The Development Of

Mandible,tempromandibular
Joint, Tongue, And Thyroid Gland

Lec.4

By
Dr. Suhair Majeed
(2021)
Development Of The Mandible
1- Body Of Mandible
Development of body of mandible
2- The Rami Of The Mandible
Rami Of Mandible Development
Fate of Meckel’s cartilage :
3- Secondary Cartilages :
1- Condylar Cartilage
 Condylar Cartilage

Condylar Lingual nerve

cartilage
Inferior alveolar nerve
incus
malleus

Body of mandible

Auriculotemporal
nerve
Meckel’s cartilage
2- Coronoid Cartilage
Development Of The Temporomandibular Joint
Stages Of TMJ Development
 Development Of The Tongue

* The tongue begins to develop at about 4th week of gestation.

* The pharyngeal arches meet in the midline beneath the primitive mouth.

* Local proliferation of the mesenchyme then gives rise to a number of

swellings in the floor of the mouth .

* First, a swelling (the tuberculum impar) arises in the midline in the

mandibular process and is flanked by two other bulges, the lingual swellings.

*These lateral lingual swellings quickly enlarge and merge with each other
and the tuberculum impar to form a large mass from which the mucous membrane
of the anterior two thirds of the tongue is formed.
Development Of Tongue
Cont.

*The root of the tongue arises from a large midline swelling developed from
the mesenchyme of the second, third, and fourth arches.
*This swelling consists of a copula (associated with the second arch) and a
large hypobranchial eminence (associated with the third and fourth arches).
* As the tongue develops, the hypobranchial eminence overgrows the
copula, which disappears.
*The posterior part of the fourth arch marks the development of the
epiglottis.
* The tongue separates from the floor of the mouth by a down-growth of
ectoderm around its periphery, which subsequently degenerates to form the lingual
sulcus and gives the tongue mobility.
Development Of Tongue
Cont.

* The muscles of the tongue have a different origin; they arise from the
occipital somites, which have migrated forward into the tongue area, carrying with
them their nerve supply, (Hypoglossal) nerve .

* The mucosa of the anterior two thirds of the tongue is derived from the
first arch, it is supplied by the nerve of that arch, the fifth cranial (Trigeminal) nerve
.

* The mucosa of the posterior third of the tongue, derived from the third
arch, is supplied by the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve .
 Development Of The Thyroid Gland

*The thyroid originates between the first and second pharyngeal pouches near
the base of the tongue.
* The site of this development lies between the tuberculum impar and the
copula, known as the foramen cecum .
*In the day 20-24 of gestation , thyroid primordium is derived from
endodermal cells of the primitive pharynx proliferate, creating the thyroid
diverticulum.
* The thyroid diverticulum migrates caudally along the midline, crossing
anteriorly to the hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilage.
* It is connected to the tongue by a narrow tube, the thyroglossal duct.
Development Of Thyroid Gland
Development Of Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland Development
Cont.

* the thyroid is hollow but then solidifies during migration forming the
follicular elements of the thyroid.

* Division of the thyroid primordium into right and left lobes occurs in the 5th
week of gestation.

* By the 7th week of gestation, the thyroid has reached its final destination in
the neck.

*The thyroglossal duct has normally degenerated by seventh week .

* The proximal opening of the thyroglossal duct persists as a small pit in the
tongue, the foramen cecum .
Thyroid Gland Development
Cont.

* In some instances, incomplete obliteration of the duct can lead

to abnormalities, including thyroglossal duct cysts, lingual thyroid or a
pyramidal lobe.

* Cellular differentiation and maturation then continue until the

thyroid is functionally mature by the 12th week of gestation.
 Congenital Disorders
* Developmental disorders of the face and jaws are among some of the most
common anomalies .
*The causes of most craniofacial defects are both genetic factors and
environmental toxicity .
*The most common defect is cleft lip and/or cleft palate .
- cleft lip results from failure or deficient fusion of the maxillary and medial
nasal processes .
- cleft palate from failure of the lateral palatal folds to fuse, either with each
other or with the primary palate (median palatal process).
*These can be unilateral or bilateral, ( the unilateral is more common) .
* Oblique facial cleft,( rare), arises from abnormal fusion between the maxillary
and lateral nasal processes .
 Cont.

* Cleft mandible arising from abnormal union of the paired mandibular processes is
very rare, but chin clefts, result from incomplete fusion, are more common but still
infrequent.

*When genes regulating neural crest development are affected, facial and jaw
anomalies, such as hemifacial microsomia(asymmetry) and Treacher Collins syndrome,
can occur.

*environmental disruption of neural crest cell development and function , includes

craniofacial and heart defects, with growth deficiency, microcephaly, developmental delay ,
are examples of environmental disruption .
Cleft Chin / Cleft Mandible