Entre Handbook BUSI2141 Sept2018

MODULE: Entrepreneurship
MODULE CODE: BUSI 2141
Module Handbook
2018/2019
PLEASE RETAIN THIS HANDBOOK FOR FUTURE REFERENCE. IT

MAY BE REQUIRED FOR SUBMISSION TO PROFESSIONAL
BODIES WHEN APPLYING FOR EXEMPTION FROM
EXAMINATIONS.
Contents
Contents......................................................................................................................................1
Teaching Staff............................................................................................................................2
Module Information...................................................................................................................2
Teaching Methods and Contact Hours.......................................................................................3
Teaching Material and DUO......................................................................................................3
Formative Assessment...............................................................................................................4
Summative Assessment..............................................................................................................4
Assessment Criteria....................................................................................................................5
Seeking Help..............................................................................................................................5
Detailed Syllabus.......................................................................................................................6
Student Centred Learning..........................................................................................................7
Reading List...............................................................................................................................7
General Reading.........................................................................................................................7
Detailed/Essential Reading........................................................................................................8
Other Information – Past Examination Questions.....................................................................9
Guide to the module DUO site.................................................................................................10
NB This handbook is intended for the guidance of students taking this module in
2018/2019. Whilst the details contained in this handbook represent teaching staff
intentions at the time of writing, it is in the nature of higher education that some
module information, such as syllabus, reading lists and assignments, may be subject
to modifications during the teaching of a module. Teaching staff reserve the right to
make such minor changes in the matters covered by this publication and will
endeavour to publicise any such changes as widely, and as much in advance, as
possible.
1
Teaching Staff
Module Paul Westhead 0191 334 5378 paul.westhead@durham.ac.uk

leader:
Other
tutors:
The lecturers may be contacted during their scheduled consultation hours for which
no prior appointment is required. Details of these hours will be posted on DUO. On
urgent matters outside these times, you can arrange an appointment, preferably by
email. Should you have an urgent problem and the module leader is not available,
please contact the Undergraduate Office.
Staff will communicate with you via announcements in lectures and classes, e-mails,
the internal post and the announcement board on DUO. You should check your e-
mail and DUO regularly, possibly once a day but at least every 2 days.
If you wish to communicate with fellow students on matters relating to the module,
you may ask your lecturer/tutor to make an announcement at the beginning/end of a
lecture or class. Alternatively, you may send group e-mails via DUO, or individual e-
mails.
You will have an opportunity to comment on the module via the student module
evaluation questionnaire, which will be made available towards the end of the
module.
Module Information
Details of the Module Outline, Prerequisites, Co-requisites, Overall Aim(s) of the

module, Learning Objectives, including details of key skills this module will help
students to acquire are available at the link given below:
http://www.dur.ac.uk/faculty.handbook/module_description/?year=2017&module_code=BUSI2141
2
Teaching Methods and Contact Hours
This module requires 200 hours of study. Further, this includes a combination of
lectures, seminars and independent study as follows:
http://www.dur.ac.uk/faculty.handbook/programme_search/?year=2018&faculty=Social
Sciences and Health
Activity Number Frequency Duration Total Hours
Lectures 21 1 per week 1 hour 21
Seminars 8 4 in term 1 & 1 hour 8

4 in term 2
Preparation and 171

Reading
Total 200
Seminar materials are available on DUO (Durham University On-line). There are no
seminar materials relating to Seminar 1 Introduction and Seminar 8 Revision
Seminar.
Please note that attendance at seminars is compulsory and is closely

monitored. Students will be allocated to seminar groups at the start of term.
Teaching Material and DUO
Extensive use will be made of the DUO (Durham University On-line) on-line learning
support system. Copies of lecture notes and other teaching material will be made
available for downloading from DUO in advance of the relevant lecture, and you are
recommended to make use of this facility. Further information on the material
available on DUO is available on p10 of this Handbook.
!
You should consult the module entry on DUO at least every 2 days.
3
Formative Assessment
The main aim of the formative assessment is to help you, in a structured way, to
understand the material and its applications, consolidate your knowledge and further
develop relevant skills. This formative assessment does do not count towards the
overall mark for the module but it is compulsory.
The formative assessment for this module will consist of an individual written
assignment relating to the following question:
Why and how do policy-makers and practitioners intervene to encourage new

firm formation and development?
Your completed essay (including references, tables, figures and appendices) has to
be word-processed and no more than 1,000 words in length. The essay should be
uploaded to Turnitin on DUO by 12 midday on Friday 30th November 2018.
Further guidance can be found in the Programme Handbook on information such as

writing essays, the submission process, assessment criteria and grade descriptors.
Summative Assessment
The summative assessments constitute the formal assessment of a student’s

