ANATOMY

AND
PHYSIOLOGY

THE HUMAN AS AN ORGANISMS

 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
THE HUMAN BODY HAS MANY INTRICATE PARTS WITH
COORDINATED FUNCTIONS MAINTAINED BY A COMPLEX
CHECKS AND BALANCES.
KNOWING HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ALSO
PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR UNDERSTANDING DISEASE.

BASIC
CONCEPTS IN ANATOMY IS THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURES AND SHAPE
ANAPHY OF THE BODY AND ITS PARTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO
ONE ANOTHER.

PHYSIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF HOW THE BODY AND ITS

PARTS WORK AND FUNCTION. IT DEALS WITH THE
PROCESSES OR FUNCTIONS OF LIVING THINGS.
 SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY- IS THE
STUDY OF BODY BY SYSTEMS, SUCH
AS THE CARDIOVASCULAR,
NERVOUS, SKELETAL, AND
TWO BASIC MUSCULAR SYSTEM.
APPROACHES
TO THE STUDY REGIONAL ANATOMY- IS THE STUDY
OF ANATOMY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
OF AREAS. WITHIN EACH REGION,
SUCH AS THE HEAD, ABDOMEN, OR
ARM. THIS IS THE APPROACH TAKEN
IN MOST MEDICAL AND DENTAL
SCHOOLS.
 SURFACE ANATOMY- IS THE
TWO STUDY OF EXTERNAL FEATURES,
GENERAL SUCH AS THE BONY
WAYS IN PROJECTIONS, WHICH SERVE AS
LANDMARKS FOR LOCATING
EXAMINING DEEPER STRUCTURES.
THE
EXTERNAL ANATOMICAL IMAGING-
INVOLVES THE USED OF X- RAYS,
STRUCTURE ULTRASOUND, MAGNETIC
OF A LIVING RESONANCE IMAGING, AND
PERSON OTHER TECH. TO CREATE
PICTURES.
STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION OF
OUR BODY

o CHEMICAL LEVEL
o CELL LEVEL
o TISSUE LEVEL
o ORGAN LEVEL
o ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
o ORGANISM LEVEL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIFE

o ORGANIZATION
o METABOLISM
o RESPONSIVENESS
o GROWTH
o DEVELOPMENT
o REPRODUCTION
ORGAN
SYSTEM IN
OUR BODY
 INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

o Provides protection, regulates

temperature, prevents water
loss, and helps produce vitamin
D. Consists of skin, hair, nails,
and sweat glands.
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
o Provides protection and
support, allows body
movements, produces blood
cells, and stores minerals and
adipose. Consists of bones,
associated cartilages,
ligaments, and joints.
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
o Produces body movements,
maintains posture, and produces
body heat. Consists of muscles
attached to the skeleton by tendons.
 NERVOUS
SYSTEM
o A major regulatory system that
detects sensations and controls
movements, physiological
processes, and intellectual
functions. Consists of the brain,
spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptors.
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
o A major regulatory system that
influences metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and many other
functions. Consists of glands, such
as the pituitary, that secrete
hormones.
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

o Transports nutrients, waste

products, gases, and
hormones throughout the
body; plays a role in the
immune response and the
regulation of body
temperature. Consists of the
heart, blood vessels, and
blood.
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
o Removes foreign substances from
the blood and lymph, combats
disease, maintains tissue fluid
balance, and absorbs dietary fats
from the digestive tract. Consists of
the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
and other lymphatic organs.
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
o Exchanges oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the
blood and air and regulates
blood pH. Consists of the
lungs and respiratory
passages.
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
o Provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water loss,
and helps produce vitamin D.
Consists of skin, hair, nails, and
sweat glands.
URINARY
SYSTEM
o Removes waste products
from the blood and regulates
blood pH, ion balance, and
water balance. Consists of
the kidneys, urinary bladder,
and ducts that carry urine.
 FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
o Produces oocytes and is the site of
fertilization and fetal
development; produces milk for
the newborn; produces hormones
that influence sexual function and
behaviors. Consists of the ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary glands, and associated
structures.
 MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
o Produces and transfers sperm cells
to the female and produces
hormones that influence sexual
functions and behaviors. Consists
of the testes, accessory structures,
ducts, and penis.
THE PROCESS OF
HOMEOSTASIS
o Homeostasis (hō′mē-ō-stā′sis) is the
existence and maintenance of a
relatively constant environment
within the body.
 TYPES OF FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Positive-feedback mechanisms occur when a THREE COMPONENTS

response to the original stimulus results in the
1. RECEPTOR
deviation from the set point becoming even
greater. At times, this type of response is required 2. CONTROL CENTER
to re-achieve homeostasis
EFFECTOR
TERMINOLOGY
AND BODY
PLANS
TERMINOLOGY
AND BODY
PLANS

Anatomical position refers to

a person standing erect with the
face directed forward, the
upper limbs hanging to the
sides, and the palms of the
hands facing forward.

A person is supine when lying

face upward and prone when
lying face downward.
 Right and left are used as directional terms in anatomical terminology. Up is replaced by superior, down by inferior, front by anterior, and
back by posterior.
 In humans, superior is interchangeable by cephalic and anterior by caudal.
 Ventral means belly and dorsal means back. Proximal means nearest and distal means distant. Medial means toward the mead line while
lateral means away from the mead line.
 Superficial describes a structure close to the surface of the body, and deep is toward the interior of the body.
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE BODY CONSISTS OF THE HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK.