemical compounds being used in this
country. And each year thousands of new chemical compounds are produced,
and become part of our lives at home and at work. Nearly billion tons of
hazardous materials are transported annually in the K.S.A, over the road or by
rail, aircraft or vessel.
A lot of these products improve our lives, but many are harmful to our health
and to the environment. The trouble is, these substances become so common
to us, and we are in danger of using them casually.
A hazardous material is defined as:
"A substance (gas, liquid or solid) capable of creating harm to people, the
environment, and property."
Examples are:
• Solvents
• Paints
• Gasoline
• Adhesives and
• Lubricants
They include materials as common as Drano and as toxic as nuclear fuel.

Many people have suffered serious health problems from exposure to
hazardous materials. Many areas of our environment have been critically
damaged by accidental chemical releases. Trying to understand all the
government agencies that regulate these matters is mind-boggling. But, we
must all understand the potential harm in these materials, and how to use
them and dispose of them properly.

4.7 HAZCOM
The term HAZCOM refers to the Hazard Communication Standard, which

requires that employees receive training about the chemicals they use in their
work.
This is sometimes called the "Workers' Right to Know" program. OSHA

requires all employers to implement this program.
Flame Over Circle Flame Exploding Bomb
Skull and Crossbones Corrosion Gas Cylinder
Health Hazard Environment Exclamation Mark
Figure 4.21

4.8 HAZMAT
• The term HAZMAT is often used when discussing the transport or cleanup of
hazardous materials, but it actually can mean any aspect of hazardous materials
production, transport, use, disposal, cleanup, or emergency response. OSHA and
the EPA are major agencies of concern.
Figure 4.22

Figure 4.23

4.9 Hazardous Materials Classification
Figure 4.24

4.10 HAZARDOUS WASTE
A contaminated chemical or by-product of a production process that no

longer serves its purpose and needs to be disposed of in accordance with the
Environmental Protection Agency.
• This could include small amounts of chemicals such as parts washing solvents
in a machine shop, or
• Large amounts of construction by-products.
• HAZWOPER refers to training that deals with hazardous waste operations and
emergency response to chemical spills or releases.
Figure 4.25

Figure 4.26
Figure 4.27

A FEW THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT HAZARDOUS MATERIALS:
• Manufacturers must provide a Material Safety Data Sheet with all hazardous
products they sell.
• Materials in transport must be properly labeled, e.g., flammable, explosive,
radioactive, etc.
• The MSDS must be available to any employee who works with or transports
such products.
• The MSDS explains the physical and health effects of hazardous substances
and how to avoid harm.
• The MSDS explains procedures for spills, leaks and disposal.
• Hazardous materials or by-products such as gases cannot always be seen or smelled.
• Internal or external harm from exposure does not always appear immediately.
• Every employee who works with or near large quantities of hazardous
materials must know the steps to take and who to contact in the event of a
spill.
TAKE CARE WITH CHEMICALS:
They can make your life and work
easier but they can take your life,
too!

4.11 Shop Hazards & Incidents
An incident is defined as
"Any observable human activity sufficiently complete in itself to permit

references and predictions to be made about the persons performing the act."
Therefore, it is safe to say that incidents or accidents do not usually just

happen; they happen for a reason and are usually due to unsafe acts or
conditions.
The following is a list of incidents that have typically led to employee

accidents. This list focuses upon shop work, but of course there are many
other unsafe acts, conditions, or work activities that give cause for concern.
Which of these conditions have you perhaps worked under in your shop or
maintenance area?
1. Adjusting, or cleaning a machine while it is in operation.

2. Removing a machine guard or tampering with its adjustment.
3. Using compressed air over 30 (Psi) to remove metal chips from work
surfaces.
4. Using compressed air over 30 (Psi) to blow dust or dirt off clothing or
out of hair.
5. Working without safety glasses and/or a face shield in a designated
eye- hazard area.
6. Failing to use ear plugs in work areas with high noise levels.
7. Wearing gloves, ties, rings, long sleeves, or loose clothing around
machine tools.
8. Using a grinder with no tongue guard or properly adjusted work rest
(1/8 in. max. clearance).
9. Lifting an object that you know is too heavy for one person to handle.
10. Using an ungrounded or non-insulated portable electric hand tool.
11. Using frayed or poorly patched electrical cords.
12. Smoking in areas where flammables or combustibles are used or stored.
13. Storing spare oxygen and acetylene bottles near each other when not in use.
• Have you ever engaged in any of the above actions and suffered injuries?
Was it worth it?
• Have you ever worked under any of the above conditions--and NOT suffered
an injury?
• If you've been lucky so far, isn't it foolish to become complacent?

The above actions have caused many serious, sometimes fatal, injuries in
shops and work places……and are just not worth the possible consequences!
Don't be another "typical" incident statistic.
Work smarter! Work safely!