performance and count towards the overall mark for the module. Summative
assessment will take the form of an unseen written examination to be taken in
May/June. Further guidance can be found in the Programme Handbook on
information such as writing essays, the submission process, assessment criteria and
grade descriptors. A specimen examination paper is presented on page 22. Issues
relating to the examination will be discussed in Lectures 19, 20 and 21 as well as
Seminar 8.
4
Assessment Criteria
Performance in the formative and summative assessments for this module is judged
against the following criteria:
 Relevance to question(s)
 Organisation, structure and presentation
 Depth of understanding
 Analysis and discussion
 Use of sources and referencing
 Overall conclusions
Seeking Help
You should always feel welcome to talk to staff whenever you wish to discuss any
aspect of the module. Please do keep in touch with us. A small misunderstanding
can turn into a big problem if it is not dealt with in a timely manner.
The first port of call for any queries relating to your understanding of the material and
study skills should be your module tutor. You should however feel free to get in !
touch with any of the relevant lecturing staff, especially for queries relating to the
module outline, lecture material and readings.
If you have serious problems that relate more generally to your studies across this
and other modules please see the Programme Handbook for guidance. In serious
cases, you should normally see the Course Director without delay. However, full
details of the support mechanisms that are in place are available in the Programme
Handbook.
5
Detailed Syllabus
Topics covered by the module are as follows. Further information will be provided on
DUO as the module progresses.
Term 1
Lectures Lecture topic
1 Definitional Issues
2 The Roles of Smaller Enterprises
3 Differences between Small and Large Enterprises
4 Economic Theories of Entrepreneurship
5 Entrepreneurial Business
6 Psychological Approaches to Entrepreneurship
7 Sociological Approaches to Entrepreneurship
8 Intervention to Assist SMEs and Entrepreneurs
9 Hard and Soft Support Measures
10 Entrepreneurs and Networks
Term 2
11 Cultural Barriers: Graduate Education
12 Regional Variations in New Firm Formation
13 Hard’ Support: Science Parks
14 Hard’ Support: Finance
15 Soft’ Support: Formal Training
16 Factors Encouraging Business Development
6
17 Under-Represented Groups: Female Entrepreneurs
18 Special Groups: Family Firms
19 Revision Lecture
20 Revision Lecture
Term 3
21 Revision Lecture
Student Centred Learning
Read lecture slides before the lecture and make notes during the lecture. Refer to
the course textbook and articles listed on the reading list to develop understanding of
the issues raised in the lecture. Read seminar material before the seminar and
prepare answers to the seminar questions relating to an academic article or
entrepreneur case study.
Reading List
Private study of recommended reading material is an integral part of the module. The
list of recommended reading given for each topic in the module syllabus is divided
into ‘essential’ and ‘recommended’ reading. ‘Essential’ readings are primarily
intended to reinforce your understanding of the core lecture material. Where more
than one such item is listed, these should usually be regarded as alternatives.
‘Recommended’ reading is intended to broaden and deepen your understanding.
Notice of further items of recommended reading will be posted on DUO during the
course of the module.
Textbook
 Westhead, P., Wright, M., and McElwee, G. (2011). Entrepreneurship: Perspectives

and Cases. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN: 978-0-273-72613-5.
7
General Reading
Refer to the course textbook prior to the lectures and seminars. Relating to each
lecture a list of potential articles to be read is listed in the Detailed Reading section
below. Students are not expected to read all the listed articles. This extensive list is
provided to indicate that the themes discussed in this module are currently being
widely debated. Students seeking additional reading material should review articles
appearing in leading journals (i.e., Academy of Management Review,
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, International Small Business Journal, Journal of Business Venturing,
Management Science, Regional Studies and Small Business Economics). The
library has a wide range of material in this area, and you should consult the general
catalogue in the first instance. Suggested ‘Essential Reading’ sources to consult
relating to each lecture are denoted with * signs.
Detailed/Essential Reading
List of Essential (*) and Recommended Reading for lectures:
1. Definitional Issues
*Bridge, S., O’Neill, K., and Cromie, S. (2003). Understanding Enterprise,
Entrepreneurship & Small Business. 2nd Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan
Department of Trade and Industry (2004). A Government Action Plan for Small
Business. Making the UK the Best Place in the World to Start and Grow a
Business: The Evidence Base. London: DTI, Small Business Service.
2. The Roles of Smaller Enterprises

*Anyadike-Danes, M., Hart, M., and Du, J. (2015). Firm Dynamics and Job Creation
in the United Kingdom: 1998-2013. International Small Business Journal, Vol.
33, No. 1, pp.12-27.
Anyadike-Danes, M., Hart, M., and Lenihan, H. (2011). New Business Formation in
a Rapidly Growing Economy: The Irish Experience. Small Business Economics,
Vol. 36, No. 4, pp.503-516.
Carree, M., van Stel, A., Thurik, R., and Wennekers, S. (2007). The Relationship
Between Economic Development and Business Ownership Revisited.
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp.281-291.
*Daunfeldt, S-O., And Halvarsson, D. (2015). Are High-Growth Firms One-Hit
Wonders? Evidence from Sweden. Small Business Economics, Vol.44, No.2,
pp.361-383.
8
*de Wit, G., and de Kok, J. (2014). Do Small Businesses Create More Jobs? New
Evidence for Europe. Small Business Economics, Vol.42, No.2, pp.283-295.
Fritsch, M. (2013). New Business Formation and Regional Development: A Survey
and Assessment of the Evidence. Foundations and Trends® in
Entrepreneurship, Vol. 9, No.3, pp.249-364.
*Department of Trade and Industry (2004). A Government Action Plan for Small
*Henrekson, M., and Johnansson, D. (2010). Gazelles as Job Creators: A Survey
and Interpretation of theEvidence. Small Business Economics, Vol.35, No.2,
pp.227-244.
*Westhead, P., Wright, M., and McElwee, G. (2011). Entrepreneurship:
Perspectives and Cases. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN: 978-0-273-
72613-5.
3. Differences between Small and Large Enterprises

Bridge, S., O’Neill, K., and Cromie, S. (2003). Understanding Enterprise,
Macmillan
72613-5.
4. Economic Theories of Entrepreneurship

Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., Boulton, W. R., and Carland, J. A. C. (1984). Differentiating
Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners. Academy of Management Review,
Vol. 9, No. 2, pp.354-359.
Cheah, H-B. (1990). Schumpeterian and Austrian Entrepreneurship: Unity Within
Duality. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol.5, No.6, pp.341-347.
Cuevas, J. G. (1994). Towards a Taxonomy of Entrepreneurial Theories.
International Small Business Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.77-88.
*de Jong, J. P. J., and Marsili, O. (2015). The Distribution of Schumpeterian and
Kirznerian Opportunities. Small Business Economics, Vol.44, No.1, pp.19-35.
*McMullen, J. S., and Shepherd, D. A. (2006). Entrepreneurial Action and the Role
of Uncertainty in the Theory of the Entrepreneur. Academy of Management
Review, Vol.31, No.1, pp.132-152.
72613-5.
5. Entrepreneurial Business
Leibenstein, H. (1966). Allocative Efficiency vs ‘X-efficiency’. American Economic
Review, Vol. 56, pp.392-415.
Leibenstein, H. (1968). Entrepreneurship and Development. American Economic
Review, Vol. 58, pp.72-83
9
72613-5.
6. Psychological Approaches to Entrepreneurship

Baron, R. A. (1998). Cognitive Mechanisms in Entrepreneurship: Why and When
Entrepreneurs Think Differently Than Other People. Journal of Business
Venturing, Vol.13, pp.275-294.
Busenitz, L. W., and Barney, J. B. (1997). Differences Between Entrepreneurs and
Managers in Large Organizations: Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision-
Making. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol.12, pp.9-30.
Chell, E. (1985). The Entrepreneurial Personality: A Few Ghosts Laid to Rest?
Frank, H., Lueger, M., and Korunka, C. (2007). The Significance of Personality in
Business Start-Up Intentions, Start-Up Realization and Business Success.
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp.227-251.
Gartner, W. B. (1989). “Who is an Entrepreneur?” Is the Wrong Question.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 13, No.4, pp.47-68.
Hansemark, O. C. (2003). Need for Achievement, Locus of Control and the
Prediction of Business Start-Ups: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Business
Economic Psychology, Vol.24, pp.301-319.
Lee, D. Y., and Tsang, E. W. K. Tsang. (2001). The Effects of Entrepreneurial
Personality, Background and Network Activities on Venture Growth. Journal of
Management Studies, Vol.38, pp.583-602.
*Miller, D. (2015). A Downside to Entrepreneurial Personality? Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, Vol. 39, No.1, pp.1-8.
Mueller, S. L., and Thomas, A. S. (2000). Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A
Nine Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness. Journal of Business
Venturing, Vol.16, pp.51-75.
72613-5.
7. Sociological Approaches to Entrepreneurship

*Ganotakis, P. (2012). Founders’ Human Capital and the Performance of UK New
Technology Based Firms. Small Business Economics, Vol.39, No.2, pp.495-515.
Reynolds, P. D. (1991). Sociology and Entrepreneurship: Concepts and
Contributions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.47-70.
Ucbasaran, D., Alsos, G. A., Westhead, P., and Wright, M. (2008). Habitual
Entrepreneurs. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, Vol. 4, No.4,
pp.309-449.
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., and Wright, M. (2001). The Focus of Entrepreneurial
Research: Contextual and Process Issues. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, Vol. 25, No.4, pp.57-80.
*Unger, J.M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., and Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human Capital
and Entrepreneurial Success: A Meta-Analytical Review. Journal of Business
Venturing, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 341-358.
10
Westhead, P. (1995). Survival and Employment Growth Contrasts Between Types
of Owner-Managed High-Technology Firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.5-27.
Westhead, P., Ucbasaran, D., and Wright, M. (2003). Differences Between Private
Firms Owned by Novice, Serial and Portfolio Entrepreneurs: Implications for
Policy-Makers and Practitioners. Regional Studies, Vol. 37, No.2, pp.187-200.
*Westhead, P., Ucbasaran, D., and Wright, M. (2005). Policy Toward Novice, Serial
and Portfolio Entrepreneurs. Environment and Planning C: Government and
Policy, Vol. 22, No.6, pp.779-798.
Westhead, P., and Wright, M. (2017). Habitual Entrepreneurs: Debates and
Directions. Abingdon: Routledge.
*Woo, C. Y., Cooper, A. C., and Dunkelberg, W. C. (1991). The Development and
Interpretation of Entrepreneurial Typologies. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol.
6, No. 2, pp.93-114.
72613-5.
8. Intervention to Assist SMEs and Entrepreneurs

*Bridge, S., O’Neill, K., and Cromie, S. (2003). Understanding Enterprise,
Macmillan
*Department of Trade and Industry (2004). A Government Action Plan for Small
Storey, D. J. (1994). Understanding the Small Business Sector. London, Thomson
Learning.
72613-5.
9. Hard and Soft Support Measures

