ANATOMI FISIOLOGI

MANUSIA

DOSEN PENGAMPU : NINA IMANIAR

MINGGU 1
AGUSTUS 2021
 INDIKATOR PENILAIAN

• Jumlah SKS : 2 sks

• Jumlah pertemuan : maksimal 12 X perkuliahan, 1 X UTS , dan 1 X UAS
• Indikator Penilaian :
1. Kreativitas : kemauan untuk menyampaikan pendapat, kemampuan menjawab pertanyaan, dan keaktifan
dalam diskusi kelompok dan kelas (Bobot 15 poin)
2. Tugas : membuat resume laporan diskusi kelompok dan kasus pekerjaan rumah, presentasi ( bobot 20 poin)
3. Kedisiplinan : Mengumpulkan tugas tepat waktu, kehadiran tepat waktu, jumlah kehadiran (bobot 15 poin)
4. UTS : ( bobot 25 poin)
5. UAS : (bobot 25 poin)
 OVERVIEW

• Two branches of science—anatomy and physiology—provide the foundation for understanding

the body’s parts and functions.
• Anatomy (a-NAT-oˉ-me¯; ana- up; -tomy process of cutting) is the science of body structures
and the relationships among them.
• physiology (fiz-e¯-OL-oˉ-je¯; physio- nature; -logy study of) is the science of body functions
—how the body parts work.
• The structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions. For example, the bones of the
skull join tightly to form a rigid case that protects the brain. The bones of the fingers are more
loosely joined to allow a variety of movements
BRANCH OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Embriology Neurophysiology

Developmental
Biology Endocrinology

Cell Biology Cardiovascular

phys.
Histology
immunology
Gross Anatomy
Brc of Anatomy Brc of Physiology Respiraory phys.
Systemic
Anatomy
Renal Phys.
Regional
Anatomy
Exercise phys.
Surface Anatomy

Imaging Surface Anatomy

Anatomy

Pathological Pathophysiology
Anatomy
 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
AND BODY SYSTEMS
Chemical level. includes atoms, the smallest units of matter
that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or
more atoms joined together.
Cellular level. Molecules combine to form cells, the basic
structural and functional units of an organism that are composed
of chemicals.
Tissue level. Tissues are groups of cells and the materials
surrounding them that work together to perform a particular
function.
Organ level. At the organ level different types of tissues are
joined together.
System level. A system consists of related organs with a
common function.
Organismal level. An organism, any living individual
THE ELEVEN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN
BODY
THE ELEVEN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN
BODY
 HOMEOSTASIS AND BODY FLUIDS

• Homeostatsis is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the
constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
• The term homeostasis is used by physiologists to mean maintenance of nearly constant conditions
in the internal environment.
• An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids,
dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as
surrounding them.
• The fluid within cells is intracellular fluid (intra- inside), abbreviated ICF. The fluid outside body
cells is extracellular fluid (ECF) (extra- outside). The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between
cells of tissues is known as interstitial fluid ( inter- between)
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXTRACELLULAR
AND INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS
• The extracellular fluid contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions plus
nutrients for the cells, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
• The intracellular fluid differs significantly from the extracellular fluid; specifically, it contains
large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions
 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID TRANSPORT AND MIXING SYSTEM THE
BLOOD
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Extracellular fluid is transported through all parts of the

body in two stages. The first stage is movement of blood
through the body in the blood vessels, and the second is
movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and the
intercellular spaces between the tissue cells.
• As blood passes through the blood capillaries, continual
exchange of extracellular fluid also occurs between the
plasma portion of the blood and the interstitial fluid that fills
the intercellular spaces.
ORIGIN OF NUTRIENTS IN THE
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
A. Respiratory System.
• each time the blood passes through the body, it also flows through the
lungs. The blood picks up oxygen in the alveoli, thus acquiring the
oxygen needed by the cells.
• The membrane between the alveoli and the lumen of the pulmonary
capillaries, the alveolar membrane and oxygen diffuses by molecular
motion through the pores of this membrane into the blood in the same
manner that water and ions diffuse through walls of the tissue capillaries.
B. Gastrointestinal Tract.
• A large portion of the blood pumped by the heart also passes through the
walls of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Here different dissolved nutrients, including carbohydrates, fatty acids,
and amino acids, are absorbed from the ingested food into the
extracellular fluid of the blood.
ORIGIN OF NUTRIENTS IN THE
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
C. Liver and Other Organs That Perform Primarily Metabolic Functions.
• Not all substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract can be used in their absorbed form
by the cells. The liver changes the chemical compositions of many of these substances to more
usable forms, and other tissues of the body—fat cells, gastrointestinal mucosa, kidneys, and
endocrine glands—help modify the absorbed substances or store them until they are needed.
REMOVAL OF METABOLIC END PRODUCTS

• At the same time that blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, carbon dioxide is released from the
blood into the lung alveoli and next out to the atmosphere.
• Passage of the blood through the kidneys removes from the plasma most of the other
substances besides carbon dioxide that are not needed by the cells. These substances include
different end products of cellular metabolism, such as urea and uric acid; they also include
excesses of ions and water from the food that might have accumulated in the extracellular fluid.
REGULATION OF BODY FUNCTIONS

