[Document title]

WEEK 1 & 2 ASSIGNMENT

8.10 At a point in a material the stresses are: 𝜎xx=37.2MN/m2, 𝜎yy=78.4MN/m2,
𝜎zz=149MN/m2, 𝜎xy=68.0MNm2, 𝜎yz=-18.1MN/m2, 𝜎zx=32MN/m2. Calculate the shear stress on a
plane whose normal makes an angle of 48⁰ with the x axis and 71⁰ with the y axis.
Solution:
𝜎xx = 37.2MN/m2, 𝜎yy=78.4MN/m2, 𝜎zz=149MN/m2, 𝜎xy=68.0MNm2, 𝜎yz=-18.1MN/m2,
𝜎zx=32MN/m2
pxn = 𝜎xx l + 𝜎xy m + 𝜎xz n
pyn = 𝜎yx l + 𝜎yy m + 𝜎yz n
pzn = 𝜎zx l + 𝜎zy m + 𝜎zz n
l = cos nx = cos 48⁰ = 0.6691
m = cos ny = cos 71 = 0.3256
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
n2 = 1 – (l2 + m2)
= 1 – (0.66912 + 0.32562)
= 1 – (0.4477 + 0.1060)

n = √1 − 0.5537

n = √0.4463
n = 0.6681
pxn = 37.2(0.6691) + 68(0.3256) + 32(0.6681)
= 24.891 + 22.1408 + 21.3792
= 68.41MN/m2
pxn = 68(0.6691) + 78.4(0.3256) + (-18(0.6681))
= 45.4988 + 25.527 - 12.093
= 58.93MN/m2
pxn = 32(0.6691) – 18.1(0.3256) + 149(0.6681)
= 21.4112 – 5.8934 + 99.5469
= 115.0647MN/m2

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= 115.07MN/m2

pn = √68.412 + 58.932 + 115.072

pn = 146.27MN/m2
𝜎𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑛

= 68.41(0.6691) + 58.93(0.3256) + 115.07(0.6681)

= 45.7731 + 19.1876 + 76.8783
= 141.84MN/m2

𝜏𝑛 = √146.272 − 141.842

𝜏𝑛 = √21394.41 − 20118.5856
𝜏𝑛 = 35.73 MN/m2
8.11. At a point in a stressed material, the Cartesian stress components are:
𝜎xx = -40 MN/m2, 𝜎yy=80 MN/m2, 𝜎zz=120 MN/m2, 𝜎xy=72 MNm2, 𝜎yz = 46 MN/m2, 𝜎zx = 32MN/m2.
Calculate the normal, shear and resultant stresses on a plane whose normal makes an angle of
48⁰ with the x-axis and 61⁰ with the y-axis.
Solution:
𝜎xx = -40 MN/m2, 𝜎yy=80 MN/m2, 𝜎zz=120 MN/m2, 𝜎xy=72 MNm2, 𝜎yz = 46 MN/m2, 𝜎zx = 32MN/m2
nx = 48 ; ny = 61
l = cos 48 = 0.6691
m = cos 61 = 0.4848
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
n2 = 1 – (l2 + m2)
= 1 – (0.66912 + 0.48482)
= 1 – (0.4477 + 0.2350)

n = √1 − 0.6872

n = √0.3128
n = 0.5632
pxn = 𝜎xx l + 𝜎xy m + 𝜎xz n
= -40(0.6691) + 72(0.4848) + 32(0.5632)

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= 26.164 MN/m2
pyn = 𝜎yx l + 𝜎yy m + 𝜎yz n
= 72(0.6691) + 80(0.4848) + 46(0.5673)
= 112.87 MN/m2
pzn = 𝜎zx l + 𝜎zy m + 𝜎zz n
= 32(0.6691) + 46(0.4848) + 120(0.5632)
= 111.296 MN/m2

pn = √26.1642 + 112.872 + 111.2962

pn = √25810.99141
pn = 160.66 MN/m2
pn = 161 MN/m2
𝜎𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑛

=26.164(0.6691) + 112.87(0.4848) + 111.296(0.5632)

= 134.90 MN/m2
= 135 MN/m2

𝜏𝑛 = √𝑝𝑛2 − 𝜎𝑛2
2
𝜏𝑛 = √161 − 1352

𝜏𝑛 = √7696
𝜏𝑛 = 87.72 MN/m2
𝜏𝑛 = 88 MN/m2
8.12 Commencing from the equations defining the state of stress at a point, derive the general
stress relationship for the normal stress on an inclined plane:
𝜎n = 𝜎xx l2 + 𝜎zz n2 + 𝜎yy m2 + 2 𝜎xy lm + 2𝜎yz mn + 2𝜎zx ln
Show that this relationship reduces for the plane stress system 𝜎zz = 𝜎zx = 𝜎zy = 0 to the well-
known equation
1 1
𝜎n = (𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜎𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2

where cos𝜃 = 𝑙, m = sin 𝜃

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Solution:
The body stress on a Cartesian plane is given as
ℎ
F x ∆S ( ) ------------------------------------------ (i)
3
ℎ
Where ∆S ( ) is the volume of the tetrahedron
3

∆S is the area of the surface

The component of force in the x-direction due to 𝜎𝑥𝑥 is given by
𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∆S cos nx
Component of force in y-direction due to 𝜎𝑦𝑦 is given by

𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∆S cos ny

Component of force in y-direction due to 𝜎𝑥𝑥 is given by

𝜎𝑧𝑧 ∆S cos nz
For equilibrium of forces in X direction
ℎ
𝑝𝑥𝑛 ∆S + F x ∆S ( ) = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∆S cos nx + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∆S cos ny + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ∆S cos nz -------- (ii)
3

As h → 0, plane ABC passes through Q, the second term above becomes very small and can be
neglected
Thus,
𝑝𝑥𝑛 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos nx + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos ny + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 cos nz ------------------------------------- (iii)

For equilibrium of forces in the y and z direction

𝑝𝑦𝑛 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 cos ny + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 cos nx + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 cos nz ------------------------------------- (iv)

𝑝𝑧𝑛 = 𝜎𝑧𝑧 cos nz + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 cos nx + 𝜏𝑧𝑦 cos ny -------------------------------------- (v)

The resultant stress pn on the plane is given by

2 + 𝑝2 + 𝑝2
pn = √𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 𝑧𝑛

The normal stress 𝜎𝑛 is given by resolution perpendicular to the face

𝜎𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑦 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑧 --------------------------------------- (vi)

Shear stress

𝜏𝑛 = √𝑝𝑛2 − 𝜎𝑛2

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𝜎𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑦 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑧

Put equation (iii), (iv), (v)