*Arshed, N., Carter, S., and Mason, C. (2014). The Ineffectiveness of
Entrepreneurship Policy: Is Policy Formulation to Blame? Small Business
Economics, Vol.43, No.3, pp.639-659.
*Bennett, R. (2008). SME Support Policy in Britain Since 1990s: What Have We
Learnt? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol. 17, No. 5,
pp.375-397.
*BERR. (2008). Enterprise: Unlocking the UK’s Talent. London: Report for HM
Treasury.
*Blackburn, R., and Smallbone, D. (2011). Policy Support for SMEs. Environment
and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp.571-576.
Bridge, S., O’Neill, K., and Cromie, S. (2003). Understanding Enterprise,
nd
Entrepreneurship & Small Business. 2 Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan
11
*Landström, A., Vikström, P., Fink, M., Meuleman, M., Glodek, P., Storey, D., and
Kroksgård, A. (1995). Measuring the Costs and Coverage of SME and
Entrepreneurship Policy: A Pioneering Study. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Learning.
Westhead, P., Ucbasaran, D., and Wright, M. (2003). Differences Between Private
Firms Owned by Novice, Serial and Portfolio Entrepreneurs: Implications for
Policy-Makers and Practitioners. Regional Studies, Vol. 37, No.2, pp.187-200.
Westhead, P., Ucbasaran, D., and Wright, M. (2005). Policy Toward Novice, Serial
and Portfolio Entrepreneurs. Environment and Planning C: Government and
Policy, Vol. 22, No.6, pp.779-798.
10. Entrepreneurs and Networks

Alder, P., and Kwon, S. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept.
Academy of Management Review, Vol. 27, pp.17-40.
Battisti, M., and Perry, M. (2015). Small Enterprise Affiliations to Business
Associations and the Collective Action Problem Revisited. Small Business
Economics, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp.559-576.
Casson, M., and Della Giusta, M. (2007). Entrepreneurship and Social Capital.
Chetty, S. K., and Wilson, H. I. M. (2003). Collaborating with Competitors to Acquire
Resources. International Business Review, Vol.12, No.1, pp.61-81.
Hoang, H., and Antoncic, B. (2003). Network Based Research in Entrepreneurship:
A Critical Review. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol.18, pp.165-187.
*Jack, S.L. (2010). Approaches to Studying Networks: Implications and Outcomes.
Journal of Business Venturing, Vol.25, No.1, pp.120-137.
Lechner, C., and Dowling, M. (2003). Firm Networks: External Relationships as
Sources for the Growth and Competitiveness of Entrepreneurial Firms.
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol.15, pp.1-26.
Mosey, S., Lockett, A., and Westhead, P. (2006). Creating Network Bridges for
University Technology Transfer: The Medici Fellowships Programme.
Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 18, No.1, pp.71-91.
*Schoonjans, B., van Cauwenberge, P., and Bauwhede, H. V. (2013). Formal
Business Networking and SME Growth. Small Business Economics, Vol. 41, No.
1, pp.169-181.
Solesvik, M. Z., and Westhead, P. (2010). Partner Selection for Strategic Alliances:
Case Study Insights from the Maritime Industry. Industrial Management & Data
Systems, Vol. 110, No.6, pp.841-860.
12
11. Cultural Barriers: Graduate Education
Arnold, J., Schalk, R., Bosley, A., and van Overbeek, S. (2002). Graduates’
Experiences of Work in Small Organizations in the UK and the Netherlands.
Treasury.
Greene, F. J. (2002). An Investigation into Enterprise Support for Younger People,
1975-2000. International Small Business Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp.315-336.
Greene, F. J., and Storey, D. J. (2004). An Assessment of a Venture Creation
Programme: The Case of Shell LiveWire. Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development, Vol. 16, No.2, pp.145-160.
*Westhead, P., and Matlay, H. (2006). Skills Associated with Employment Positions
in SMEs and Favourable Attitudes toward Self-Employment: Longitudinal
Evidence from Students who Participated in the Shell Technology Enterprise
Programme. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 18, No.1,
pp.93-124.
Westhead, P., and Storey, D. J. (1998). Assessing the Contribution of the Shell
Technology Enterprise Programme to SMEs in the UK. Journal of Applied
Management Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.239-266.
Westhead, P., Storey, D. J., and Martin, F. (2001). Outcomes Reported by Students
Who Participated in the 1994 Shell Technology Enterprise Programme.
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 13, No.2, pp.163-185.
12. Regional Variations in New Firm Formation

Armington, C., and Acs, Z. J. (2002). The Determinants of Regional Variations in
New Firm Formation. Regional Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.33-45.
Johnson, P. (2004). Differences in Regional Firm Formation Rates: A
Decomposition Analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 28, No. 5,
pp.431-445.
Johnson, P., and Parker, S. (1996). Spatial Variations in the Determinants and
Effects of Firm Births and Deaths. Regional Studies, Vol. 30, No. 7, pp.679-688.
Keeble, D., and Walker, S. (1994). New Firms, Small Firms and Dead Firms:
Spatial Patterns and Determinants in the United Kingdom. Regional Studies, Vol.
28, No. 4, pp.411-427.
Lee, S. Y., Florida, R., and Acs, Z. J. (2004). Creativity and Entrepreneurship: A
Regional Analysis of New Firm Formation. Regional Studies, Vol. 38, No. 8,
pp.879-891.
*Reynolds, P., Storey, D. J., and Westhead, P. (1994). Cross-National
Comparisons of the Variation in New Firm Formation Rates. Regional Studies,
Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.443-456.
*Sternberg, R. (2009). Regional Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. Foundations and
Trends® in Entrepreneurship, Vol. 5, No.4, pp.211-340.
Learning.
13
Westhead, P., and Moyes, A. (1992). Reflections on Thatcher’s Britain: Evidence
from New Production Firm Registrations 1980-88. Entrepreneurship and
Regional Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.21-56.
72613-5.
13. ‘Hard’ Support: Science Parks