Safety Practice
Recognize the
Hazards Exercise
No.1
Figure: 01
S.No Hazard Description

Recognize the Hazards
Exercise No.1
Report
Recommendation
S. No Hazard Description

Exercise No.2
Figure: 02

Recognize the Hazards
Exercise No.2
Report
Recommendation

BSHS 1201
Personal Protective Equipment
MODULE - 5
Module - 5 Personal Protective Equipment

Introduction:
The module describes the Personal Protective Equipment their need, selection and
effective use for safe working. The module covers the types, symbols, signs and care
of PPE’s.
The trainees will:
• Understand the need of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) while working

• Identify the different PPE
• Selection of right PPE
• Understand the proper use and care of PPE
Keywords:
Personal Protective Equipment, Goggles, Face Shields, Safety Glasses, Hard Hats,
Safety Shoes, Gloves, Vests, Earplugs, Earmuffs, Respirators, Rubber Insulating
Equipment, sleeves, blankets,

5.1 PPE Are You Dressed
Are You Dressed for The Occasion?
Wearing the proper clothing and personal protective equipment in the working
environment is critical. Appropriate clothing is your first and often only line of
defense against many safety and health hazards.
OOOPS!!!!
Figure 5.1

5.2 Proper clothing is the key:
Simple as it may sound, you must dress for the occasion. Wearing stylish
clothing can create a bigger hazard or may not provide protection from hazards
while you work. Proper clothing that protects is the key. It is not uncommon to
hear about tragedies that have taken place when a worker who was wearing
loose clothing got too close to an operating machine and was drawn into the
machine. Machines are powerful and unforgiving! Loose clothing is never
appropriate in an industrial workplace.
Figure 5.2

5.2.1 Protect your feet.
Standard footwear for most industries should be strong leather footwear.

Preferably, boots equipped with safety toes. Tennis shoes, offer little or no
protection against worksite hazards.
5.2.2 Hand Protection.
Gloves are inexpensive and easily available protection which guards against
many hazards. They can protect hands from exposures ranging from chemical
spills and cuts, to heat and cold.
Hand protection comes in huge variety of styles, materials and sizes. All of
them are made to protect your hands from specific hazards. It is important to
select the proper kind and style of glove to effectively protect hands from the
hazards that may be encountered. How often has a nearby worker cleaned
parts or washed the grease from their hands with gasoline or a solvent of
some kind. Don't take the unnecessary risk! Select and use the proper hand
protection.
Jewelry in the workplace can also be a hazard that is often overlooked.

Rings, bracelets, and chains can be the cause of a much more severe hand
related accident. Common sense should be considered when wearing your
jewelry. The best choice is to keep your jewelry at home.
5.2.3 Head Protection and Eye Protection.
Hard hats and safety glasses should be worn at the work site whenever there is an
overhead hazard or potential for an object to enter the eyes.
A hard hat can not only protect you from the rain, it can save your life! The
benefits received from eye protection are significant Safety glasses are a sure
way to help save your eyesight!
Dressing for the workplace, by wearing the right kind of clothing helps protect
you from injury. It is your first line of defense against worksite hazards.
Carefully choose your work clothing and the personal protective equipment
which will best protect you for your job. Improper clothing is an invitation for
an accident to occur.

Figure 5.3

Think Safety by choosing your work clothing with the

workplace in mind
Figure 5.4

5.3 What is personal protective equipment?
Personal protective equipment, or PPE, includes a variety of devices and

garments to protect workers from injuries.
You can find PPE designed to protect
• Eyes,
• Face,
• Head,
• Ears,
• Feet,
• Hands and arms, and
• Whole body.
Figure 5.5

5.3.1 PPE includes such items as
• Goggles,
• Face shields,
• Safety glasses,
• Hard hats,
• Safety shoes,
• Gloves,
• Vests,
• Earplugs, and
• Earmuffs.
Figure 5.6
Respirators and rubber insulating
equipment (Gloves, sleeves, and blankets) are
also considered PPE,
But because OSHA has specific requirements for those kinds of PPE, this
general guide does not address such equipment.

5.4 Safety signs
Respirator Safety
Harness
Figure 5.7

Safety Practice
What PPE’s are missing here?
Exercise No.1
Figure: 01
S. No PPE’s Description

What PPE’s are missing here?
Exercise No.2
Figure: 02

What should you do when you see this safety signs?
Exercise No.3

BSHS 1201
Housekeeping
MODULE - 6
Module - 6 Housekeeping
Introduction:
The module covers the basics of Housekeeping in workplace; the minor issues may
cause serious consequences. This module explains the need to recognize the good
and poor housekeeping practices and their results, also measures to control and
management in workplace.
The trainees will:
• Understand the housekeeping concepts in workplace.

• Assess the results of good and poor housekeeping practices
• Recognize and identify that a "minor" issue become serious consequences
• Understand the General housekeeping rules
Keywords:
Housekeeping, Safekeeping, Good Housekeeping, Poor Housekeeping

Consequences, Injuries, Lower Production, Time Spent, Substandard Quality, Five S

6.1 Housekeeping is Safe Keeping
The negative impressions and implications of poor housekeeping can affect

you and co-workers for a long time to come.
Confidence is lowered for most people who must function every day in a
messy, disorderly work environment, although they may not be aware of the
cause.
Safety is an even more critical issue. If your housekeeping habits are poor, the
result may be employee injuries-or even death, citations by OSHA (or another
regulatory agency), and even difficulty in securing future work.
Figure 6.1

What is waste at your workplace? What should be done with waste?
What would you do if this was you? What is wrong here?

Which picture shows the safe workplace?
Which picture shows the safe workplace?

6.2 ABCD’s Of Good Housekeeping:
Figure 6.2

6.3 How can such a "minor" issue have such serious consequences?
Figure 6.3

6.4 Here are some results of poor housekeeping practices:
6.4.1 Injuries,
When employees trip, fall, strike or are struck by out-of-place objects;

Injuries from using improper tools because the correct tool can't be found;
6.4.2 Lowered production
Because of the time spent maneuvering over and around someone else's mess
and time spent looking for proper tools and materials;
6.4.3 Time spent
Investigating and reporting accidents that could have been avoided;
6.4.4 Fires
Due to improper storage and disposal of flammable or combustible

materials and wastes;
6.4.5 Substandard quality of finished products
Because of production schedule delays, damaged or defective finishes, ill-

equipped employees, etc.;
6.4.6 Lack of future work
Due to a reputation for poor quality;
6.4.7 "Wall-to-wall"
OSHA inspections due to the "first impression" of the compliance officer

Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5

6.5 Why good housekeeping?
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7

6.6 General housekeeping rules to remember are:
6.6.1 “Five S” :
Figure 6.8

Do you value your health and safety, your work

reputation, as well as your future employment?
If you do, practice these general housekeeping rules.
An organized workplace shows respect for those who

work there. Help keep it that way!

Safety Practice
Housekeeping
Explanation?
Exercise No.1
Q-1 What is housekeeping?
Q-2 Why good housekeeping?
Q-3 How does good housekeeping help?
Q-4 List the Effects of good housekeeping.
Q-5 How Housekeeping relates the safety?

Indicate Poor Housekeeping?
Exercise No.2
Figure: 01
S. No Consequences Description

BSHS 1201
Material Handling & Lifting
MODULE - 7
Module - 7 Material Handling & Lifting

Introduction:
The module explains the hazards, consequences, safe use and preventive measures
for lifting equipment used in workplace. The need of training and qualification also
covered in the module.
The trainees will:
• Understand the Forklift Fatalities and their preventive measures

• Learn the Forklift Safety
• Understand the Safe Material Handling with Lift Trucks
• Recognize the Lift Trucks hazard and accident prevention
Keywords:
Forklift, Lift Truck, Lifting Devices, Material Handling, Safe Handling, Forklift Fatalities,
Forklift Safety, Operator Training, Distraction, Complacency, Training Program

7.1 Forklift Fatalities
If you operate this equipment, there is a possibility that you may have an
accident at some point during your career. To help reduce the possibility of
being injured, it's important to understand where and how these accidents
occur.
7.2 Fatal forklift accident causes and where they occur:
Fatal Accident Type % Where fatalities occur %
Crushed by vehicle tipping over 42 Mining 1.2
Crushed between vehicle and a surface 25 Construction 23.8
Crushed between two vehicles 11 Manufacturing 42.5
Struck or run over by a forklift 10 Transportation 11.0
Struck by falling material 8 Wholesale trades 12.5
Fall from platform on the forks 4 Retail trade 9.0

7.2.1 Forklift Fatalities
Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

7.3 Preventing these accidents:
Studies show that many of these accidents could have been prevented by
better training. No one starts out with the inherent knowledge, skills, and
abilities to safely operate a forklift. As OSHA requires, drivers must be
properly trained to do so.
The lesson to be learned is,
Operating a forklift without training is dangerous and can even be

fatal to you or other employees working in the area.
Training can also prevent or reduce the severity of an accident related to the
stability of a lift truck traveling with an elevated load.
Keep the load as low as possible to increase vehicle stability and to help
prevent tip- over accidents. Even if drivers ignore this rule, and the vehicle tips
over, injuries are usually minor if they stay with the vehicle instead of jumping
off. The normal tendency is for a person to jump downward, so the driver
lands on the floor or ground--usually directly into the path of the overhead
guard.
The most common result is a crushing injury to the head, neck, or back where
the overhead guard strikes the employee.
Forty-two percent of forklift fatalities are caused by the
• Operator trying to jump from a tipping vehicle.

• To keep this from happening to you, always remember to
• Keep the load as low as possible and stay with the vehicle if it tips over.
• Wearing your seat belt is the best safety measure!

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

7.4 5 Things You Should Know About Forklift Safety
Distraction Complacency
Safety training Refresher trainings
Operators need training for forklifts of differing brands and models
Figure 7.5

7.5 Forklift Safety - Elevating Personal
Forklifts (or powered industrial trucks) were never intended by manufacturers

as a means of lifting personnel to perform job tasks at heights.
Through the years, however, it became apparent, as evidenced by the number

of injuries occurring, that this was, indeed, a method being employed for
getting to light fixtures, top storage racks, elevated motors and other items
too high to reach from the floor or from a ladder.
Figure 7.6

It was viewed as a quicker way to accomplish tasks. Instead of going to the

storage area and retrieving a ladder, riding the forks to the upper level would
take less time-- that is, if you didn't count the time you were off work or in the
hospital recovering from injuries because you fell.
Figure 7.7
In an attempt to reduce this exposure, regulatory groups, manufacturers and

other interested parties decided that developing a "safe method" of elevating
personnel would be the best course of action.

7.6 Presently, forklifts may be used to lift personnel only if the

following guidelines are followed:
• A work platform equipped with standard guardrails or equivalent means, and

firmly secured to the lifting carriage or forks, must be used.
• The hydraulic system must be so designed that the lift mechanism will not
drop faster than 135 feet per minute in the event of a failure in any part of
the system.
• An operator must attend the lift equipment while workers are on the platform.
• The operator must be in the normal operating position while raising or
lowering the platform.
• The vehicle must not travel from point to point with the work platform
elevated at a height greater than 4 feet while workers are on the platform.
When necessary, at heights greater than 4 feet, inching is permitted provided
it is done at a very slow speed.
• The area between workers on the platform and the post must be guarded to
prevent contact with chains or other shear points.
Figure 7.8

7.7 Material Handling Lift Trucks
In today’s work world, we all benefit from some type of material handling
equipment. Whether the equipment is just a paper tray for a printer or a log
loader for a saw mill, the concept of moving materials in the easiest manner
possible is still the same.
Most warehouse type operations use lift trucks for their operations.
This type of equipment, while very productive, is also very

dangerous in the wrong hands.
Figure 7.9

7.7.1 Operators must be trained
On the particular piece of equipment, they will be operating. Lift trucks vary in
size, capacity, and operation. These particulars must be addressed in training
sessions before operators are permitted to use the equipment.
Figure 7.10

7.7.2 Issues needing to be addressed in terms of hazards and safety procedures

include:
• Operation of all controls for the lift truck.

• Capabilities of the lift truck. (Weights, fork shifting, etc.) This can be found on
the placard in the cab and/or in the operations manual.
• Fueling / battery recharging procedures.
• Visibility barriers and back-up alarms.
• Operations in tight aisles, loading ramps, high picks, and on inclines.
• Driving procedures. Corners, carrying loads, material placement, lift truck speed.
Figure 7.11

7.7.3 Comprehensive Training Program
These topics, as well as others, should be covered in a comprehensive training

program.
The program should also include a written outline of training topics, a self
test or evaluation for the driver, a practical field test (commonly called a lift
truck rodeo), and a signed certificate of completion for the course.
Follow up training is also important for ensuring that employees thoroughly

understand the machines they operate - and remember to do what they
understand.
Figure 7.12
DO NOT OPERATE A LIFT
TRUCK IF
YOU ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO DO SO.

Safety Practice
Identify the Forklift
Fatalities Exercise
No.1
S. No Fatalities
01 Crushed by vehicle tipping over
02 Struck by falling material
03 Fall from platform on the forks
04 Distraction
05 Complacency
5 Things You Should Know About Forklift
Safety Exercise No.2
S. No Forklift Safety
01
02
03
04
05
ELEVATING PERSONNEL SAFELY
Exercise No.3
How to Avoid this?

Solution:

BSHS 1201
Fire Safety Awareness
MODULE - 8
Module - 8 Fire Safety Awareness

Introduction:
The module covers the basic concepts related to fire, emergency conditions,
precautions, preventions. This module covers the types and safe use of firefighting
equipment in workplace.
The trainees will:
• Understand the Fire hazards and Safety

• Identify and recognize the Emergency conditions and response
• Lear and classify the fire
• Identify the types of fire extinguisher
• Learn and practice the safe use of fire extinguisher
• Understand the safety for temporary Heat devices
• Identify and handling of Flammable Liquids – Gas
Keywords:
Fire, Fire Triangle, Emergency, Fire Safety Signs, Stairs And Walkways, Classes Of Fire,
Extinguishers, Slip, Trip, Fall, Temporary Heat, Fire Exits, Smoke, Detectors Safety
Guidelines, Assembly Point, Fire Drill,CO2, PASS, Flammables, Heating Devices, Fire
Blanket, Fire Alarm, Fire Fighter, Ambulance , Foam , Wet Chemical , Dry Chemical ,
Water , Emergency Phone Numbers ,

8.1 Emergency - Where's the Fire
EMERGENCY! WHERE'S THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER?
As you walk toward the maintenance shop, you smell something burning and
see light gray smoke coming from the window. You run into the shop and find
the contents of the plastic trash can burn.
• What will you do?

• What is burning in the trash can?
• Where is the closest fire extinguisher?
• What type of extinguisher is it?
• Is the fire too big for you to put out?
• Do you even need a fire extinguisher?
• Are there people in the shop that should be warned of the danger?
8.2 Fire triangle
Figure 8.1

8.2.1 These are questions that should be going through your mind as you assess
the situation you have found.
Do you know?
• Where the closest fire extinguisher is right now?

• What type is it?
• Can you use it on grease or gasoline fires?
• Why or why not?
• Is the extinguisher behind a glass door that needs to be broken?
• Can you break it bare handed (or should you even try)?
The vast majority of portable, hand held fire extinguishers are loaded with a
dry chemical powder that will extinguish the majority of fires you might
encounter in your daily environment. This powder is not toxic but will make
you sneeze and cough if you inhale it. (It tastes like sodium bicarbonate
which is its base powder.) This powder will extinguish Class "A", "B", and "C"
fires.
Class "A" fires involve material such as paper, plastic, wood and other
common combustibles.
Class "B" fires involve grease, oil or

gasoline. Dry chemical extinguishers will work, but these fires can
be harder to extinguish and should be approached with extreme caution.
Class "C" fires involve burning electrical motors or

transformer. This type of fire changes from "C" to Class "A" or "B", as soon as
the power is cut off (or shorts out)
Dry chemical can be used here also because it will not conduct electricity
and will put out "A" or "B" type fires.
A dry chemical extinguisher
• Works like most spray paint, hair spray, or shaving cream cans – It does not need to
• When a fire emergency calls for its use,

• Remember to sweep the extinguisher's nozzle back-and-forth at what is
burning--not at the flames or smoke.

• The goal is to put a "barrier" between the fuel and the surrounding oxygen.
• Don't empty the extinguisher onto the burned item after the flames are
gone. The fire might flare back up and you would be left without any
extinguishing powder if it should "re-kindle" or "re-ignite."
8.2.2 Prior to starting to battle the fire,
• Designate someone to call the fire department.