𝜎𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥(𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos nx + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos ny + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 cos nz) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑦(𝜎𝑦𝑦 cos ny + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 cos nx
+ 𝜏𝑦𝑧 cos nz) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑧(𝜎𝑧𝑧 cos nz + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 cos nx + 𝜏𝑧𝑦 cos ny)

𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 nx + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥cos ny + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥cos nz + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ny + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑦cos nx
+ 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑦cos nz + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 nz + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑧cos nx + 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑧cosny

Let l = cos nx, m = cos ny, n = cos nz

𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦

𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧

𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎xx l2 + 𝜎zz n2 + 𝜎yy m2 + 2 𝜎xy lm + 2𝜎yz mn + 2𝜎zx ln QED

When 𝜎zz = 𝜎zx = 𝜎zy = 0

𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎xx l2 + 𝜎yy m2 + 2 𝜎xy lm
If l=cos𝜃, m=sin𝜃
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎xx cos2𝜃 + 𝜎yy sin2𝜃 + 2 𝜎xy cos𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 -------------------------- (vii)
Cos2𝜃 = cos2𝜃 − sin2𝜃 ----------------------------------------------------- (viii)
Recall that,
cos2𝜃 + sin2𝜃 = 1 ----------------------------------------------------------- (ix)
sin2𝜃 = 1 - cos2𝜃 ------------------------------------------------------------- (x)
Equation viii becomes
cos2𝜃 = cos2𝜃 − (1 - cos2𝜃)
cos2𝜃 = cos2𝜃 + cos2𝜃 − 1
cos2𝜃 = 2cos2𝜃 − 1
1
cos2𝜃 = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) ------------------------------------------------------ (xi)
2

Similarly,
1
sin2𝜃 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) ------------------------------------------------------ (xii)
2

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Sin2 𝜃 = 2cos𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃---------------------------------------------------------- (xiii)

Substituting equation (xi), (xii) and (xiii) into equation (vii)

𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎xx cos2𝜃 + 𝜎yy sin2𝜃 + 2 𝜎xy cos𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 1
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎xx (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) + 𝜎yy(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) + 𝜎xy Sin2𝜃
2 2
1 1 1 1
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎xx + 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜎yy− 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜎xy Sin2𝜃
2 2 2 2

Hence, collecting like terms gives

1 1
𝜎n = (𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜎𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 QED
2 2

8.34. At a point in a stressed material, the Cartesian stress components are:

𝜎xx = -40 MN/m2, 𝜎yy=80 MN/m2, 𝜎zz=120 MN/m2, 𝜎xy=72 MNm2, 𝜎yz = 46 MN/m2, 𝜎zx = 32MN/m2.
Calculate the normal, shear and resultant stresses on a plane whose normal makes an angle of
48⁰ with the x-axis and 61⁰ with the y-axis.
Solution:
𝜎xx = -40 MN/m2, 𝜎yy=80 MN/m2, 𝜎zz=120 MN/m2, 𝜎xy=72 MNm2, 𝜎yz = 46 MN/m2, 𝜎zx = 32MN/m2
nx = 48 ; ny = 61
l = cos 48 = 0.6691
m = cos 61 = 0.4848
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
n2 = 1 – (l2 + m2)
= 1 – (0.66912 + 0.48482)
= 1 – (0.4477 + 0.2350)

n = √1 − 0.6872

n = √0.3128
n = 0.5632
pxn = 𝜎xx l + 𝜎xy m + 𝜎xz n
= -40(0.6691) + 72(0.4848) + 32(0.5632)
= 26.164 MN/m2

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pyn = 𝜎yx l + 𝜎yy m + 𝜎yz n

= 72(0.6691) + 80(0.4848) + 46(0.5673)
= 112.87 MN/m2
pzn = 𝜎zx l + 𝜎zy m + 𝜎zz n
= 32(0.6691) + 46(0.4848) + 120(0.5632)
= 111.296 MN/m2

pn = √26.1642 + 112.872 + 111.2962

pn = √25810.99141
pn = 160.66 MN/m2
pn = 161 MN/m2
𝜎𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑛

=26.164(0.6691) + 112.87(0.4848) + 111.296(0.5632)

= 134.90 MN/m2
= 135 MN/m2

𝜏𝑛 = √𝑝𝑛2 − 𝜎𝑛2
2
𝜏𝑛 = √161 − 1352

𝜏𝑛 = √7696
𝜏𝑛 = 87.72 MN/m2
𝜏𝑛 = 88 MN/m2
8.35 The Cartesian stress components at a point in a three dimensional stress system are those
given in problem 8.34 (𝜎xx = -40 MN/m2, 𝜎yy=80 MN/m2, 𝜎zz=120 MN/m2, 𝜎xy=72 MNm2, 𝜎yz = 46
MN/m2, 𝜎zx = 32MN/m2).
a) What will be the directions of the normal and shear stresses on the plane making angles 48⁰
and 61⁰ with the X and Y axes respectively?

b) What will be the magnitude of the shear stress on the octahedral planes where l=m=n=1√3?
Solution:
𝜎xx = -40 MN/m2, 𝜎yy=80 MN/m2, 𝜎zz=120 MN/m2, 𝜎xy=72 MNm2, 𝜎yz = 46 MN/m2, 𝜎zx = 32MN/m2

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nx = 48 ; ny = 61
l = cos 48 = 0.6691
m = cos 61 = 0.4848
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
n2 = 1 – (l2 + m2)
= 1 – (0.66912 + 0.48482)
= 1 – (0.4477 + 0.2350)

n = √1 − 0.6872

n = √0.3128
n = 0.5632
pxn = 𝜎xx l + 𝜎xy m + 𝜎xz n
= -40(0.6691) + 72(0.4848) + 32(0.5632)
= 26.164 MN/m2
pyn = 𝜎yx l + 𝜎yy m + 𝜎yz n
= 72(0.6691) + 80(0.4848) + 46(0.5673)
= 112.87 MN/m2
pzn = 𝜎zx l + 𝜎zy m + 𝜎zz n
= 32(0.6691) + 46(0.4848) + 120(0.5632)
= 111.296 MN/m2

pn = √26.1642 + 112.872 + 111.2962

pn = √25810.99141
pn = 160.66 MN/m2
pn = 161 MN/m2
Direction of normal stress
l’ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑥 = pxn/pn
26.164
l’ = = 0.1625
161

m’ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑦 = pyn/pn

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112.87
m’ = = 0.7010
161

n’ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑧 = pzn/pn
111.296
n’ = = 0.6914
161

l’ = 0.1625, m’ = 0.7010, n’ = 0.6914

Direction of shear stress
𝜎𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑛

=26.164(0.6691) + 112.87(0.4848) + 111.296(0.5632)