Cumbers, A., and MacKinnon, D. (2004). Introduction: Clusters in Urban and
Regional Development. Urban Studies, Vol. 41, Nos. 5/6, pp.959-969.
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). (2001). Business Clusters in the UK – A
First Assessment. London: HMSO.
Gordon, I. R., and McCann, P. (2002). Industrial Clusters: Complexes,
Agglomeration and / or Social Networks? Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp.513-
532.
Jones, C. (1996). The Theory of Property-Led Local Economic Development
Policies. Regional Studies, Vol. 30, pp.797-801.
Löfsten, H., and Lindelöf, P. (2003). Determinants for an Entrepreneurial Milieu –
Science Parks and Business Policy in Growing Firms. Technovation, Vol. 23,
No.1, pp.51-64.
McCann, P., and Sheppard, S. (2003). The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of Industrial
Location Theory. Regional Studies, Vol. 37, Nos. 6/7, pp.649-663.
Markusen, A. (2003). Fuzzy Concepts, Scanty Evidence, Policy Distance: The
Case for Rigour and Policy Relevance in Critical Regional Studies. Regional
Studies, Vol. 37, Nos. 6/7, pp.701-717.
Martin, R., and Sunley, P. (2003). Deconstructing Clusters: Chaotic Concept or
Policy Panacea, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 3, pp.5-35.
Siegel, D. S., Westhead, P., and Wright, M (2003). Assessing the Impact of
University Science Parks on Research Productivity: Exploratory Firm-Level
Evidence from the United Kingdom. International Journal of Industrial
Organization, Vol. 21, No. 9, pp.1357-1369.
Westhead, P. and Batstone, S. (1998). Independent Technology-Based Firms: The
Perceived Added Value of a Science Park Location. Urban Studies, Vol. 35, No.
12, pp.2197-2219.
*Westhead, P. and Batstone, S. (1999). Perceived Benefits of a Managed Science
Park Location for Independent Technology-Based Firms. Entrepreneurship and
Regional Development, Vol.11, No. 2, pp.129-154.
72613-5.
14. ‘Hard’ Support: Finance

Treasury.
Cressy, R. (2002). Introduction: Funding Gaps. Economic Journal, Vol. 112,
No.477, F1-F16.
De Meza, D. (2002). Overlending. Economic Journal, Vol. 112, No.477, F17-F31.
14
Felsenstein, D., Fleischer, A., and Sisi, A. (1998). Market Failure and the
Estimation of Subsidy Size in a Regional Entrepreneurship Programme.
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol.10, No.2, pp.151-165.
Howorth, C. (2001). Small Firms’ Demand for Finance: A Research Note.
Mason, C., and Harrison, R. (1992). The Supply of Equity Finance in the UK: A
Strategy for Closing the Equity Gap. Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development, Vol.4, No.4, pp.357-380.
Parker, S. (2002). Do Banks Ration Credit to New Businesses? And Should
Governments Intervene? Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 49, No.2,
pp.162-195.
Westhead, P. and Storey, D. J. (1997). Financial Constraints on the Growth of High
Technology Small Firms in the United Kingdom. Applied Financial Economics,
Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.197-201.
72613-5.
15. ‘Soft’ Support: Formal Training

Treasury.
Curran , J. (1999). What is Small Business Policy in the UK for? Evaluation and
Assessing Small Business Support Policies. International Small Business
Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp.36-50.
De Kok, J. (2002). The Impact of Firm-Provided Training on Production: Testing for
Firm-Size Effects. International Small Business Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp.271-
295.
Gibb, A. A. (1997). Small Firms’ Training and Competitiveness. Building Upon the
Small Business as a Learning Organisation. International Small Business
Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp.13-29.
*Henry, C., Hill, F. M., and Leitch, C. M. (2004). The Effectiveness of Training for
New Business Creation. International Small Business Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3,
pp.249-271.
Kerr, A., and McDougall, M. (1999). The Small Business of Developing People.
Marshall, J. N., Alderman, N., Wong, C., and Thwaites, A. (1995). The Impact of
Management Training and Development on Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprises. International Small Business Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp.73-90.
Patton, D., Marlow, S., and Hannon, P. (2000). The Relationship Between Training
and Small Firm Performance: Research Frameworks and Lost Quests.
*Storey, D. J. (2002). Education, Training and Development Policies and Practices
in Medium-Sized Companies in the UK: Do they Really Influence Firm
15
Performance? Omega, International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 30,
No. 4, pp.249-264.
Storey, D. J. (2004). Exploring the Link, Among Small Firms, Between Management
Training and Firm Performance: A Comparison Between the UK and Other
OECD Countries. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.
15, No. 1, pp.112-130.
Storey, D. J., and Westhead, P. (1997). Management Training in Small Firms: A
Case of Market Failure? Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2,
pp.61-71.
Westhead, P. (1998). Factors Associated with the Provision of Job-Related Formal
Training by Employers? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour &
Research, Vol.4, No. 3, pp.187-216.
Westhead, P., and Storey, D. (1996). Management Training and Small Firm
Performance: Why is the Link So Weak? International Small Business Journal,
Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.13-24.
16. Factors Encouraging Business Development

