Chapter 5

THE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DESIGN

OBJECTIVES

When you have completed this section, you should be able to:

 explain the various categories of knowledge within an

organization,
 understand the dynamics of a knowledge management system, and
 develop the steps in designing a knowledge management system.

当您完成了这个部分时您应该能：

• 解释知识各种各样的类别在组织之内的，
• 了解知识管理系统的动力学，和
• 开发在设计知识管理系统的步。

5.0 INTRODUCTION

KNOWLEDGE is enriched information resident in intelligent

systems where value has been added through a combination of
experience and context, but which is also perishable and therefore
depreciates over time (tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge).

知识是聪明的被丰富的信息居民价值通过也是易腐烂的并且经验和上下
文的组合增加了的系统，但是随着时间的推移贬值(心照不宣的知识和明
确知识)。

enriched ,intelligent ,perishable 丰富，聪明，易腐烂

Knowledge is information plus experience, context, interpretation and

reflection. Nonaka and Takeuchi make the point that
knowledge can only be created by individuals and that it is these
individuals who create knowledge for the organization.

知识是信息加上经验、上下文、解释和反射。 Nonaka 和 Takeuchi 做点

那知识可能由个体只创造，并且那它是创造组织的知识的这些人。

interpretation ,reflection. 解释，反射。

Knowledge management is the explicit and systematic

management of vital knowledge - and its associated processes
of creation, organization, diffusion, use and exploitation. The
critical aspects of any successful knowledge management
programme exhibit that they are explicit, systematic, possess vital
knowledge and processes. It is important to note that knowledge
encompasses both tacit knowledge (in people’s heads) and
explicit knowledge (codified and expressed as information in
databases, documents, etc.). A good knowledge programme will
address the processes of knowledge development and transfer
for both these basic forms.

知识管理是明确和系统的重要知识的管理-和它创作、组织、扩散、用途
和开发的伴生的过程。 任何成功的知识管理的重要方面编程展览他们是
明确的，系统，拥有重要知识和过程。 注意到是重要的，知识包含心照
不宣的知识(在人的头)和明确知识(被编撰和被表示为信息在数据库、文
件等等中)。 一个好知识节目将论及知识发展和调动的过程为两个这些基
本形式。

Explicit 明确
vital, exploitation, 重要，开发，
critical, aspects, 重要，方面，
exhibit, explicit, 展览，明确，
systematic, possess vital, 系统，拥有重要
encompasses ,codified, expressed 包含，编撰，表达

5.1 KNOWLEDGE WITHIN

ORGANIZATIONS
Harold Leavitt has suggested that the organizations we belong to can
be viewed as systems comprising five mutually interacting,
independent (classes of) variables:
哈罗德 Leavitt 建议我们属于的组织可以被观看作为包括五的系统相互互
动，独立(类)可变物：

comprising, mutually interacting,

variables:
包括，相互互动，可变物：
● task (or organisational objective).
● structure.
● people.
● information technology and control technology.
● the environment.

●任务(或组织宗旨)。 ●结构。 ●人。 ●信息技术和控制技术。 ●环境。

His diagram (repeated in Figure) emphasizes 强调 that the four internal

variables are highly interactive 交互式. By altering 修改 one of them, say
the technology, you can deliberately (and relatively covertly) try to
effect 作用 a change in one or more of the others, for example the
working conditions or supervisory control of the people. Also, when
directly intending to change one element, you can cause unforeseen
and unintended consequential changes in another. For example, the
access to information that the current plethora of desktop PCs
allows can empower people.

他的图(重复在图)强调四内部可变物是高交互式的。 通过修改他们中的一
个，您说技术，能故意地(和相对地隐蔽地)设法影响在一个或更多的一个
变化其他上，例如工作环境或监督控制人民。 并且，当直接地意欲改变
一个元素，您能导致在别的上的未预见到和不愿意的必然变化。 例如，
对当前多血症台式计算机允许的信息的获取可能授权人。
highly interactive 高交互式
emphasizes, altering, deliberately, 强调，修改，故意，effect 作用
intending, cause unforeseen, 意欲，导致未预见到，
unintended consequential, plethora, empower 不愿意必然，多血症，授
权

Knowledge within organizations could be categorized as:

a) best practises.

b) creation and conversion of new knowledge through

innovation.
在组织之内的知识能被分类如下：
a) 最优方法。 b) 新知识创作和转换通过创新。

It is the creation and conversion 转换 of new knowledge through the

processes of innovation which is said to give the best long-term
payoff. Knowledge could be categorized in just a few seven levers:
它是新知识创作和转换通过说给最佳的长期结局创新的过程。 知识在一
些七根杠杆能被分类：

conversion 转换

a) customer Knowledge - the most vital knowledge in

most organizations.

b) knowledge in Processes - applying the best know-how

while performing core tasks. 核心任务

c) knowledge in Products (and Services) - smarter

solutions, customized to users’ needs.

d) knowledge in People - nurturing and harnessing

brainpower, your most precious, 珍贵 asset.

e) organizational Memory - drawing on lessons from the

past or elsewhere in the organization.

