Physio

Resistance Parallel→ 1/R+....

Velocity/Cross sect. V=Q/a

Inulin→ ECF Volume.

TBW→60% (42L)

ICF→40% → TBW-ECF

ECFV→20%

ISFV→16% ECF-Plasma

Plasma→4% (1/4 ECF)

Alveolar Vent. Rate→ RR x (Tidal-Deadspace)

Hb A→F→S→C electrophoresis

Oocytes→ Arrested Prophase of 1st meiosis.

CN IX/X Afferent CV control. If severed→ False BP drop→ Reflex HTN/Tachy.

Estrogen → Inhibits GnrH, LH, FSH. →No Estrogen→ Increase in LH, FSH, GNRH

Progesterone → produced by corpus luteum in response to LH/FSH.

HcG→ sustains progesterone production.

Starling → (Pc-PIF)-(πc-πif)

Gastrin, ACh, histamine→ HCL production

PGE2,Somatostatin→ Inh. HCL

Aldosterone→H Secretion

AngioT2→H secretion. (activated when Pressure decreases)

MMC(migrating motor complex)→decrease intestinal bacteria

Veins/venules→ 46% total Blood vol.

Troponin →Ca activation sk.msc contracticon

Creatine Phos,myoglob o2, atp →decreases in excercise

Systolic→As,Ps,MR,TR,vsd,mvp

Diastolic→Ms/ts,AR/PR

Ghrelin→Stomach→Hunger→Lateral Hyp.

Leptin→Adipose→Satiety→Vmed Hypo
CAH→starts w/ 1 causes HTN, Ends w/1 Virilization 21,11→17.

ZE→Gastrinoma→Dx. →Secretin which inhibits gastrin.

Gastric acid→ + by gastrin, histamine, vagal, ACh. (-) by somatostat,secretin, gip, PGe.

α-fetoprotein→HCC

Gilbert syn→low UDP gluco→mild jaundice

Crigler 1→Absent UDP-Gluco→Jaundice,kernicterus→2→less severe(phenobarbital tx.)

Dubin→Conjugated→Black liver.

Rotor→Mild, no black liver.

Physio Equations

SV→ EDV-ESV

EF→SV/EDV→EDV-ESV/EDV

CO→SV * HR

CO→O2 Consump/ AO2-VenO2 content.

Vo2→CO*Ca-Cv

PP→SBP-DBP

MAP-RAP→CO*TPR (Resting→2/3DBP+1/3SBP

TPR→(MAP-RAP)/CO

P→Q*R (q=v*a)= Q=flow A=x-sect area

Renal Cl. Cx→(Ux)(V)/Px

GFR→Uinulin*V/Pinulin=Cl inulin (N=100)

eRPF (PAH Cl)→Upah*V/Ppah

RBF→RPF/1-Hct (20-25% CO)

Plasma Vol→TBV*1-Hct.

Filtered Load→GFR*Px

If freely Filtered→Exc. Rate→ GFR*Plasma conc.

Excretion Rate→V*Ux

Reabs rate→filtered-excreted.

Sec rate→Excreted-Filtered
IC→IRV+TV

RV→TLC-VC

FRC→ ERV+RV

VC→TV+IRV+ERV

TLC→IRV+TV+ERV+RV→IC+FRC

Minute vent→Ve→Vt*RR

Alveolar Vent→Vt-Vd*RR

Odds Ratio→ad/bc

RR→ a/a+b/c/c+d

CFR→deaths÷cases *100

Incidence→#new cases/#ppl at risk

Prevalence→#existing cases/total#ppl

Vd→amt drug in body/Plasma conc drug

CL→rate elimination/plasma drg conc.

t1/2→0.7*Vd/CL

Loading dose→Cp*Vd/F

Maint. Dose→Cp*CL*tau/F

Pharm

Cyclosporine→nephrotoxicity (calcineurin inh)

a1→vasoconstriction/MAP increase

B1→ +HR

B2→ vasodilation -MAP

M2→ -HR

M3→bv +vasodilation.

tmp-smx→Uti allergic to pnc.

Triptans→migraines

trihexy+tca→adv. eff.→antimuscarinis

Inhibitin 1 receptor of gastric acid →diminishes response to any gastric secretor

NR(a1,a2,b2 ago)→ HR-→P++

EPI(a/b1/2a go)→+HR→+P

Isopro(b1/b2 ago)→++HR→-P

atropine→+HR→no change P

Phentolamine(a1/2 anta)→+HR→-P

Propanolol(b1/2anta)→-HR→-BP

Malignant Hyper→dantroline (RyReceptor)

Metoclopramide→anti emetic, laxative→Parkinson

Lactulose→acidify and decrease ammonia abs.