Birley, S., and Westhead, P. (1990). Growth and Performance Contrasts Between
‘Types’ of Small Firms. Strategic Management Journal, Vol.11, No.7, pp.535-
557.
Birley, S. and Westhead, P. (1994). A Taxonomy of Business Start-Up Reasons
and their Impact on Firm Growth and Size. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol.9,
No.1, pp.7-31.
Cooper, A. C. (1993). Challenges in Predicting New Firm Performance. Journal of
Business Venturing, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp.241-253.
Cooper, A. C., Gimeno-Gascon, F. J., and Woo, C. Y. (1994). Initial Human and
Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance. Journal of
*Davidsson, P., Achtenhagen, L., and Naldi, L. (2010). Small Firm Growth.
Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, Vol. 6, No.2, pp.69-166.
Davidsson, P., Kirchhoff, B., Hatemi-J, A., and Gustavasson, H. (2002). Empirical
Analysis of Business Growth Factors Using Swedish Data. Journal of Small
Business Management, Vol. 40, No.4, pp.332-349.
Gimeno, J., Folta, T. B., Cooper, A. C., and Woo, C. Y. (1997). Survival of the
Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming
Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp.750-783.
*Henrekson, M., and Johnansson, D. (2010). Gazelles as Job Creators: A Survey
and Interpretation of theEvidence. Small Business Economics, Vol.35, No.2,
pp.227-244.
O’Farrell, P. N., and Hitchens, D. (1988). Alternative Theories of Small Firm
Growth: A Critical Review. Environment and Planning, A, Vol. 20, pp.1365-1382.
Segarra, A., and Teruel, M. (2014). High-Growth Firms and Innovation: An
Empirical Analysis for Spanish Firms. Small Business Economics, Vol.43, No.4,
pp.805-821.
Learning.
Westhead, P. (1995). Survival and Employment Growth Contrasts Between Types
of Owner-Managed High-Technology Firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and
16
Westhead, P. and Birley, S. (1995). Employment Growth in New Independent
Owner-Managed Firms in Great Britain. International Small Business Journal,
Vol.13, No.3, pp.11-34.
72613-5.
17. Under-Represented Groups: Female Entrepreneurs

Anna, A. L., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., and Mero, N. P. (2000). Women Business
Owners in Traditional and Non-Traditional Industries. Journal of Business
Venturing, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp.279-303.
*Bardasi, E., Sabarwal, S., and Terrell, K. (2011). How Do Female Entrepreneurs
Perform? Evidence From Three Developing Regions. Small Business
Economics, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp.417-441.
Bird, B., and Brush, C. (2002). A Gendered Perspective on Organizational Creation.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.41-65.
Treasury.
Carter, N. M., and Allen, K. R. (1997). Size Determinants of Women-Owned
Businesses: Choice or Barriers to Resources? Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development, Vol.9, No.3, pp.211-220.
Cliff, J. E. (1998). Does One Size Fit All? Exploring the Relationship Between
Attitudes Towards Growth, Gender, and Business Size. Journal of Business
*Fairlie, R. W., and Robb, A. M. (2009). Gender Differences in Business
Performance: Evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners Survey.
Small Business Economics, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp.375-395.
Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., and Dyke, L. S. (1993). A Theoretical Overview and
Extension of Research on Sex, Gender, and Entrepreneurship. Journal of
*Lee, I. H., and Marvel, M. R. (2014). Revisiting the Entrepreneur Gender-
Performance Relationship: A Firm Perspective. Small Business Economics, Vol.
42, No. 4, pp.769-786.
Jennings, J. E., and Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on Women Entrepreneurs:
Challenges to (and From) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature? The
Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.663-715.
Johnsen, G. L., and McMahon, R. G. P. (2005). Owner-Manager Gender, Financial
Performance and Business Growth Amongst SMEs from Australia’s Business
Longitudinal Survey. International Small Business Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2,
pp.1115-142.
Marlow, S., Henry, C., and Carter, S. (2009). Exploring the Impact of Gender Upon
Women’s Business Ownership. International Small Business Journal, Vol. 27, No.
2, pp.139-148.
Marlow, S., and McAdam, M. (2013). Gender and Entrepreneurship: Advancing
Debate and Challenging Myths; Exploring the Mystery of the Under-Performing
Female Entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour &
Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.114-124.
*Minniti, M. (2009). Gender Issues in Entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends®
in Entrepreneurship, Vol. 5, Nos. 7-8, pp.497-621.
17
*Robb, A. M., and Watson, J. (2012). Gender Differences in Firm Performance:
Evidence from New Ventures in the United States. Journal of Business Venturing,
Vol. 27, No. 5, pp.544-558.
Verheul, I., Risseuw, P., and Bartelse, G. (2002). Gender Differences in Strategy
and Human Resource Management: The Case of Dutch Real Estate Brokerage.
*Watson, J. (2002). Comparing the Performance of Male- and Female-Controlled
Businesses: Relating Outputs to Inputs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,
Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.91-100.
Watson, J., and Robinson, S. (2003). Adjusting for Risk in Comparing the
Performances of Male- and Female-Controlled SMEs. Journal of Business
*Westhead, P., and Solesvik, M.Z. (2016). Entrepreneurship Education and
Entrepreneurial Intention: Do Female Students Benefit? International Small
Business Journal, Vol. 34, No.8, pp.979-1003.
18. Special Groups: Family Firms

