Defining Literature

Literature, in its broadest sense, is any written work. Etymologically, the term derives
from Latin litaritura/litteratura “writing formed with letters,” although some definitions
include spoken or sung texts. More restrictively, it is writing that possesses literary
merit. Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and
whether it is poetry or prose. It can be further distinguished according to major forms
such as the novel, short story or drama, and works are often categorized according to
historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations
(genre).
Taken to mean only written works, literature was first produced by some of the world’s
earliest civilizations—those of Ancient Egypt and Sumeria—as early as the 4th
millennium BC; taken to include spoken or sung texts, it originated even earlier, and
some of the first written works may have been based on a pre-existing oral tradition. As
urban cultures and societies developed, there was a proliferation in the forms of
literature. Developments in print technology allowed for literature to be distributed and
experienced on an unprecedented scale, which has culminated in the twenty-first
century in electronic literature.
Definition
Definitions of literature have varied over time.  In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth
century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. [1]  A more restricted sense
of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate
“imaginative” literature.[2]
 Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the
older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance,
takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to
canonical works.[3]

Major Forms
Poetry

A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire. These are a type of poem in which the written
words are arranged in such a way to produce a visual image.
Poetry is a form of literary art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to
evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning (ordinary
intended meaning). Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being
set in verse;[4] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated
by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the
poem.[5] 
Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in
metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is “any kind of subject
consisting of Rythm or Verses”.[6] Possibly as a result of Aristotle’s influence (his
Poetics), “poetry” before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation
for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. [7] As a form it may pre-
date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral
tradition;[8] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.
Prose
Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather
than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences
rather than lines, it differs from poetry.[9] On the historical development of prose, Richard
Graff notes that ”
• Novel: a long fictional prose narrative.
• Novella:The novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville
House classifies it as “too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story.” [10]
• Short story: a dilemma in defining the “short story” as a literary form is how to, or
whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative. Apart from its distinct
size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic
subject matter or structure;[11] these discussions often position the form in some
relation to the novel.[12]
Drama
Drama is literature intended for performance. [13]