LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1V Define anatomy and physiology.

2 Describe the body’s six levels of structural organization.

3v List the 11 systems of the human body, representative organs

present in each, and their general functions.

4 Define the important life processes of the human body..

diseases.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
5V Define homeostasis

6 Describe the body’s six levels of structural organization.

7v Describe the components of a feedback system.

8 Contrast the operation of negative and positive feedback

systems.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
9V Explain how homeostatic imbalances are related to disorders.
DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

ANATOMY

 the science of body structures and the relationships among

them

 first studied by dissection

 the careful cutting apart of body structures
DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

relationships among them

 relative location
 superficial or deep
 medial or lateral
 inferior or superior
DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

dissection
DEFINITION OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

 the science of body functions—how the body parts work.

DEFINITION OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

 provide the foundation for understanding the body’s parts and

functions.
The structure of a part of the body often reflects
it’s functions.
EXAMPLE #1: The bones of the skull join tightly to form a rigid case
that protects the brain.
The structure of a part of the body often reflects
it’s functions.
EXAMPLE #2: The bones of the fingers are more loosely joined to
allow a variety of movements
The structure of a part of the body often reflects
it’s functions.
EXAMPLE #3: The walls of the air sacs in the lungs are very thin,
permitting rapid movement of inhaled oxygen into the blood.
Levels of Structural Organization of the Body
Levels of structural organization of the body:

Levels of organization of a language

VS

Levels of Structural Organization

Levels of structural organization of the body:
Levels of organization of a language Levels of structural organization of the
human body

letters Atom/molecule
words cells
phrases tissues
sentences organs
paragraphs systems
stories human organism
The Eleven Systems of the Human Body:
The eleven systems of the human body:
#1
The eleven systems of the human body:
#2
The eleven systems of the human body:
#3
The eleven systems of the human body:
#4
The eleven systems of the human body:
#5
The eleven systems of the human body:
#6
The eleven systems of the human body:
#7
The eleven systems of the human body:
#8
The eleven systems of the human body:
#9
The eleven systems of the human body:
# 10
The eleven systems of the human body:
# 11
Characteristics of the Living
Human Organism
Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

Basic Life Processes

1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

Basic Life Processes

1. Metabolism

 the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

catabolism
- breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler
components.

anabolism
- building up of complex chemical substances from
smaller, simpler components.
Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

Basic Life Processes

2. Responsiveness

 the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

Basic Life Processes

3. Movement

 motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells,

and even tiny structures inside cells
Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

Basic Life Processes

4. Growth

 an increase in body size that results from an increase in

the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of
cells, or both.
Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

Basic Life Processes

5. Differentiation

 the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a

specialized state.
Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

Basic Life Processes

6. Reproduction

 refers either to

(1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or

replacement, or

(2) the production of a new individual

Homeostasis
Homeostasis
 is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
body’s internal environment.

 due to ceaseless interplay of the body’s many regulatory

systems.

 is a dynamic condition
Homeostasis

Homeostasis and Body Fluids

 proper functioning of body cells depends on precise

regulation of the composition of their surrounding fluid.

Because extracellular fluid surrounds the cells of the body, it

serves as the body’s internal environment.

By contrast, the external environment of the body is the

space that surrounds the entire body
Homeostasis

Control of Homeostasis

 the body has many regulating systems that can usually

bring the internal environment back into balance
Homeostasis

Control of Homeostasis

 body can regulate its internal environment through many

feedback systems
Homeostasis

Control of Homeostasis

FEEDBACK SYSTEM OR FEEDBACK LOOP

 a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition

is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored,
reevaluated, and so on.
Homeostasis

Control of Homeostasis

FEEDBACK SYSTEM: Components

1. receptor

2. control center

3. effector
Homeostasis

Control of Homeostasis

FEEDBACK SYSTEM: Components

1. receptor

 body structure that monitors changes in a controlled

condition and sends input to a control center.
Homeostasis

Control of Homeostasis

FEEDBACK SYSTEM: Components

2. control center

 sets the narrow range or set point within which a

controlled condition should be maintained

 evaluates the input it receives from receptors

 generates output commands when they are needed

Homeostasis

Control of Homeostasis

FEEDBACK SYSTEM: Components

3. effector

 a body structure that receives output from the control

center and produces a response or effect that changes
the controlled condition.
Homeostasis

Operation of a Feedback System

 Homeostasis
Negative Feedback System

A negative feedback system reverses

a change in a controlled condition
 Homeostasis
Positive Feedback System

A positive feedback system tends to

strengthen or reinforce a change in one
of the body’s controlled conditions.
Homeostasis

Homeostatic Imbalances

 the normal balance among all of the body’s processes

may be disturbed should one or more components of the
body lose their ability to contribute to homeostasis.
Homeostasis

Homeostatic Imbalances

Disease
 a more specific term for an illness characterized by a
recognizable set of signs and symptoms.