*Bettinelli, C., Fayolle, A., and Randerson, K. (2014). Family Entrepreneurship: A
Developing Field. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, Vol. 10, No.3,
pp.161-236.
*Carney, M., van Essen, M., Gedajlovic, E. R., and Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2015).
What Do We Know About Private Family Firms? A Meta-Analytical Review.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol.39, No.3, pp.513-544.
Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., and Zahra, S. (2003). Creating Wealth in Family Firms
through Managing Resources: Comments and Extensions. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, Vol.27, No.4, pp.359-366.
*Chrisman, J. J., Sharma, P., Steier, L. P., and Chua, J. H. (2014). The Influence of
Family, Goals, Governance, and Resources on Firm Outcomes.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol.38, No.6, pp.1249-1261.
Habbershon, T. G., Williams, M., and MacMillan, I. C. (2003). A Unified Systems
Perspective of Family Firm Performance. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 18,
No.4, pp.451-465.
*Hamelin, A. (2013). Influence of Family Ownership on Small Business Growth.
Evidence from French SMEs. Small Business Economics, Vol.41, No.3, pp.563-
579.
Klein, S. B., Astrachan, J. H., and Smyrnios, K. X. (2005). The F-PEC Scale of
Family Influence: Construction, Validation, and Further Implication for Theory.
Family Business Review, Vol.29, No.3, pp.321-339.
Leenders, M., and Waarts, E. (2003). Competitiveness and Evolution of Family
Businesses: The Role of Family and Business Orientation. European
Management Journal, Vol. 21, No.6, pp.686-697.
Sharma, P. (2004). An Overview of the Field of Family Business Studies: Current
Status and Directions for the Future. Family Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 1
pp.1-36.
Westhead, P. (1997). Ambitions, 'External' Environment and Strategic Factor
Differences Between Family and Non-Family Companies. Entrepreneurship and
Regional Development, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp.127-157
18
Westhead, P. and Cowling, M. (1997). Performance Contrasts Between Family and
Non-Family Unquoted Companies in the UK. International Journal of
Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.30-52
Westhead, P., and Cowling, M. (1998). Family Firm Research: The Need for a
Methodological Rethink. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 23, No. 1,
pp.31-56.
Westhead, P., and Howorth, C. (2006). Ownership and Management Issues
Associated with Family Firm Performance and Company Objectives. Family
Business Review, Vol.19, No.4, pp.301-316.
72613-5.
*Zellweger, T. M., Nason, R. S., Nordqvist, M., and Brush, C. G. (2013). Why Do
Family Firms Strive for Nonfinancial Goals? An Organizational Identity
Perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol.37, No.2, pp.229-248.
Other Information
Seminar Topics
Seminar 1: Introduction to the Module (Please refer to the module outline

document)
Seminar 2: Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., Boulton, W. R., and Carland, J. A. C.

(1984). Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business
Owners. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp.354-
359.
1. What is entrepreneurship? Input? Event? Process?
2. What is the unit / level of analysis in entrepreneurship studies?
3. Why do policy-makers and practitioners support entrepreneurship?
4. Has Schumpeter (1934) presented a broad definition of entrepreneurship?
5. Are all small firms’ entrepreneurial ventures?
Seminar 3: Gartner, W. B. (1989). “Who is an Entrepreneur?” Is the Wrong

Question. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 13, No.4,
pp.47-68.
1. What is the unit of analysis in entrepreneurship studies?
2. Are entrepreneurs ‘born’ or ‘made’?
3. What is the personality approach?
4. What are the strengths / weaknesses of the personality approach?
5. Do we need to consider contextual and behavioural issues when focusing upon
entrepreneurs?
6. What are the strengths / weaknesses of the behavioural approach?
7. Do we need to consider ‘types’ of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial firms?
19
Seminar 4: Ace Cleaning (UK) Limited
1. Activity of the business – the idea / the market / the business plan
2. Reason(s) for business formation – push / pull factors
3. Characteristics of the entrepreneur – personality theories / sociological approach
/ human capital / management and industry know-how / prior business
ownership experience
4. Enterprising attributes of the entrepreneur – economic theories / abilities, skills,
resources, competencies, etc.
5. Hurdles to business formation – factors of production / resources / legislation /
competition
6. Constraints on business development – methods of best practice exhibited
7. Any entrepreneurial learning exhibited?
8. Would you support this business?
Seminar 5: Alternative Publishing Limited

competition
Seminar 6: Arran Aromatics Limited

competition
Seminar 7: Watson, J. (2002). Comparing the Performance of Male- and

Female-Controlled Businesses: Relating Outputs to Inputs.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.91-100.
1. Why focus on female entrepreneurs?
2. What was the unit of analysis?
20
3. Which female entrepreneur definition was operationalized? Any concerns?
4. What is the purpose of the article?
5. Is the study linked to a practitioner and policy-maker debate?
6. What theoretical perspective(s) guides the article?
7. What is the novel theoretical, definitional and / or methodological contribution of
the study?
8. What sectors does the study focus upon?
9. What hypotheses were tested?
10. Was quality information collected and rigorously analyzed?
11. What are the key findings?
12. What are the strengths / weaknesses of the study?
Seminar 8: Issues Relating to the Exam (Please refer to the specimen