Colchine→act. gout →inh leukocyte migration & phago

metormin→lactic acidosis→contra in renal dysfx

insulin glargine→ t2bm w/ contra Po hypoglycemics

Cyclophosmamide→alkylating→hemorraghe cystitis→tx. Mesna

oxybutynin→urinary incontinence

Octreotide→Carcinoid syn. tx

TRIPTAN→Migraines

Benzos→Status epilepticus.

Abciximab→antiplt

infliximab→RA/CD→TNF

Basilli→blocks il2

rituximab→NHL→surface protein.

bleomycin→lung fibrosis

5fluorouracil→thyminie

Flutamide→Androgen rec antagonist→inh tumor growth

Thiazolidinediones→ones→inc. insulin sensitivity,inc hdl, dec c-rx. PPAR.→hepatotoxic

trazodone→priapism.

doxyrubicin→cardiotoxic

Tolterodine→neurogenic bladder

Initiation complex→Aminoglyc,Linezolid
Aminoacid incorporation→Tetra/pristine(acceptor site)

Peptide bond formation→Chloramp.→P-transf

Transloc→macro/clinda→transloc p-trna

Micro

Histoplasma→ Intracellular yeast. Missisipi. AIDS CD<100, 2-5um no capsule.

CMV→ Blue-berrymuffin baby,Calcifications, retina inflam. →- heterophile.

P. Jiro →A.Pneumo→Methamine Blue→Extra Cell Fungus

Vibrio- Alkaline/Acid labile. TCBS

C.Albicans→ Hyphae short. Dx. Germtube Test

Cryptococcus Neo→Budding encapsulated yeast. Dx→Latex agglut.

C.Tracho→Iodine/Giemsa intraepithelial inclusion bodies.

RMSF/Francisella-Dermacentor Tick.

Rna Virus→ Cytoplasm Replication (Except Retro/Orthomyxo)

Dna Viruses→Nuclei Replication(Except pox)

B.Pertussis→ Causes Hypoglycemia

Clonorchis sinensis→ Liver Fluke→Gallstones, HA, Cirrhosis.

Schistosoma Haematobium→Blood Fluke→Bladder Disease.

EBV→Burkit,HL,Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Asp→ 45° branched hyphae, Neutropenic

Murcomycosis/Zygomycetes→90° angle/Diabetic pts.

Diptheria toxin→ Translation EF-2

Segmented→ Orthomyxo,reo,buyna,arena.

K. Pneumo→ Lobar Cavitation

UTI→ Leuko Esterase(+)=Enterococcus/S.aureus

C. Perfringens→α-toxin
Immuno

WAS→(WASP gene)XR→TIE→ ↓IgG/IgM

Type I→IgG. hay,Venom,anaphylaxis,allergy

T2→Cytot→igg/m→DIHA,Transfusion,GP,RF

T2NC→igg→Myast,Graves,T2BM

T3→ImmuneComplex→SLE,PN,PSGN,Arthrx

T4→PPD,MS,RA,hashimoto,Contact Derm,GVHD

Gran w/polyangitis -c-anca

Churg→p-anca

DSS→Antiscl70

LSS→Anticentro

Sjorgren→Anti ss(a)Ro/ss-B(la)

SLE→Anti-dsdna

DISLE→Antihistone.

CD14 MΦ

CD3→T-cells

CD19-20→B Cells

CD16/56- NK Cells.

CD40L-Th2 Cell-For class Switching.

CD40→B-Cells

LAD→CD11/18ß-2subunits. LFA-1→Delayed umbilical cord separation.

Anti-Sm→SLE

Marfan→FBN-1(AD) Extracelprot

Syphilis→Macro(Granuloma)

Th1→Intracellular organism→M0,CTL,NK.

Graft Rejection→T Cell Supp.

CGD→NADPH Ox.→Nitroblue Tetrazolium→S.aureus,Asp,Nocardia,Salmo

Rheu.Factor→Fc of IgG
CVID→Onset:Adulthood, low Ig, Mature B-cell.

DiGeorges=Hypocalcemia,No IV Hypersensitivity, HyperTelorism, short philtrum.

Path:

MI→24hr→Neutrophils,Coag. Necrosis

72hrs→Inflam. w/ Necro→Pericarditis

3-14 days→Macroph+granulation→Wall rupture→tamponade.

2weeks→Contracted scar.

6hrs→Troponin.

CK-MB→reinfarction

MI location→Anteroseptal (LAD) V1-V2

HOCM→myosin Binding prot C,ß-myosin→sarcomeres in parallel→myofib disarray.

Takayasu→ Female, Pulseless.

TAO(Buerger)→Male, smokers-Amputation+Raynaud

PAN→Men+Hep B(+),Melena,HTN,renal dmg.

Churg-strauss(Eosin)→P-anca→Neuropathy,asthma.