local disease
- affects one part or a limited region of the body

systemic disease
- affects either the entire body or several parts of it
Basic Anatomical
Terminology
 Basic Anatomical Terminology

1. Body Positions
2. Regional Names
3. Directional Terms
4. Planes and Sections
5. Body Cavities
6. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Body Positions

Anatomical Position
 subject stands erect
 facing the observer
 with the head level and the eyes facing directly
forward.
 lower limbs are parallel
 feet are flat on the floor and directed forward,
 upper limbs are at the sides with the
palms turned forward
Basic Anatomical
Terminology
Body Positions

Anatomical Position
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Body Positions

Prone Position Supine Position

 Body lying facedown  Body lying facedown
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Regional Names

 head
 skull
 face
 neck
 trunk
 upper limbs
 lower limbs
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Regional Names
 Basic Anatomical
Terminology
Regional Names

Anterior View
 Basic Anatomical
Terminology
Regional Names

Posterior View
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Directional Terms

 To locate various body structures, anatomists use specific

directional terms, words that describe the position of one
body part relative to another.

 precisely locate various parts of the body relative to one

another.

 Several directional terms are grouped in pairs that have

opposite meanings,

Eg. anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Superior (cephalic or cranial)
 Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.

a. superior view of the skull b. The heart is superior to

the liver
Inferior (caudal)
 Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.

a. The stomach is inferior b. The inferior aspect of the

to the lungs. skull
Anterior (ventral)
 Nearer to or at the front of the body.

a. The sternum (breastbone) b. The anterior view of the

is anterior to the heart. forearm
Posterior (dorsal)
 Nearer to or at the back of the body.

a. The esophagus (food b. The image shows the

tube) is posterior to the posterior parts of the
trachea (windpipe). body.
Medial
 Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that
divides the body into equal right and left sides).

a. The ulna is medial to the b. In this picture, you can see

radius. the medial collateral
ligament of the left knee.
Lateral
 Farther from the midline

a. The lungs are lateral to b. The arrow points to

the heart. the lateral aspect of
the right eye.
Intermediate
 Between two structures.

The transverse colon is intermediate to the

ascending and descending colons.
Ipsilateral
 On the same side of the body as another structure.

The appendix and ascending colon are ipsilateral.

Contralateral
 On the opposite side of the body from another
structure.

The ascending and descending colons are contralateral.

Proximal
 Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk;
nearer to the origination of a structure.

The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius.

.
 Distal
 Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk;
farther from the origination of a structure.

The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones).
Superficial
 Toward or on the surface of the body.

The ribs are superficial to the lungs.

Deep (Internal)
 Away from the surface of the body.

The dermis is deep to the epidermis.

Basic Anatomical
Terminology

Directional Terms

 precisely locate
various parts of
the body relative
to one another
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes and Sections
Planes

 imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.

Section

 is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one

of the planes.
IMPORTANCE:
 to understand the anatomical relationship of one part to another
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes Sections
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes

1. sagittal plane

2. transverse plane

3. frontal plane

4. oblique plane
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes

1. sagittal plane
 is a vertical plane that divides the that divides the body
into equal left and right sides.

A. midsagittal plane or median plane

B. midline
C. parasagittal plane
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes
1. sagittal plane

A. midsagittal plane or median plane

 occurs when sagittal plane passes

through the midline of the body or an
organ and divides it into equal right
and left sides
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes
1. sagittal plane

B. midline

 is an imaginary vertical line that divides

the body into equal left and right sides.
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes
1. sagittal plane

C. parasagittal plane

 occurs if the sagittal plane does not

pass through the midline but instead
divides the body or an organ into
unequal right and left sides
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes

2. frontal plane

 divides the body or an organ into

anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions

 also known as coronal plane

Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes

3. transverse plane

 divides the body or an organ into

superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
portions

 also known as a cross-sectional or

horizontal plane
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes

4. oblique plane

 passes through the body or an organ

at an oblique angle (any angle other
than a 90-degree
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Planes

NOTE:

 Sagittal, frontal, and

transverse planes are all at right
angles to one another.
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Body Cavities

 Body cavities are spaces that enclose internal organs.

 Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate

the various body cavities from one another.
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Body Cavities
 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
1. Abdominopelvic Regions

 two horizontal and two vertical lines, aligned like a tic-

tac-toe grid, partition the abdominopelvic cavity into
nine abdominopelvic regions
2. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

 formed by a midsagittal and a transverse lines that

passed through the umbilicus
Basic Anatomical Terminology
1. Abdominopelvic Regions

 two horizontal and two

vertical lines, aligned like a tic-
tac-toe grid, partition the
abdominopelvic cavity into
nine abdominopelvic regions
Basic Anatomical Terminology
2. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

formed by a midsagittal and a

transverse lines that passed
through the umbilicus
Medical Imaging
Medical Imaging

 refers to techniques and procedures used to create

images of the human body

 Various types of medical imaging allow visualization of

structures inside our bodies and are increasingly helpful
for precise diagnosis of a wide range of anatomical and
physiological disorders.
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