f) knowledge in Relationships - deep personal knowledge

that underpins 加固 successful collaboration.

g) knowledge Assets - measuring and managing your

intellectual capital. 智力资本

a) 顾客知识-在多数组织的最重要的知识。
b) 知识在过程中-申请最佳的技术，当执行核心时分配。
c) 在产品(和服务的)知识-更加聪明的解答，被定做对用户需要。
d) 在人的知识-哺育和利用脑力，您的最珍贵的财产。
e) 组织记忆-在教训的图画从过去或在别处在组织。
f) 在关系的知识-加固成功的合作的深刻的个人知识。
g) 知识财产-测量和处理您的智力资本。

Smarter solutions 更加聪明解答，

core tasks. 核心任务
nurturing, harnessing brainpower, 哺育，利用脑力，

precious, deep, underpins, 珍贵，深，加固，

measuring,intellectual capital. 测量，智力资本。
Socialization (tacit to tacit)
Socialization includes the shared formation and communication
of tacit knowledge between people, e.g., in meetings. Knowledge
sharing is often done without ever producing explicit knowledge
and, to be most effective, should take place between people who
have a common culture and can work together effectively
(Davenport and Prusak,1 p. 96). Thus tacit knowledge sharing is
connected to ideas of communities and collaboration. A typical
activity in which tacit knowledge sharing can take place is a team
meeting during which experiences are described and discussed.

社会化(心照不宣对心照不宣) 社会化在会议包括心照不宣的知识的共有的
形成和通信在人之间的，即。 知识分享完成，无需导致明确知识，并且，
是最有效的，经常应该发生在有共同的文化的人之间，并且可能有效地
(达文波特和 Prusak， 1 p. 96)。 因而心照不宣知识分享被连接到社区和
合作想法。 心照不宣知识分享可能发生的典型的活动是期间经验被描述
并且被谈论的队会议在。
Socialization,explicit knowledge 社会化，明确知识
effective,common culture, tacit knowledge, typical 有效,共同的文化，心
照不宣的知识，典型
described 被描述
Externalization (tacit to explicit)
By its nature, tacit knowledge is difficult to convert into explicit
knowledge. Through conceptualization 概念化, elicitation 引出, and
ultimately 终于 articulation, , 清楚的发音 typically in collaboration with
others, some proportion 比例 of a
person's tacit knowledge may be captured in explicit form. Typical
activities in which the conversion takes place are in dialog among team
members, in responding to questions, or through the elicitation 引出 of
stories.
外表性(心照不宣对明确) 由它的自然，心照不宣的知识是难转换成明确知
识。 通过概念化，引出和终于清楚的发音，典型地与其他合作，
person'的某一比例; s 心照不宣的知识也许被捕捉以明确形式。 转换发
生的典型的活动在对话在队员之中，对问题作出反应，或者通过故事的
引出
Externalization, 外表性
Through, 通过
conceptualization, elicitation, ultimately 概念化，引出，终于
articulation, typically, proportion, 清楚的发音，典型地，比例
captured, explicit form. 被夺取的，明确形式
Typical, conversion 典型，转换
Combination (explicit to explicit)
Explicit knowledge can be shared in meetings, via documents, emails,
etc., or through education and training. The use of
technology to manage and search collections of explicit knowledge
is well established. However, there is a further opportunity to
foster knowledge creation, namely to enrich 丰富 the collected
information in some way, such as by reconfiguring 重新构造 it, so that it
is
more usable 能用. An example is to use text classification to assign
documents automatically to a subject schema. A typical activity
here might be to put a document into a shared database.

组合(明确对明确) 明确知识可以分享在会议，通过文件、电子邮件等等，
或者通过教育和训练。 使用技术处理的和明确知识的查寻收藏是源远流
长的。 然而，有一个进一步机会促进知识创作，即丰富收集的信息在某
个方面，例如通过重新构造它，因此它是更加能用的。 例子是使用文本
分类自动地分配文件到一个附属的图解。 这里典型的活动也许是放文件
入一个共有的数据库。
established, foster, enrich, reconfiguring, usable, classification, schema.
建立，孵育，丰富，重新构造，能用，分类，图解。
Internalization (explicit to tacit)
In order to act 行动 on information, individuals have to understand
and internalize it, which involves creating their own tacit
knowledge. By reading documents, they can to some extent reexperience
what others previously learned. By reading documents
from many sources, they have the opportunity to create new
knowledge by combining their existing tacit knowledge with the
knowledge of others. However, this process is becoming more
challenging because individuals have to deal with ever-larger
内在化(明确对心照不宣) 为了行动在信息，个体必须了解和向内它，介入
创造他们自己心照不宣知识。 通过读文件，他们在某种程度上能
reexperience 什么其他以前学会了。 通过读文件从许多来源，他们有机
会创造新知识通过结合他们现有的心照不宣的知识与其他的知识。 然而，
这个过程成为更多挑战，因为个体必须涉及更大
Internalization, involves, extent, combining,deal 内在化，介入，程度，
结合，成交