• Nervous System. The nervous system is composed of three major parts: the sensory input
portion, the central nervous system (or integrative portion), and the motor output portion.
• Hormonal System of Regulation. Located in the body are eight major endocrine glands that
secrete chemical substances called hormones. Hormones are transported in the extracellular
fluid to all parts of the body to help regulate cellular function.
• Reproduction. It help maintain homeostasis by generating new beings to take the place of
those that are dying.
EXAMPLES OF CONTROL MECHANISMS

• Regulation of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Extracellular Fluid. mechanism
depends principally on the chemical characteristics of hemoglobin, which is present in all red blood cells.
Hemoglobin combines with oxygen as the blood passes through the lungs. Then, as the blood passes through
the tissue capillaries, hemoglobin, because of its own strong chemical affinity for oxygen, does not release
oxygen into the tissue fluid if too much oxygen is already there. But if the oxygen concentration in the tissue
fluid is too low, sufficient oxygen is released to re-establish an adequate concentration.
• If all the carbon dioxide formed in the cells continued to accumulate in the tissue fluids, the mass action of
the carbon dioxide itself would soon halt all energy-giving reactions of the cells. Fortunately, a higher than
normal carbon dioxide concentration in the blood excites the respiratory center, causing a person to breathe
rapidly and deeply. This increases expiration of carbon dioxide and, therefore, removes excess carbon
dioxide from the blood and tissue fluids. This process continues until the concentration returns to normal.
EXAMPLES OF CONTROL MECHANISMS

• Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure. many nerve receptors called baroreceptors, which are
stimulated by stretch of the arterial wall. When the arterial pressure rises too high, the
baroreceptors send impulses to the medulla to inhibit the vasomotor center, to widen arterial
diameter.
• Conversely, a decrease in arterial pressure below normal relaxes the stretch receptors, allowing
the vasomotor center to become more active than usual, thereby causing vasoconstriction and
increased heart pumping, and raising arterial pressure back toward normal.
NORMAL RANGES AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF IMPORTANT EXTRACELLULAR FLUID CONSTITUENTS
 FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
• A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events
in which the status of a body condition is monitored,
evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
a. A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes
in a controlled condition and sends input to a control
center.
b. A control center in the body, for example, the brain,
sets the range of values within which a controlled
condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates
the input it receives from receptors, and generates
output commands when they are needed.
c. An effector is a body structure that receives output
from the control center and produces a response or
effect that changes the controlled condition.
 FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
• A negative feedback system reverses a
change in a controlled condition.
• a positive feedback system tends to strengthen or
reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled
conditions.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

• Many diseases are the result of years of poor health behavior that interferes with the body’s natural drive to maintain homeostasis.
• A disorder is any abnormality of structure or function.
• Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. A local disease affects one part
or a limited region of the body (for example, a sinus infection); a systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts of it (for
example, influenza). Diseases alter body structures and functions in characteristic ways.
• A person with a disease may experience symptoms, subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer. Examples
of symptoms are headache, nausea, and anxiety. Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure are called signs.
• Signs of disease can be either anatomical, such as swelling or a rash, or physiological, such as fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis.
• The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community is
known as epidemiology
• Pharmacology is the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.
 BODY POSITIONS
• Anatomical position is
descriptions of any region or part
of the human body assume that it
is in a standard position.
• Two terms describe a reclining
body :
1. prone position If the body is
lying facedown.
2. supine position If the body is
lying faceup.
 REGIONAL NAMES
• The human body is divided into several major regions that can be identified externally. The principal
regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
• The head consists of the skull and face.
• The neck supports the head and attaches it to the trunk.
• The trunk consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
• upper limb attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of the limb from
the shoulder to the elbow), forearm (portion of the limb from the elbow to the wrist), wrist, and hand.
• lower limb also attaches to the trunk and consists of the buttock, thigh (portion of the limb from the
buttock to the knee), leg (portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot.
TERMINOLOGY
TERMINOLOGY
BODY CAVITIES
THE THORACIC CAVITY
THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
 MEDICAL IMAGING

• Medical imaging refers to techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body.
1. RADIOGRAPHY A single barrage of x-rays passes through the body, producing an image of interior structures
on x-ray–sensitive film. The resulting two dimensional image is a radiograph, commonly called an x-ray.
2. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) The body is exposed to a high-energy magnetic field, which
causes protons (small positive particles within atoms, such as hydrogen) in body fluids and tissues to arrange
themselves in relation to the field. Then a pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion patterns, and a color-coded
image is assembled on a video monitor. The result is a two- or three-dimensional blueprint of cellular chemistry.
3. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) In this form of computer-assisted radiography, an x-ray beam traces an
arc at multiple angles around a section of the body
4. ULTRASOUND SCANNING High-frequency sound waves produced by a handheld wand refl ect off body
tissues and are detected by the same instrument
MEDICAL IMAGING
THANK YOU

• Menurut saudara, apa pentingnya mempelajari anfisman?

• Jelaskan perbedaan lokasi cairan intracellular , cairan extracellular , cairan interstitial dan
plasma darah.
• Jelaskan yang dimaksud dengan reseptor, pusat kontrol, dan efektor.
• Apakah istliah untuk rongga yang mengelilingi jantung?
• Pada ujian Anfisman, Albert mendefinisikan homeostatis sebagai suatu kondisi dimana tubuh
selalu mencari cara untuk berada pada suhu ruang. “ Apakah anda setuju?