= 134.90 MN/m2
= 135 MN/m2

𝜏𝑛 = √𝑝𝑛2 − 𝜎𝑛2
2
𝜏𝑛 = √161 − 1352

𝜏𝑛 = √7696
𝜏𝑛 = 87.72 MN/m2
𝜏𝑛 = 88 MN/m2
ls = (pxn – l 𝜎𝑛 )/𝜏𝑛
= (26.164 – 0.6691(135))/88
= 0.7314
ms = (pyn – m 𝜎𝑛 )/𝜏𝑛
= (112.87 – 0.4848 (135))/88
= 0.5389
ns = (pzn – n 𝜎𝑛 )/𝜏𝑛
= (111.296 – 0.5632 (135))/88
= 0.4007
1
b) l=m=n= = 0.5774
√3

𝑙𝑠 = 𝑚𝑠 = 𝑛𝑠 = 𝑙 = 𝑚 = 𝑛

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Magnitude of shear stress (𝜏∅ ) = 𝜏𝑛 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅

𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = 𝑙𝑠 . 𝑙∅ + 𝑚𝑠 . 𝑚∅ + 𝑛𝑠 . 𝑛∅
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = (𝑙𝑠 + 𝑚𝑠 + 𝑛𝑠 )0.5774
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = (- 0.7347 + 0.5441 + 0.4049) 0.5774
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = (0.2143)0.5774
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = 0.1237
Magnitude of shear stress (𝜏∅ ) = 𝜏𝑛 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅
(𝜏∅ ) = 87.24 X 0.1237
= 10.79 MN/m2
8.36 Given the Cartesian stress components at a point in a three dimensional stress system
are: 𝜎xx =20 MN/m2, 𝜎yy=5 MN/m2, 𝜎zz = -50 MN/m2, 𝜎xy = 0 MNm2, 𝜎yz= 20 MN/m2, 𝜎zx= -
40MN/m2
a) Determine the stresses on planes with direction cosines 0.8165, 04082 and 0.4082 relative to
the X, Y and Z respectively.
b) Determine the shear stress on these planes in a direction with direction cosines of 0, -0.707,
and 0.707.
Solution:
a) l = 0.8165, m = 0.4082, n = 0.4082
pxn = 𝜎xx l + 𝜎xy m + 𝜎xz n
= 20(0.8165) + (-40 x 0.4082)
= 16.33 -16.33
pxn = 0
pyn = 𝜎yx l + 𝜎yy m + 𝜎yz n
= 5(0.4082) + 20(0.4082)
= 2.041 + 8.164
pyn = 10.21 MN/m2
pzn = 𝜎zx l + 𝜎zy m + 𝜎zz n
= -40(0.8165) + 20(0.4082) + (-50) (0.4082)

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= -32.66 + 8.164 – 20.41

= -44.91 MN/m2
𝜎𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑛

=0(0.8165) + 10.21(0.4082) + (-44.91) (0.4082)

= 4.167 – 18.33
= -14.2 MN/m2
2 + 𝑝2 + 𝑝2
pn = √𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 𝑧𝑛

pn = √02 + 10.212 + (−44.91)2

pn = 46.1 MN/m2

𝜏𝑛 = √𝑝𝑛2 − 𝜎𝑛2

2
𝜏𝑛 = √46.1 − (−14.2)2

𝜏𝑛 = √2125.21 − 201.64
𝜏𝑛 = 43.86 MN/m2
b) l = 0, m = -0.707, n = 0.707
pxn = 𝜎xx l + 𝜎xy m + 𝜎xz n
= -40(-0.707)
= 28.28 MN/m2
pyn = 𝜎yx l + 𝜎yy m + 𝜎yz n
= 5(-0.707) + 20(0.707)
= -3.535 + 14.14
= 10.61 MN/m2
pzn = 𝜎zx l + 𝜎zy m + 𝜎zz n
= 20(-0.707) + (-50 x 0.707)
= -14.14 -35.35
= -49.49 MN/m2
𝜎𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑛

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=28.28(0) + 10.61(-0.7071) + (-49.49) (0.707)

= -7.50 – 34.99
= -42.49 MN/m2

pn = √28.282 + 10.612 + (−49.49)2

pn = 57.98 MN/m2

𝜏𝑛 = √𝑝𝑛2 − 𝜎𝑛2

2
𝜏𝑛 = √57.98 − (−42.49)2

𝜏𝑛 = √3361.68 − 1805.40
𝜏𝑛 = 39.45 MN/m2
8.44 At a certain point in a material, a resultant stress of 40MN/m2 acts in a direction making
angles of 45⁰, 70⁰ and 60⁰ with the coordinate axes X, Y and Z. Determine the values of the normal
and shear stresses on an oblique plane through the point given that the normal to the plane
makes an angle of 80⁰, 54⁰ and 38⁰ with the same coordinate axes. If 𝜎xy = 25 MNm2, 𝜎xz= 18
MN/m2, 𝜎yz= -10 MN/m2, determine the values of 𝜎xx, 𝜎yy, 𝜎zz which act at the point.
Solution:
𝜃x = 80⁰, 𝜃y = 54⁰, 𝜃z = 38⁰
𝑛𝑥= 45⁰, 𝑛𝑦 = 70⁰, 𝑛𝑧 = 60⁰
l = cos 𝑛𝑥, m = cos 𝑛𝑦, n = cos 𝑛𝑧
l = cos 45⁰ = 0.7071
m = cos 70 = 0.3420
n = cos 60 = 0.5
l’ = cos 𝜃x = cos 80 = 0.1737
m’ = cos 𝜃y = cos 54 = 0.5878
n’ = cos 𝜃z = cos 38 = 0.7880
pxn = pnl’ = 40(0.7071) = 28.28 MN/m2
pyn = pnm’ = 40(0.3420) = 13.68 MN/m2
pzn = pnn’ = 40(0.5) = 20 MN/m2

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𝜏𝑛 = 𝑝𝑥𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 𝑛

= 28.28(0.1736) + 13.68(0.5878) + 20(0.7880)

= 4.91 + 8.04 + 15.76
= 28.71 MN/m2

𝜎𝑛 = √𝑝𝑛2 − 𝜏𝑛2

2
𝜏𝑛 = √40 − (28.71)2

𝜏𝑛 = √1600 − 824.26
𝜏𝑛 = 27.85 MN/m2

𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 1⁄𝑙 (𝑝𝑥𝑛 − 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑚 − 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝑛)

= 1⁄0.1736 (28.28 − 25(0.5878) − 18(0.7880))

= 1⁄0.1736 (28.28 − 14.695 − 14.184)

= -3.45MN/m2

𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 1⁄𝑚 (𝑝𝑦𝑛 − 𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝑙 − 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝑛)