• Fire fighters are paid to put the fire out; they know what to do and
what to look for
• Know where the general use fire extinguishers are throughout your
facility or work area.
• Don't hang your coat over them, or stack material in front of them.
• Keeping them easily visible and easily accessible at all times helps ensure
that when a fire emergency occurs, a fire extinguisher can be easily and
quickly reached.
• Remember-extinguishers are made for relatively small fires.
• If the fire is too big or moving too fast to control, hold others away and
wait for the Fire Department.

8.3 Stairs and Walkways
Stairways and walkways in all businesses can be the cause of injury

accidents. These passageways do not typically get the maintenance they need,
since they are "only" access ways and not production areas.
Figure 8.2

8.3.1 Here are ten safety tips
To help eliminate exposures at your company
1. Always keep one hand free to use the handrails, both up and down the stairways.
2. Keep all stairs and walkways clear of debris and potentially slippery
substances such as: ice, snow, water, oil, or grease.
3. Keep passageways free of tools, equipment and other materials. Always practice
good housekeeping in these non-production areas.
4. When walkways and stairs are provided-use them. Don't short-cut your safety
to save a few steps or a few seconds. Hopping off loading docks or jumping
over piping saves no time or money if you are injured and cannot work.
5. Shop or warehouse mezzanines should be equipped with standard railings to protect open sides.
6. Standard handrails must be provided for stairs with four or more steps.
Handrails should be 30 to 34 inches from the top of the stair tread, measured
in line with the face of the riser.
7. Handrails can become loose and may need to be re-secured or replaced. Do
not assume someone else will repair or report it. Immediately mention any
problem to the right person, such as your supervisor, or take the time to fix it
yourself.
8. Where there are elevation changes in walkways highlight the change so it is
plainly visible. Distinguishing the change alerts those unfamiliar with the
walkway to the hazard.
9. Secure electrical cords and hoses so that they do not lie across walkways. If
electrical cords must be laid across walkways, use approved cord covers
whenever possible. Consider setting up a caution sign or flagging to alert
individuals of cords or hoses in their path until a permanent "approved"
solution can be put into place.
10. Take small steps on wet and icy walkways. Use handholds to stabilize
yourself when they are available. Asphalt and oiled surfaces can also be
hazardous because rain water may produce oil sheen and create slippery
walking conditions.
Unlike some exposures, stairway hazards or slippery

walkways can appear overnight.
Take action to remedy the problem when you see it.

What’s wrong here?
Stairs Safety Step stool
Figure 8.3

8.3.2 Safety Signs (Fall, Trip, Slip)
Safety signs Fall , Trip , Slip
Figure 8.4

8.4 Temporary Heat Safety

8.4.1 Temporary heating devices
Temporary heating devices are a vital part of being able to work effectively
in cold weather.
Figure 8.5

• They allow temperature-critical work to continue on schedule, and

• Provide for more comfortable working conditions.
However, as a result of poor selection and careless use of portable heaters,

injuries and damaging fires occur every year.
8.4.2 If improperly used,
Temporary heating equipment can lead to
• burns,
• fires,
• explosion,
• carbon monoxide poisoning, and
• The creation of oxygen deficient atmospheres

Figure 8.6
So, with the winter season upon us, it's important to review the many
types of temporary heating devices that are available, and be sure they
are used safely.

8.4.3 A variety of devices to choose from:
Temporary heat units can be fired either directly or indirectly.
• They can be electric or fueled by:

1. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (propane),
2. Natural Gas,
3. Liquid Fuel (kerosene, fuel oil, coal oil, and some diesel oils) or,
4. Solid fuel (wood, coal, coke, etc.).
Solid fuel heaters are the most uncontrollable and therefore most
potentially dangerous.
Because of the Inherent hazards associated with solid fuel,
temporary units cannot be used inside or within 25 feet of any
building or structure. This safety requirement makes their use for
most temporary heating situations impractical.
Figure 8.7

8.4.4 Always follow safety guidelines:
The most important instructions will be found on the side of the heating unit,
though instructions will not be the same for all equipment. What was safe to
use in one location may not be so in another.
Remember the old saying, "When in doubt, read the instructions."?

This is critical advice when using heating equipment, to avoid creating a hazard.
8.4.5 Other important tips:
• Never use a "fueled" heater within 10 feet of any debris piles, temporary
enclosures, tarps, combustible materials, or flammable material.
• Maintain a good fresh air supply, to avoid oxygen deficient atmospheres;
flame uses oxygen.
• Every heating unit must have a fire extinguisher immediately available.
• Never leave an operating heater unattended during non-working hours.
• The use of temporary heaters in confined spaces is never recommended;
when they are used, sufficient ventilation and temperature control must be
provided.
• Allow the heater to cool down before it is re-fueled.
• Always turn off the gas supply when the heater is not in-use.
• Never store used or extra LPG containers inside. Only those in use should be
present.
• Temporary heaters should be placed at least six feet away from the LP container
and not fired toward the container, unless the heater is an approved integrated unit.
• Never manifold more than three 100-pound LPG cylinders together.
• LP cylinders must be secured in the upright position and protected from damage.
Never use LPG below grade level:
• Be aware that gases such as propane are heavier-than-air, and will settle into
any low spots, such as a basement. If there is no way for them to exit, a spark
or flame can ignite and explode the concentration of gas, causing great
damage and injuries.
Temporary heaters are great tools, allowing work to