Examination paper reported below).
Past Examination Questions
Issues relating to the Examination will be discussed in Lectures 19, 20 and 21 as

well as Seminar 8. A specimen Examination paper is reported on Page 22.
21
Specimen Exam Paper
UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM
EXAMINATION PAPER
ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2009
Time allowed: 2 hours and 30 minutes
Examination material provided: None
Instructions:
Please answer any FOUR questions. All questions carry equal marks.
1. The promotion of entrepreneurship is seen as a means of combating

unemployment and poverty (Storey, 1994). Critically evaluate the
contributions of entrepreneurs and small and medium-sized enterprises.
2. The entrepreneur of economic theory is a function not a personality (McMullen

and Shepherd, 2003). Critically discuss with reference to economic theories
of entrepreneurship.
3. Entrepreneurs are ‘born’ rather than ‘made’. Critically discuss with regard to
the contribution played by the trait approach to our understanding of
entrepreneurship.
4. Westhead, Ucbasaran and Wright (2005) have asserted that policy-makers

and practitioners should target support to the needs of entrepreneurs. With
reference to sociological approaches discuss differences between ‘types’ of
entrepreneurs, and identify whether their needs differ.
5. Critically review the objectives and the outcomes associated with a scheme
that seeks to encourage more graduates to consider employment
opportunities in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
6. Discuss the factors associated with the inability of many small firms to provide
formal job-related training for their employees.
7. Do businesses owned by female entrepreneurs report weaker contributions

than male entrepreneurs to job generation and wealth creation? Critically
discuss.
8. Should policy-makers and practitioners support the development of family

firms? Explain and justify your view.
22
Guide to the module DUO site
Announcement - Announcements on the availability of information on e.g. student

s centred learning exercise, timetable for revision classes, etc.
Course - Module handbook

Information - Guide to Reducing Printing Costs
- Delivery Systems, including information on lectures and seminars;
information on student centred learning topics
- Frequently Asked Questions, including - amongst other things -
information on the student centred learning exercise
Staff Contacts - Staff contact details

Course - Lecture slides
Documents - Seminar worksheets and outline answers [made available after the
relevant class has taken place]
Assessment - Formative essays: essay topics; information on submission deadlines

and procedures
- Summative assessment information
- Interactive multiple choice tests
Communication - Email
- Announcements
- Group pages
Discussion - A discussion forum in which students can raise and receive answers
Board to queries
External Links - Links to University Library home page and to JSTOR
- Departmental links
- Link to companion website for module textbook
Tools - Faculty Handbook; Module Evaluation [not yet operational]; Reserve

Reading Materials; Search; Timetable; User Manual
Books - Information on recommended textbooks
SCL Groups - Groups for student centred learning exercise
Seminar Groups - A list of seminar times for you to register to attend seminar meetings
23

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MODULE: Entrepreneurship

MODULE CODE: BUSI 2141

PLEASE RETAIN THIS HANDBOOK FOR FUTURE REFERENCE. IT

Module Paul Westhead 0191 334 5378 paul.westhead@durham.ac.uk

Details of the Module Outline, Prerequisites, Co-requisites, Overall Aim(s) of the

Activity Number Frequency Duration Total Hours

Lectures 21 1 per week 1 hour 21

Seminars 8 4 in term 1 & 1 hour 8

Preparation and 171

Please note that attendance at seminars is compulsory and is closely

Teaching Material and DUO

Why and how do policy-makers and practitioners intervene to encourage new

Further guidance can be found in the Programme Handbook on information such as

The summative assessments constitute the formal assessment of a student’s

2 The Roles of Smaller Enterprises

3 Differences between Small and Large Enterprises

4 Economic Theories of Entrepreneurship

6 Psychological Approaches to Entrepreneurship

7 Sociological Approaches to Entrepreneurship

8 Intervention to Assist SMEs and Entrepreneurs

9 Hard and Soft Support Measures

10 Entrepreneurs and Networks

11 Cultural Barriers: Graduate Education

12 Regional Variations in New Firm Formation

13 Hard’ Support: Science Parks

14 Hard’ Support: Finance

15 Soft’ Support: Formal Training

16 Factors Encouraging Business Development

18 Special Groups: Family Firms

Student Centred Learning

 Westhead, P., Wright, M., and McElwee, G. (2011). Entrepreneurship: Perspectives

List of Essential (*) and Recommended Reading for lectures:

2. The Roles of Smaller Enterprises

3. Differences between Small and Large Enterprises

4. Economic Theories of Entrepreneurship

6. Psychological Approaches to Entrepreneurship

7. Sociological Approaches to Entrepreneurship

8. Intervention to Assist SMEs and Entrepreneurs

9. Hard and Soft Support Measures

10. Entrepreneurs and Networks

12. Regional Variations in New Firm Formation

13. ‘Hard’ Support: Science Parks

14. ‘Hard’ Support: Finance

15. ‘Soft’ Support: Formal Training

16. Factors Encouraging Business Development

17. Under-Represented Groups: Female Entrepreneurs

18. Special Groups: Family Firms

Seminar 1: Introduction to the Module (Please refer to the module outline

Seminar 2: Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., Boulton, W. R., and Carland, J. A. C.

Seminar 3: Gartner, W. B. (1989). “Who is an Entrepreneur?” Is the Wrong

Seminar 5: Alternative Publishing Limited

Seminar 6: Arran Aromatics Limited

Seminar 7: Watson, J. (2002). Comparing the Performance of Male- and

Seminar 8: Issues Relating to the Exam (Please refer to the specimen

Past Examination Questions

Issues relating to the Examination will be discussed in Lectures 19, 20 and 21 as

Time allowed: 2 hours and 30 minutes

Examination material provided: None

1. The promotion of entrepreneurship is seen as a means of combating

2. The entrepreneur of economic theory is a function not a personality (McMullen

4. Westhead, Ucbasaran and Wright (2005) have asserted that policy-makers

7. Do businesses owned by female entrepreneurs report weaker contributions

8. Should policy-makers and practitioners support the development of family