= 1⁄0.5878 (13.68 − 25(0.1736) + 10(0.7880))

= 1⁄0.1736 (13.68 − 4.34 + 7.88)

= 29.30 MN/m2

𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 1⁄𝑛 (𝑝𝑧𝑛 − 𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝑙 − 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝑚)

= 1⁄0.7880 (20 − 18(0.1736) + 10(0.5878))

= 1⁄0.7880 (20 − 3.1248 + 5.878)

= 28.9 MN/m2

WEEK 3 ASSIGNMENT
8.14 Three principal stresses of 250, 100 and -150MN/m2 act in direction X, Y, Z respectively.
Determine the normal, shear and resultant stresses which act on a plane whose normal is inclined

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at 30⁰ to the Z axis, the projection of the normal on the XY plane being inclined at 55⁰ to the XZ
plane.
Solution:
Parameters:
𝜎1 = 250 MN/m2
𝜎2 = 100 MN/m2
𝜎3 = - 150 MN/m2
𝛽 = 55°, 𝛾 = 30°
Using graphical method, the result as obtained from the Mohr circle stress representation are:

𝝈𝒏 = −𝟕𝟓. 𝟐 𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐
The resultant stress:

pn = √𝜏𝑛2 + 𝜎𝑛2

= √1302 + (−75.2)2

= √16900 + 5655.04

=√22555.04

pn = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐

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Plate 8.14: Mohr’s Circle Plane showing the direct and shear stress values
8.18 At a point in a stressed body, the principal stresses in the X, Y and Z directions are: 𝜎1 =
49 𝑀𝑁𝑚2 , 𝜎3 = 427.5 𝑀𝑁𝑚2 , 𝜎3 = −6.3 𝑀𝑁𝑚2 . Calculate the resultant stress on a plane
whose normal has direction cosines l = 0.73, m = 0.46, n = 0.506. Draw Mohr’s stress plane from
the problem to check your answer.
Solution:
Parameters:
𝜎1 = 49 MN/m2
𝜎2 = 27.5 MN/m2
𝜎3 = - 6.3 MN/m2
l = 0.73
m = 0.46
n = 0.506

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𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 0

𝑃𝑥𝑛 = 𝜎1 l
𝑃𝑦𝑛 = 𝜎2 m

𝑃𝑧𝑛 = 𝜎3 n
Thus;
𝑝𝑥𝑛 = 49 (0.73)
= 35.77 MN/m2
𝑝𝑦𝑛 = 27.5 (0.46)

= 12.65 MN/m2
𝑝𝑧𝑛 = - 6.3 (0.506)
= - 3.19 MN/m2
Resultant Stress (𝒑𝒏 )

𝑝𝑛 = √𝑝𝑥𝑛 2 + 𝑝𝑦𝑛 2 + 𝑝𝑧𝑛 2

= √35.772 + 12.652 + (−3.19)2

= 38.07 MN/m2

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Plate 8.18: Mohr’s Circle Plane showing the direct and shear stress values
8.19 For the data of problem 8.18, determine graphically and by calculation the values of the
normal and shear stresses on the given plane. Determine also the values of the octahedral direct
and shear stresses.
Solution:
Parameters:
𝜎1 = 49 MN/m2
𝜎2 = 27.5 MN/m2
𝜎3 = - 6.3 MN/m2
The normal and shear stress as obtained from the graph as shown in plate 8.19 are:

𝝈𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒏 = 𝟐𝟏 𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐

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Plate 8.19: Mohr’s Circle Plane showing the direct and shear stress values
Octahedral Stresses
1
𝜎𝑜𝑐𝑡 = ( 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 )
3
1
= (49 + 27.5 – 6.3)
3

= 23.4 MN/m2
1 1
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = [(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 ] ⁄2
3
1 1⁄
= [(49 − 27.5)2 + (27.5 + 6.3)2 + (−6.3 − 49)2 ] 2
3
1 1⁄
= [21.52 + 33.82 + −55.32 ] 2
3
1 1⁄
= [462.25 + 1142.44 + 3058.09 ] 2
3
1 1⁄
= [4662.78] 2
3

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1
= (68.28)
3

= 22.76 MN/m2
8.23 A stress system has three principal values 𝜎1 = 154 𝑀𝑁𝑚2 , 𝜎2 = 113 𝑀𝑁𝑚2 , 𝜎3 =
68𝑀𝑁𝑚2 .
a) Find the normal and shear stresses on a plane with direction cosines of l=0.732, m=0.521 with
respect to 𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 directions.
b) Determine the octahedral shear and normal stresses for this system. Check numerically.
Solution:
Parameters:
𝜎1 = 154 MN/m2
𝜎2 = 113 MN/m2
𝜎3 = 68 MN/m2
l = 0.732
m = - 0.521
n =?
Recall that,
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Make n2 the subject of formula
n2 = 1 – (l2 + m2)
= 1 – (0.7322 + 0.5212)
= 1 – 0.8073
= 0.1927

n = √0.1927
= 0.4390

(a) Normal Stress (𝜎𝑛 )

𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎1 . 𝑙2 + 𝜎2 . 𝑚 2 + 𝜎3 . 𝑛2

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= 154 (0.7322) + 113 (-0.5212) + 68 (0.43902)

=82.52 + 30.67 + 13.11

= 126.3 MN/m2
= 126 MN/m2
Shear Stress (𝜏𝑛 )

𝜏𝑛 = √𝜎1 2 . 𝑙2 + 𝜎2 2 . 𝑚 2 + 𝜎3 2 . 𝑛2 − 𝜎𝑛 2

= √1542 . 0.7322 + 1132 . (−0.521) 2 + 682 . 0.43902 − 126.32

= √12707.6 + 3466.03 + 891.14 − 15951.69

= √1113.08

= 33.4 MN/m2
(b) Octahedral direct and shear stresses
1
𝜎𝑜𝑐𝑡 = ( 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 )
3
1
= (154 + 113 + 68)
3

= 111.67 MN/m2
= 112 MN/m2
1 1
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = [(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 ] ⁄2
3
1 1⁄
= [(154 − 113)2 + (113 − 68)2 + (68 − 154)2 ] 2
3
1 1⁄
= [412 + 452 + −862 ] 2
3
1 1⁄
= [ 1681 + 2025 + 7396 ] 2
3
1 1⁄
= [11102] 2
3
1
= (105.37)
3

= 35.12 MN/m2

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8.24 A plane has a normal stress of 63MN/m2 inclined at an angle of 38⁰ to the greatest
principal stress which is 126MN/m2. The shear stress on the plane is 92MN/m2 and a second
principal stress is 53MN/m2. Find the value of the third principal stress and the angle of the
normal of the plane to the direction of stress.
Solution:
Parameters:
𝜎1 = 126 MN/m2
𝜎2 = 53 MN/m2
𝜎3 = ?
𝜏𝑛 = 92 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎𝑛 = 63 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝛼 = 38°
Using graphical method, the result as obtained from the Mohr circle stress representation are:

𝝈𝟑 = −𝟗𝟓 𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝜸 = 𝟔𝟎°

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Plate 8.24: Mohr’s Circle Plane showing the direct and shear stress values
WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT
Question 8.5
At a point, the state of stress may be represented in standard form by the following:
3 3
3x2 + 3y2 – z z – 6xy - x+y-
4 2
3
z – 6xy - 3y2 0
4
3 5
x+y- 0 3x + y –z +
2 4

Show that if body forces are neglected, equilibrium exists.