continue in cold and damp weather.
But remember, they can be dangerous

Learn how to operate them, and don't take them for granted.
Stay Warm, But Stay Safe!
8.5 Using Portable Fire Extinguishers
In the event of a fire, the correct use of a portable fire extinguisher could
mean the difference between suffering a minor loss or a major one.
Portable fire extinguishers, if used properly, can make that
difference. But there are several things to consider in using fire
extinguishers.
For instance, you must know the class of fire involved and the correct
type of fire extinguisher to use.
8.5.1 CLASSES OF FIRES AND FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
Class A Involves ordinary combustibles such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber or

plastics. The common extinguishing media is water or dry chemical.
Class B involves Flammable liquids, grease or gases
Common extinguishing media are foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical.
Class C involves Live electrical fires
CO2 or dry chemical extinguishers should be used.
However, the actual burning product may be class
A items.
Class D Burning materials include combustible metals such as magnesium and

sodium. Special extinguishing agents, approved by recognized testing
laboratories, are needed when working with these metals.

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

8.5.2 RESPONDING TO FIRES:
Sound the fire alarm and call the local fire department
immediately if a fire breaks out,
Figure 8.10

8.5.3 Follow your company's

procedures
• But attempt to fight the fire only

if,
o You know the type of combustible material burning,
o You have been trained to use the fire extinguisher correctly, and
o If the fire is still in the incipient (beginning) stage.
o If the fire gets too large or out of control, evacuate immediately.
8.5.4 Emergency Exits

8.5.5 Assembly point
Figure 8.11
8.5.6 Remember
8.5.6.1 P-A-S-S
REMEMBER P-A-S-S WHEN USING AN EXTINGUISHER:
P - Pull.
Pull the locking pin before using the fire extinguisher.
A - Aim.
Aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the fire. Not at the flames or smoke.
S - Squeeze.
Squeeze the lever of the fire extinguisher to operate and discharge.
S - Sweep.
Sweep the fire extinguisher back and forth at the base of the fire to
extinguish. (Most extinguishers will only allow about 10-seconds of
extinguishing media.)

Figure 8.12

8.5.6.2 Prevention is
The key when it comes to firefighting.
8.5.6.3 Good housekeeping,
Proper storage procedures and
8.5.6.4 Safe work practices
Will go a long way toward reducing the likelihood that a fire will destroy
valuable property or injure either you or a fellow employee
8.6 Flammable Liquids - Gasoline
Gasoline is the most common flammable liquid manufactured and used.
Because virtually everyone uses gasoline it is often assumed that everyone is

familiar with its dangerous properties. However, as familiarity breeds
contempt (or at least carelessness) it may be a good idea to review this highly
hazardous material.
Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14
8.6.1 Dealing with gasoline
Here are some brief but important items to remember when dealing with gasoline.
• Gasoline as a liquid does not burn. It is the vapors that the liquid gives off
that burns.
• Vapors usually cannot be seen but frequently travel long distances to a
source of ignition. Thus, the gasoline can be located a great distance from an
actual ignition source.
• Gasoline gives off enough vapors to flash, when exposed to an external
ignition source at temperatures as low as -450 F! In other words, hazardous
vapors are almost always being released-unless you work in temperatures
colder than -450 F.
• Gasoline vapors are heavier than air. Vapors will settle to the ground and
flow similar to a liquid. This is why gasoline vapors tend to find their way into
drains, sewer lines, basements and other low spots.
• Gasoline must be mixed with air before it can burn. It does not take much
gasoline to make an ignitable mixture.
o If the gas-to-air mixture contains as little as 1.4% gasoline by volume, it can
be ignited with explosive force.
• It has been said that the potential energy in a one gallon can of gasoline is
equal to numerous sticks of dynamite.
• A gasoline/air mixture can be ignited by a hot surface, a smoldering object such as a
cigarette, an open flame, or even a static spark.

• Practice good hygiene after handling gasoline.

o Wash hands and other areas that may have come in contact with gasoline.
o Avoid prolonged inhalation of vapors as gasoline contains benzene, a
known carcinogen.
8.6.2 What can you do to avoid a gasoline disaster?
The following tips are good advice when handling or using gasoline.
• Never use gasoline for anything other than its intended purpose, as a fuel.
• Never use it as a cleaning solvent!
• Store gasoline in UL approved safety containers.
• Never smoke when anywhere near gasoline.
• Shut off all equipment before refueling and allow it to cool off first.
• Inspect all fuel hoses, pipes and pumps frequently. Fix leaks now!

Figure 8.15

Figure 8.16

Gasoline was chosen as a fuel for the same reasons that make it so dangerous.
It is easily vaporized, easy to ignite and explodes powerfully when ignited.
Never let yourself become satisfied around this volatile

liquid that we use every day.

Safety Practice
Identify the Stairs and Walkways
Safety Exercise No.1

Discussion
Questions
Exercise No.2
1. What is your company's policy on sounding an alarm and contacting the fire
department?
2. What kinds of flammables are most likely to create a fire danger at your jobsite?
3. What type of fire extinguisher should be used on those flammables or combustibles?
4. How to Deal with Flammable Liquids – Gas?
5. Demonstrate How to Use Fire extinguisher safely?
6. Demonstrate the Evacuation Procedure.