Wegener(Granulomatosis w/Poly)→URTI,hematuria,hemoptysis→C-ANCA→Focal nerotizing,granulomas

lung, Glomeruloneph.

IGA Vasc→Henoch-Scho→IgA complex immune→URI→Purpura,Arthralgia,Abd.Pain.

Micro Poly→P-ANCA→Necro Vasc+lung+Kidney+Glomeruloneph, No URT.

Microcyt→TAIL→thalass,AOCD,Iron def,Lead poison.

Macro→Megalo→Folate,B12, orotic,fanconi.

Lead→Ferroche/ala→Inc. protoporph

AIP→ALA/Porph deaminase→5P

Porph Cut. tarda→Uroporph decarb→cutaneus, As.Hep C→Alcohol consumpt.

Bernard Soul→ Dec. gp1b→Defect plt adhesion

Glazman→low gp2b3a→defect aggreg

ITP→Anti-gp2b3a

ttp→Adamts13 def→Inc. vWF→plt adh/agg→thrombi. Pentad (thrombocyto,maha,kidney,neuro,fever)

Hus→Shiga toxin (EHEC)→Bloody diarrhea

MM→CRAB→M spike(IgG) Roulaux RBC, Fried egg plasma cell. → Bone M>10% Plasma cells

MGUS→Bone marrow <10%, no CRAB.

ALL→TdT+/CD10

CLL→Smudge cells→DLBCL (can progress)

Hairy→TRAP stain+→Hairy cells→Drytap→Splenomegaly/Pancytopenia.

APL→Auer rods,mpo +,Down synd. APL(15;17)-Trans retinoic acid.

CML→phil t(9,22)Bcr-ABL,low LAP

Osteosarcoma→Cod triangle, sunburst xray

Ewing→15yrs old→Femur→ t(11.22)

Diffuse scleroderma→Anti-Scl70

Crest→Finger face only. (anticentromere)

Lynch→Dna Mismatch.

Fragil X→MVP FMR1gene, cgg

MM→IgG light chain

Sarcoid→Histiocytes, noncas grnulomas.

Melanoma→s100.HMB45

NF1→P nerves,cafe au lait

Mallory bodies→Cytoplasmic/Hyaline inclusions alcoholic.

Pineal tumor→Vertical gaze paralysis

EBV→Nasopharyngeal tumor→Burkitts.

Lung→Adreanal mets

VHL→ brain,rcc,pheocrom

Papillary carcinoma→Psammoma bodies.

Med thyroid carcin→para follic→calcitonin

I.Ductal Car→glandular surrounded by desmoplastic stromal

Colloid(mucin)Car→Malignant+Mucin

Invasive Lobular→Single file

Medullary→Sheets tumor cells+lymphoplasmacytic

CA-125→Ovarian cancermarker

Yolk sac tumor (children)→α-fetoprotein(shiller duval)

choriocarcinoma→(teratoma 2%) ßHcg→test enlargement

Embryonal→test enlarge w/ mets, αfetoprot

Seminoma→nuclear atypia

Leydig→unilateral→gynecomastia

Sertoli→unilateral

Testes→Drain para-aortic lymphs

Leyomioma→Sm muscle tumor on myometrium.

Breast trauma→Fat necrosis

Basal Carcinoma→palisading nuclei, pearly papules w central ulceration.

Meigs syndrom→Ovarian fibroma→hydrothorax, ascites.

BIOQ

VG=G6Pase→Hptmgl,hypogly,seizures,hyprl

Pompei→α1-4.glucsidase→cardiomeg,musc weak

Cori→Debranching→hypogly,hepatomg

Mcardle→Myophosp→cramp/weak on excer, myoglobinuria

Hers→GlycPhosp→Fast hypo,hptmg,cirrhosis

Hxominidase A= Tay= neuro det,cherry rdspots

Lesch-nyhan→XR→HPRT Def.→Palsy, hand bite,hypruricemia, renal fail. (monoNA urate increased)

PKU=Microceph, intelect disablty

Gout→Sodium Urate→yellow/parallel

pseudogout→CPP→Blue/parallel + birfring

Leadpoison- ALA Dehydratase→anemia→Tx EDTA/dimecaprol.

MCAD Def→Acc C8-C10→Low Atp→↑ NH3→hypogly→hypoketon

Pyr Kinase Def→ AR→inc. 2bpg→hemolytic anemia

Tyr→TyrHdxylase→Ldopa→DopaDecarb→ Dopa→Dopßhydro→Nore→PNMT→Epi
EssAmino→PVT TIM HALL

Cgalactosemia→Galt.Def→cataracts,liver,intelet,growth fail.

Nonclassic→galactokinase→cataract

CalciumBilirubinate→Stones in SS Anemia

Aldolase B def→Hypogly,Hyperuricemia,Lac Acidosis, Inc. F1P.

G6PD- Heinz, bite cells (degma)