Solution:
𝒅𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝝉𝒙𝒛
+ + + 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒅𝝈𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝝉𝒚𝒛
+ + + 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

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𝒅𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝒅𝝉𝒛𝒚 𝒅𝝈𝒛𝒛

+ + + 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝈𝒙𝒚 𝝈𝒙𝒛 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒛

(𝝈𝒚𝒙 𝝈𝒚𝒚 𝝈𝒚𝒛 ) = ( 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝈𝒚𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒛 )
𝝈𝒛𝒙 𝝈𝒛𝒚 𝝈𝒛𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝝉𝒛𝒚 𝝈𝒛𝒛

𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝒛 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑⁄𝟒 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑⁄𝟐

𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝒛 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑⁄𝟒 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝟎

𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑⁄𝟐 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 𝟎 𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝟓⁄𝟒

𝒅(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛) 𝒅(𝒛 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑⁄𝟒) 𝒅(𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑⁄𝟐)

+ + + 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

6𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 0 + 𝑭𝒙 = 0

𝑭𝒙 = 0

𝒅(𝒛 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑⁄𝟒) 𝒅(𝟑𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅(𝟎)

+ + + 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

−6𝑦 + 6𝑦 + 0 + 𝑭𝒚 = 0

𝑭𝒚 = 0

𝒅(𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑⁄𝟐) 𝒅(𝟎) 𝒅(𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝟓⁄𝟒)

+ + + 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

1 + 0 − 1 + 𝑭𝒛 = 0

𝑭𝒛 = 0

The equilibrium equations are satisfied

QUESTION 8.45

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The plane stress distribution in a flat plate of uniform thickness is given by

𝝈𝒙𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚𝟑 𝒙
𝝈𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒑𝒙𝒚 + 𝒒𝒙
𝒚𝟒 𝟑
𝝈𝒙𝒚 = − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒔
𝟐 𝟐

If body forces are neglected, show that equilibrium exists. The dimensions of the plate are given
in fig 8.48 and the following boundary condition apply:
𝑏
At y = ± 𝝈𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
2
𝑏
At y = - 𝝈𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
2

and determine:
a) The value of constants p, q and s;
𝑏
b) The total load on the edge y = ±
2

Solution
𝒅𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝝉𝒙𝒚
+ + 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒅𝝈𝒚𝒚
+ + 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝈𝒙𝒚 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒚

(𝝈 𝝈𝒚𝒚 ) = ( 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝈𝒚𝒚 )
𝒚𝒙

𝝈𝒙𝒚 = 𝝈𝒚𝒙 = 𝝉𝒙𝒚

𝒚𝟒 𝟑
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟑 𝒙 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑷𝒙𝟐 + 𝑺 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝒚𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐𝑷𝒙𝒚 + 𝑸𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

𝒚𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟑 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝑷𝒙𝟐 + 𝑺
𝟐 𝟐
𝒚𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
( 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝑷𝒙 + 𝑺 𝒚𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐𝑷𝒙𝒚 + 𝑸𝒙 )

P, Q, S are constant

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𝒚𝟒 𝟑
𝟑
𝒅(𝒙 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 𝒙) 𝟑 𝒅 ( 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑷𝒙𝟐 + 𝑺)
+ + 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

𝑦3 3
3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦 3 + 4 ( ) − 2 ( 𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑃 + 0 + 𝑭𝒙 = 0
2 2
P + 𝑭𝒙 = 0

𝑭𝒙 = −𝑃

𝒚𝟒 𝟑
𝒅 ( 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑷𝒙𝟐 + 𝑺) 𝒅(𝒚𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐𝑷𝒙𝒚 + 𝑸𝒙)
+ + 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

3
0−2 ( 𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑃𝑥 + 0 + 3𝑦 2 𝒙 − 2𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄 + 𝑭𝒚 = 0
2

Q + 𝑭𝒙 = 0

𝑭𝒚 = −𝑄

(a)
𝑏
𝐴𝑡 𝑦 = ± , 𝝈 = 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
2 𝒙𝒚

𝒅𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝒅𝝈𝒚𝒚
+ =𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒅(𝒚𝟑 𝒙−𝟐𝑷𝒙𝒚+𝑸𝒙)
 𝟎+ =𝟎
𝒅𝒚
3𝑦 2 𝒙 − 2𝑃𝑥 = 0

Divide through by x

𝑏
3( )2 − 2𝑃 = 0
2
𝑏2
3( ) = 2𝑃
4
𝑏2
𝑃 = 3( )
8

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𝑏
𝐴𝑡 𝑦 = − ,𝝈 = 𝟎
2 𝒚𝒚

𝒚𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐𝑷𝒙𝒚 + 𝑸𝒙 = 𝟎
Divide through by x

𝒚𝟑 − 𝟐𝑷𝒚 + 𝑸 = 𝟎

𝑏 3 𝑏2 𝑏
(− ) − 2 (3 ( )) (− ) + 𝑄 = 0
2 8 2

𝑏3 𝑏3
− +6 ( )+𝑄 =0
8 16

𝑏3
− =𝑄
4

𝑏
𝐴𝑡 𝑦 = − , 𝝈 = 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
2 𝒙𝒚

𝒚𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
− 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝑷𝒙𝟐 + 𝑺 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

𝑏4 3 2 𝑏2 𝑏2 2
− 𝑥 ( ) + 3( )𝑥 + 𝑆 = 0
32 2 4 8

𝑏4
+𝑆 =0
32
𝑏4
− =𝑆
32

𝑏
Total load on edge y = ± and 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 0
2

𝑦4 3 2 2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 2 + 𝑆
2 2

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𝑏
At edge y = ± , x = 0
2

𝑦4 3
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = − (0)2 𝑦 2 + 𝑃(0)2 + 𝑆
2 2
𝑦4
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = +𝑆
2
𝑑𝜏𝑦𝑥 4𝑦 3
= +0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝜏𝑦𝑥
= 2𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑏
Put y = ±
2