BSHS 1201
Hazards When Operating

Electrical Tools and
Equipment
MODULE - 9
Module - 9 Hazards When Operating Electrical Tools and Equipment
Module - 9 Hazards When Operating

Electrical Tools and Equipment
Introduction:
The module covers the Electrical risks, hazards, causes, consequences. This module
explains the preventive and control measures for electrical hazards in workplace.
The trainees will:
• Understand the Causes of Electrical Accidents in workplace

• Understand the Hazards When Operating Electrical Tools and Equipment
• Understand the General Safety Rules When Working with Electrical
Tools and Equipment
Keywords:
Electrical Hazards, Defective Equipment, Unsafe Work, Lack of Knowledge, Electrical

Safety, Safety Signs, Safety Symbols, Short Circuits, Insulation, Fried Wires, Switches,
Receptacles, Extension Cords, Lamp Sockets, General Safety Rules, Electrical Tools and
Equipment,

9.1 Causes of Electrical Accidents:
Causes of electrical accidents can be traced to the following:

9.1.1 Defective equipment
9.1.2 Unsafe work practices
9.1.3 Lack of knowledge of the dangers of electricity
9.1.1 Defective equipment

1. Improperly grounded equipment (ground wires missing, broken or
improperly connected).
2. Open conducts, switch boxes, damaged or worn connections, and exposed
live wires.
3. Insulation which is defective, inadequate, worn, frayed, wet, oily or
deteriorated, creating short circuit possibilities and energizing equipment
frames.
4. Defective switches, receptacles, extension cords, and lamp sockets.
5. Dirty motor windings, improperly adjusted brushes, and worn commentators.
6. Improperly connected power tools and defective insulation in portable tools.
7. Broken housings and loose or vibrating machine parts which might contact
and energize tool or machine frames and expose “live” surfaces to
operator.
Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

9.2 Unsafe Work Practices:
1. Using undergrounded equipment and portable tools (except double

insulated tools) or removing ground connections.
2. Using defective tools or equipment in need of repair.
3. Unsafe cleaning of electrical panels, switch boxes motors, and other
electrical equipment with water or dangerous solvents.
4. Overloading of circuits of over fusing circuits by the use of wrong size or
type of fuse.
5. Failure to use explosion proof or other special wiring methods in
hazardous locations.
6. Installation or extension of electrical facilities in a manner not meeting the
National Electrical Code.
7. Repetitive closing of switches or circuit breakers when there is a fault on
the circuit.
8. Using light duty, undergrounded extension cords for industrial service.
9. Failure to maintain clear access to electrical panels. Clearance of 30 inches
is required by the National Electrical Code.
10. Use of extension cords in place of permanent wiring extensions.
11. Work practices which overload motors, insulation wires, or electrical accessories.
12. Disconnecting of electric codes by pulling on the cords rather than in the plug.
13. Use of metal ladders while working on electrical equipment.
14. Failure to label switch panels and boxes.

Figure 9.4

9.3 Lack of knowledge of the dangers of electricity:
1. Correct installation of equipment.

2. Safe use of electrical energy.
3. Periodic inspection of equipment.
4. Regular maintenance.
Figure 9.5

9.4 GENERAL SAFETY RULES WHEN WORKING WITH ELECTRICAL

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
1. Do not work when you are tired or taking medicine.

2. Do not work in poor light.
3. Do not work in damp areas.
4. Use approved tools, equipment and protective devices.
5. Do not work if you and your clothing are wet.
6. Remove all rings and similar metal items.
7. Never assume that a circuit is off. Check it with a device or a piece of
equipment that you are sure is operating properly.
8. Do not tamper with safety devices. Never defeat an interlocking switch.
9. Keep your tools and equipment’s in good condition.

Figure 9.6
10. Use the correct tool for the job.

11. Verify that capacitors have discharged. Some capacitors may store a
lethal charge for a long time.
12. Do not attempt to work on complex equipment or circuits before you
are ready. There may be many hidden dangers.
13. Use protective clothing and safety glasses when handing high –
vacuum devices.
14. Follow directions when using solvents and other chemicals. They may
explode, ignite, or damage electric circuits.
15. Use only an approved fire extinguisher. Water can conduct electric
current and increase the hazards and damage.

Figure 9.7

Safety Practice
Identify the Causes of Electrical
Accidents Exercise No.1

Recognize Hazards When Operating Electrical Tools and Equipment
Exercise No.2

List the General Safety Rules When Working
with Electrical Tools and Equipment
Exercise No.3

BSHS 1201
General Safety – Signs

MODULE - 10
Module - 10 General Safety Signs
Module - 10 GENERAL SAFETY – SIGNS

Introduction:
The module explains the classes, types and use of general safety signs and
symbols necessary for different workplaces.
The trainees will:
• Understand the General safety signs

• Understand the types of General safety signs
• Learn the selection and proper use of General safety signs
Keywords:
Sign, Symbols, Warning Sign, Mandatory Signs, Probation Signs, Fire Exit, Exits, School,
Driving, Hospital Roads, Barricade, Confined Space,

You might see over 100 of them as you ride to work.
Signs -- They Are Everywhere.
How many of these do you actually notice?
Probably not many
That creates a problem. Not only do signs litter the streets, they may also be
all over your work place.
Do you see
them?
Do you notice
them?
Do they mean something or do they just make the work place look safer
to the outsider?
• Signs are placed to warn and educate.

• They are not simply decoration.
• Signs can be permanent or temporary.
• Signs lose their impact if they address a hazard that no longer exists.

10.1 Signs -- They Are Everywhere
10.1.1 Examples of Prohibition Signs
10.1.2 Examples of Mandatory Signs
10.1.3 Examples of Warning Signs

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

10.4 Barricades
Have you ever come across a barricaded area that has remained barricaded
even after the work is done? What happens?
Pretty soon someone realizes there is no longer a danger and starts using the
area. After a while, everyone is. If this happens, barricades become something
to ignore. That is until someone gets hurt crossing a barricade placed around a
hazard that is not obvious.
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.4

What is the lesson?
If you place a temporary warning sign, directional sign, or barricade, when

you are done with the work, finish the job.
• Remove the sign.

• Remove the barricade.
• Do your part to keep warning devices meaningful.
Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

10.5 So, when should you place signs?
In some cases, sign placement is required by
regulations. For example,
An air compressor is required to have a sign warning it could start at any time.
• A sign warning against entry must be placed at the entry to a confined space.
• As a rule of thumb, warning or cautionary signs should be posted whenever the
hazard is a danger to passersby or if the hazard may not be obvious to the
untrained or unaware.
Just a one-word warning sign stating WARNING or CAUTION is not enough.

Briefly explain, on the sign, what the danger is.

10.6 How safety signs classified
Figure 10.7
Figure 10.8

10.6.1 As an example:
Warning--
Confined
Space Do
Not Enter or
Warning, this machine may start automatically at any time.
Figure 10.9
• Do not place unnecessary signs.

• Place necessary signs where they can be seen.
• Explain the danger.
• Remove the signs when they are no longer needed.
And remember!
If you see a sign, read it and heed it! It is there for a reason.

Safety Practice
Identify the General safety
signs Exercise
No.1

List the types of General safety signs
Exercise No.2

Demonstrate the selection and proper use of General safety signs

Exercise No.3
Hospital School Driving

Fire Electrical Chemical

References
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health And Safety

http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/docum
ents/ publication/wcms_093550.pdf
2. Ten Commandments of Good Safety Habits
http://www.dhs.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/d_029405.pdf
3. http://www.toolboxtopics.com/Gen%20Industry/The%20Basics%20of%20Safety.htm
4. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/complinks/OSHG-HazWaste/all-in-one.pdf
5. Personal Protective Equipment Oregon OSHA Online Course 1241
http://www.orosha.org
6. https://www.osha.gov
7. http://www.oshatrain.org
8. Small Business Handbook
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/smallbusiness/small-
business.html English Wikipedia - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
9. Google Books https://books.google.com/
10. National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH)
https://www.nebosh.org.uk/
11. The Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) www.iosh.co.uk/
12. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety https://www.ccohs.ca/
13. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health www.niosh.com
14. NQA: Global Certification Body https://www.nqa.com/

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BASIC SKILLS DEPARTMENT (BSD)

Course Developed by:

Engr. Kashif Adnan, Instructor (Mech Skills Dept.)

Year: November 2020

1.1 Introduction to Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)

2.1 The ten points of good safety habits

3.1 Was it an Accident or Error?

4.1 Hazard Awareness

5 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS PPE

5.1 PPE Are You Dressed

6.1 Housekeeping is Safe Keeping

7 MATERIAL HANDLING & LIFTING

7.1 Forklift Fatalities

8 FIRE SAFETY AWARENESS

8.1 Emergency - Where's the Fire

9 HAZARDS WHEN OPERATING ELECTRICAL TOOLS & EQUIPMENT

9.1 Causes of Electrical Accidents:

10 GENERAL SAFETY – SIGNS

10.1 Signs -- They Are Everywhere

Occupational Health & Safety

BSHS 1201 - Occupational Health & Safety

This Course shows

o Accidents and preventions

Course Learning Outcomes:

Yanbu Technical Institute 1

Module - 1 Occupational Health & Safety

Learning Objectives of this Module:

The trainees will:

• Introduced to the Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational Safety and Health, domain, Skills, workplace

Yanbu Technical Institute 2

1.1 Introduction to Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)

Introduction to Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) is generally defined as:

The science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards

This domain is necessarily vast, encompassing a large number of disciplines and

Yanbu Technical Institute 3

Yanbu Technical Institute 4

Module - 2 Basics of Safety

Learning Objectives of this Module:

The trainees will:

• Learn and discuss the ten points of good safety habits

Safety Habits, Housekeeping, Lifting, Personal Cleanliness, Power Train, Safety

Yanbu Technical Institute 5

2.1 The ten points of good safety habits

2.1.1 Set Your Own Standards.

2.1.2 Operate Equipment Only if Qualified.

2.1.3 Respect Machinery.

2.1.4 Use Your Own Initiative for Safety Protection.

2.1.5 Ask Questions.

2.1.6 Use Care and Caution When Lifting.

Yanbu Technical Institute 6

2.1.7 Practice Good Housekeeping

2.1.8 Wear Proper and Sensible Work Clothes.

2.1.9 Practice Good Personal Cleanliness.

2.1.10 Be a Positive Part of the Safety Team.

Yanbu Technical Institute 7

The Ten Points of Good Safety Habits

Yanbu Technical Institute 8

2.2 General Safety - The Basics of Safety

Through several years of investigating accidents and research in the field of

2.2.1 STAY ALERT – and stay alive.

2.2.2 WEAR THE RIGHT CLOTHES –