𝑑𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑏3
= 2 ( 3)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑏3
=
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑏3
Thus, stress on edge y =
4
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Stress =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Area of plate = l2
Force = stress x area
𝑏3
F= 𝑥 𝑙2
4

𝑏3 2
F= 𝑙
4

WEEK 5 ASSIGNMENT
8.39 Determine the principal stresses in a three dimensional stress system in which:
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 40𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 60𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 50𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 30𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 20𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

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𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 10𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
Solution:
Representing in form of stress tensor
𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑝 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝑙
( 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑝 𝜎𝑦𝑧 ) (𝑚) = 0
𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 − 𝜎𝑝 𝑛

40 20 30 𝑙
(20 60 10) (𝑚) = 0
30 10 50 𝑛
Stress Invariants (𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 )
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧

𝐼1 = 40 + 60 + 50
𝐼1 = 150 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝐼2 = −(𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2

𝐼2 = −(40(60) + 60(50) + 50(40)) + 202 + 102 + 302

𝐼2 = −(2400 + 3000 + 2000) + 400 + 100 + 900
𝐼2 = −7400 + 1400 = −6000𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝐼3 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2

𝐼3 = (40𝑥60𝑥50) + 2(20)(10)(30) − 40(102 ) − 60(302 ) − 50( 202 )

𝐼3 = 120000 + 12000 − 4000 − 54000 − 20000
𝐼3 = 54000 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎𝑝 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎𝑃 2 − 𝐼2 𝜎𝑃 − 𝐼3 = 0

Substituting the values of I1, I2, and I3

𝜎𝑝 3 − 150𝜎𝑃 2 + 6000𝜎𝑃 − 54000 = 0

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𝜎𝑝1 = 12.68 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎𝑝2 = 90 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎𝑝3 = 47.32 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

WEEK 6 ASSIGNMENT
QUESTION 8.16
A certain stress system has principal stresses of 300 MN/m2, 124 MN/m2 and 56 MN/m2.
a) What will be the value of the maximum shear stress?
b) Determine the values of the shear and normal stresses on the octahedral planes.
c) If the yield stress of the material in simple tension is 240 MN/m2, will the above stress
system produce failure according to the distortion energy and maximum shear stress
criteria?

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 8.16

𝜎1 = 300𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎2 = 124𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎3 = 56𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

(a) Maximum shear stress

𝜎3 − 𝜎1
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
56 − 300
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 122 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

1
(b) 𝜎𝑜𝑐𝑡 = (𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 )
3
1
𝜎𝑜𝑐𝑡 = (300 + 124 + 56)
3
1
𝜎𝑜𝑐𝑡 = (480)
3
𝜎𝑜𝑐𝑡 = 160 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

1 1
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = ((𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 )2
3

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1 1
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = ((300 − 124)2 + (124 − 56)2 + (56 − 300)2 )2
3
1 1
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = ((176)2 + (68)2 + (244)2 )2
3
1 1
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = (95.136)2
3
1
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = (308.44)
3
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = 102.8 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

(c) Max Octahedral Shear Stress Theory of Elastic Failure

𝜎2 = 𝜎3 = 0
𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑦 = 300 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
√2
(𝜎 ) = 𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡
3 𝑦

√2
(300) = 141.42𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
3
𝜎𝑦 = 240 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
√2
(240) = 113.14𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
3
113.14𝑀𝑁
≠ 141.42𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝑚2
No, the yield stress system will not produce failure according to distortion energy.
Yes, for maximum shear stress criteria, there will be failure since 113.14 MN/m2 ≠ 141.42
MN/m2
8.40 If the stress tensor for a three dimensional stress system is as given below and one of the
principal stresses has a value of 40 MN/m2, determine the values of the three eigen vectors.
30 10 10
(10 0 20)
10 20 0
SOLUTION TO QUESTION 8.40
𝜎𝑝 = 40𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 = 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑝 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝑙

( 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑝 𝜎𝑦𝑧 ) (𝑚) = 0
𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 − 𝜎𝑝 𝑛

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30 − 40 10 10 𝑙
( 10 0 − 40 20 ) (𝑚) = 0
10 20 0 − 40 𝑛

−10 10 10 𝑙
( 10 −40 20 ) (𝑚) = 0
10 20 −40 𝑛

Find the COFACTORS

−40 20
𝑎=| | = (−40(−40) − 20(20)) = 1,200
20 −40
10 20
𝑏=| | = −(−40(10) − 20(10)) = 600
10 −40
10 −40
𝑐=| | = (10(20) − (−40)10) = 600
10 20

Direction COSINES
𝑙𝑝 = 𝑎𝑘 𝑚𝑝 = 𝑏𝑘 𝑛𝑝 = 𝑐𝑘
1
𝑘=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 3
1
𝑘=
√12002 + 6002 + 6003
1
𝑘=
√2,160,000
1
𝑘=
1,469.694
𝑘 = 6.8 × 10−4
𝑘 = 0.00068

𝑙𝑝 = 1,200 × 0.00068 = 0.816

𝑚𝑝 = 600 × 0.00068 = 0.408

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𝑛𝑝 = 600 × 0.00068 = 0.408

8.41 The stress tensor for a three dimensional stress system is given below. Determine the
magnitudes of the three prinicipal stresses and determine the eigen vectors of the major principal
stress.
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 225𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 75𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 150𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 110𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 50𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 70𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
SOLUTION TO QUESTION 8.41
Stress Invariants (𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 )
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧

𝐼1 = 225 + 75 + 150
𝐼1 = 450𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝐼2 = −(𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2

𝐼2 = −(225(75) + 75(150) + 150(225)) + 1102 + 502 + 702

𝐼2 = −(16,875 + 11,250 + 150(225)) + 1102 + 502 + 702
𝐼2 = −(225(75) + 75(150) + 150(225)) + 1102 + 502 + 702
𝐼2 = −42375 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝐼3 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2

𝐼3 = 225(75)(150) + 2(110)(50)(70) − 225(1102 ) − 75(502 ) − 150( 702 )

𝐼3 = 225(75)(150) + 2(110)(50)(70) − 225(1102 ) − 75(502 ) − 150( 702 )
𝐼3 = −55625 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

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Principal Stress (𝜎𝑝1 , 𝜎𝑝2 , 𝜎𝑝3 )

𝜎𝑝 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎𝑃 2 − 𝐼2 𝜎𝑃 − 𝐼3 = 0

Substituting the values of I1, I2, and I3

𝜎𝑝 3 − 450𝜎𝑃 2 + 42375𝜎𝑃 + 55625 = 0

8.42 The stress tensor for a three dimensional stress system is given below. Determine the
magnitudes of the three principal stresses and determine the eigen vectors of the major
principal stress.
SOLUTION TO QUESTION 8.42
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 80 15 10
𝜎
( 𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧 ) (15 0 25)
𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 10 25 0
Using characteristic equation

𝜎𝑝 3 − (𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 )𝜎𝑝 2 + [(𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ) − (𝜎𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝜎𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝜎𝑥𝑧 2 )] 𝜎𝑝
− [𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 2𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑧 + (𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑦 2 )] = 0

𝜎𝑝 3 − (80 + 0 + 0)𝜎𝑝 2 + [(80(0) + 0(0) + 0(80)) − (152 + 252 + 102 )] 𝜎𝑝

− [80(0)(0) + 2(15)(25)(10) + (80(252 ) + 0(102 ) + 0(152 ))] = 0
𝜎𝑝 3 − 80𝜎𝑝 2 − 950 𝜎𝑝 + 42,500 = 0

𝜎𝑝1 = 19.8 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎𝑝2 = −25.1 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎𝑝3 = 85.3 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 (𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)

Eigen vector of the major principal stress is obtained by substituting 85.3 into the stress tensor
𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑝 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝑙
( 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑝 𝜎𝑦𝑧 ) (𝑚) = 0
𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 − 𝜎𝑝 𝑛
80 − 85.3 15 10 𝑙
( 15 0 − 85.3 25 ) (𝑚) = 0
10 25 0 − 85.3 𝑛
−5.3 15 10 𝑙
( 15 −85.3 25 ) (𝑚) = 0
10 25 −85.3 𝑛

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Find the COFACTORS

−85.3 25
𝑎=| | = (−85.3(−85.3) − 25(25)) = 6,651.09
25 −85.3
15 25
𝑏=| | = −(10(−85.3) − 25(10)) = 1,529.5
10 −85.3
15 −85.3
𝑐=| | = (15(25) − 10(−85.3)) = 1,228
10 25

Direction COSINES
𝑙𝑝 = 𝑎𝑘 𝑚𝑝 = 𝑏𝑘 𝑛𝑝 = 𝑐𝑘
1
𝑘=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 3

1
𝑘=
√6,651.092 + 1,529.52 + 1,2283
1
𝑘=
√6,651.092 + 1,529.52 + 1,2283
1
𝑘=
√48,084,352.44
1
𝑘=
6,934.3
𝑘 = 0.000144

𝑙𝑝 = 6,651.09 × 0.000144 = 0.9592

𝑚𝑝 = 1,529.5 × 0.000144 = 0.2206

𝑛𝑝 = 1,228 × 0.000144 = 0.1771

WEEK 7 ASSIGNMENT
8.1 Given the following strains exist at a point in a three dimensional system, determine the
equivalent stresses which act at the point.

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Solution:
𝜀 = 206𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 = 206 × 103 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝑣 = 0.3
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 0.0010
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 0.0005

𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 0.0007
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 0.0002

𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 0.0008
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0.0010

Stresses in terms of strains

𝜀
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝛾
2(1 + 𝑣) 𝑥𝑦
206 × 103
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0.0002
2(1 + 0.3)
206 × 103
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0.0002
2(1.3)
206 × 103
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0.0002
2.6
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 79,230.77 × 0.0002

𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 15.85 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜀
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝛾
2(1 + 𝑣) 𝑦𝑧
206 × 103
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0.0010
2(1 + 0.3)
206 × 103
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0.0010
2(1.3)

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 [Document title]

206 × 103
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0.0010
2.6
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 79,230.77 × 0.0010

𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 79.23 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜀
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝛾
2(1 + 𝑣) 𝑧𝑥
206 × 103
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 0.0008
2(1 + 0.3)
206 × 103
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 0.0008
2(1.3)
206 × 103
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 0.0008
2.6
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 79,230.77 × 0.0008
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 63.39 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜀
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = [𝜀 + 𝑣(𝜀𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧𝑧 − 𝜀𝑥𝑥 )]
(1 + 𝑣)(1 − 2𝑣) 𝑥𝑥
206 × 103
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = [0.0010 + 0.3(0.0005 + 0.0007 − 0.0010)]
(1 + 0.3)(1 − 2(0.3))
206 × 103
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = [0.0010 + 0.3(0.0012 − 0.0010)]
(1.3)(0.4)
206 × 103
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = [0.0010 + 0.3(0.0002)]
0.52
206 × 103
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = [1.06 × 10−3 ]
0.52
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 396,153.85 × [1.06 × 10−3 ]
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 419.92𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

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𝜀
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = [𝜀 + 𝑣(𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝑧𝑧 − 𝜀𝑦𝑦 )]
(1 + 𝑣)(1 − 2𝑣) 𝑦𝑦
206 × 103
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = [0.0005 + 0.3(0.0010 + 0.0007 − 0.0005)]
(1 + 0.3)(1 − 2(0.3))
206 × 103
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = [0.0010 + 0.3(0.0017 − 0.0005)]
(1.3)(0.4)
206 × 103
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = [0.0010 + 0.3(0.0012)]
0.52
206 × 103
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = [3.6 × 10−3 ]
0.52
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 396,153.85 × [3.6 × 10−3 ]

𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 340.69𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜀
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = [𝜀 + 𝑣(𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦𝑦 − 𝜀𝑧𝑧 )]
(1 + 𝑣)(1 − 2𝑣) 𝑧𝑧
206 × 103
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = [0.0007 + 0.3(0.0010 + 0.0005 − 0.0007)]
(1 + 0.3)(1 − 2(0.3))
206 × 103
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = [0.0007 + 0.3(0.0015 − 0.0007)]
(1.3)(0.4)
206 × 103
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = [0.0010 + 0.3(0.0008)]
0.52
206 × 103
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = [9.4 × 10−3 ]
0.52
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 396,153.85 × [9.4 × 10−3 ]
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 372.38𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

8.2 The following Cartesian stresses act at a point in a body subjected to a complex loading
system. If 𝐸 = 206𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 = 206 × 103 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 and v = 0.3, determine the equivalent strains
present.
𝑣 = 0.3
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 225𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 75 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

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 [Document title]

𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 150𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 110𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 50 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 70 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2

Strains in terms of stress

1
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = [𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 )]
𝜀
1
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = [225 − 0.3(75 + 150)]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = [225 − 0.3(225)]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = [225 − 67.5]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = [157.5]
206 × 103
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 7.65 × 10−4
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 0.0000765
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 765 × 10−6

1
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = [𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 )]
𝜀
1
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = [75 − 0.3(225 + 150)]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = [75 − 0.3(375)]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = [75 − 112.5]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = [−37.5]
206 × 103
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = −1.82 × 10−4

𝜀𝑦𝑦 = −0.0000182

38 | P a g e
 [Document title]

𝜀𝑦𝑦 = −182 × 10−6

1
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = [𝜎𝑧𝑧 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 )]
𝜀
1
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = [150 − 0.3(225 + 75)]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = [150 − 0.3(300)]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = [150 − 90]
206 × 103
1
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = [60]
206 × 103
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 2.91 × 10−4
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 0.0000291
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 291 × 10−6

2(1 + 𝑣)
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜀
2(1 + 0.3)
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 110
206 × 103
2.6
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 110
206 × 103
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 0.139 × 10−4

𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 0.0000139

𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 139 × 10−6

2(1 + 𝑣)
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜀
2(1 + 0.3)
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 50
206 × 103

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 [Document title]

2.6
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 50
206 × 103
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 6.31 × 10−4

𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0.0000631

𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 631 × 10−6

2(1 + 𝑣)
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜀
2(1 + 0.3)
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 70
206 × 103
2.6
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 70
206 × 103
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 8.83 × 10−4
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 0.0000883
𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 883 × 10−6

8.30 Determine whether the following strain fields are compatible

(a)
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 + 1
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑧 + 2

𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 1
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 8𝑥𝑦

𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 0
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0

𝑑2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦

= +
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧
= + These are the six (6) compatibility equations
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 2

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 [Document title]

𝑑2 𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥

= +
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
2 = [ + − ]
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
2 = [ + − ]
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
2 = [− + + ]
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Condition 1
𝑑2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑2
= 8𝑥𝑦 = 8
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑2
= 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 6
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2
= 2 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑧 + 2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦
∴ = +
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2
8=6+2
Condition satisfied

Condition 2
𝑑2 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑2
= 0=0
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2
= 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑧 + 2 = 0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2
= 2 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 1 = 0
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧
∴ = +
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 2
0=0+0

41 | P a g e
 [Document title]

Condition satisfied

Condition 3
𝑑2 𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑2
= 0=0
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2
= 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 1 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑2
= 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑2 𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥
∴ = +
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 2
0=0+0
Condition satisfied

Condition 4
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑2
2 =2 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 2(0) = 0
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑
= 8𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑
= 0=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
= 0=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
[ + − ]= [0 + 0 − 0] = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
∴2 = [ + − ]
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0=0
Condition satisfied

Condition 5

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 [Document title]

𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2
2 =2 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑧 + 1 = 2(0) = 0
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑
= 8𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑
= 0=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
= 0=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
[ + − ]= [0 + 0 − 0] = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
∴2 = [ + − ]
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0=0
Condition satisfied

Condition 6
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2
2 =2 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 1 = 2(0) = 0
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑
= 8𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑
= 0=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
= 0=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
[− + + ]= [−0 + 0 + 0] = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
∴2 = [− + + ]
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0=0
Condition satisfied
Since the compatibility equation for the six (6) conditions was satisfy, the strain
fields are said to be compatible [𝑌𝐸𝑆]

43 | P a g e
 [Document title]

(b)
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 3

𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 3𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦𝑧 + 2

𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦

𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 2𝑦

𝑑2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦

= +
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧
= + These are the six (6) compatibility equations
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑2 𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥
= +
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
2 = [ + − ]
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
2 = [ + − ]
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
2 = [− + + ]
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Condition 1
𝑑2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑2
= 6𝑥𝑦 = 6
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑2
= 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 6
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2
= 2 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 3 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦
∴ = +
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2

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 [Document title]

6=6+0
Condition satisfied
Condition 2
𝑑2 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑2
= 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2
= 2 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 3 = 0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2
= 3𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦𝑧 + 2 = 0
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑2 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧
∴ = +
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 2
0=0+0
Condition satisfied

Condition 3
𝑑2 𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑2
= 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2
= 3𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦𝑧 + 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑2
= 2 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑑2 𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥
∴ = +
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 2
0=0+0
Condition satisfied

Condition 4
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑2
2 =2 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 2(0) = 0
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑
= 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧

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 [Document title]

𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑
= 2𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
= 2𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
[ + − ]= [0 + 2 − 2] = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
∴2 = [ + − ]
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0=0
Condition satisfied
Condition 5
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑2
2 =2 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 3 = 2(0) = 0
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑
= 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑
= 2𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
= 2𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
[ + − ]= [0 + 2 − 2] = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
∴2 = [ + − ]
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0=0
Condition satisfied
Condition 6
𝑑 2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑2
2 =2 3𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦𝑧 + 2 = 2(2) = 4
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑
= 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑
= 2𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

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 [Document title]

𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
= 2𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑
[− + + ]= [−0 + 2 + 2] = 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧
∴2 = [− + + ]
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0=0
Condition satisfied
Since the compatibility equation for the six (6) conditions were satisfied, the
strain fields are said to be compatible [𝑌𝐸𝑆]

8.33 Explain what is meant by the following terms and discuss their significance
a) Octahedral planes and stresses
b) Hydrostatic and deviatoric stresses
c) Plastic limit design
d) Compatibility

a) Octahedral planes are planes which consist of 8 sided figure which cuts across the corners
of a principal element to produce the octahedron. Octahedral stresses are stresses which
act normal to the planes in a complex three dimensional stress system. These are usually
three mutually perpendicular principal stresses. The normal stresses acting on each of the
octahedral planes are equal in value and tend to compress or enlarge the octahedron
without distorting its shape. The octahedral shear stress has a particular significance in
relation to the elastic failure of materials. Whilst its value is always smaller than the
greatest numerical (principal) shear stress, it nevertheless has a value which is influenced
by all three principal stress values and has been shown to be a reliable criterion for
predicting yielding under complex loading conditions.
b) Hydrostatic stresses are stresses measured from selected datum stress or false zero which
produces only a change in volume but no distortion in shape. The stress components are
equal in all directions. Hydrostatic stresses can be expressed as:
1
i. 𝜎 = (𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 )
3
On the other hand, deviatoric stresses are the additional terms required to make up the
hydrostatic stress values from the datum to the absolute value. It is the difference
between the normal and hydrostatic stresses.

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 [Document title]

c) Compatibility of a stress or strain field is examined using the compatibility equation. They
are used to check voids or discontinuities in a strain or stress field. The compatibility
equations for a strain field are:

𝑑 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦

= + …………………………………………………. (i)
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑 2 𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑧𝑧

= + ………………………………………………….. (ii)
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 2

𝑑 2 𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥

= + ………………………………………………….. (iii)
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 2

𝑑 2 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧

2 = [ + − ] ……………………………………… (iv)
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧

2 = [ + − ] ……………………………………… (v)
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝑑 𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝛾𝑦𝑧

2 = [− + + ] ……………………………………. (vi)
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

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