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a. Using the same axes, plot a graph of the amount of sugar against time (6mks)
b. At what time was the amount of sugar highest in the;
i. Ringed stem (1mk)
ii. Normal stem (1mk)
c. How much sugar would be in the rigged stem if it was measured at 0345 hours. (2mks)
d. Give reasons why there was sugar in the stems of both trees at 06 45 hours. (2mks)
e. Account for the shape of the graph for the tree with ringed stem between:
i. 0645 hours and 1545 hours (3mks)
ii. 1545 hours and 0045 hours (2mks)
f. Other than sugars name two compounds that are translocated in phloem. (2mks)
18. Explain why plants shed off their leaves. (2mks)
i. Name the blood vessels that link arterioles with venules. (1mk)
ii. Explain four ways in which the vessels you named in (a) above are suited to
carrying out their functions. (4mks)
b. State two ways in which the composition of blood in the pulmonary arterioles differ from
that in the pulmonary venules. (2mks)
7. Why would carboxyhaemoglobin lead to death? (2mks)
8. Explain how the red blood cells of mammals are adapted for efficient transport of oxygen. (2mks)
9. The chart below is a summary of the blood clotting mechanism in man.
Name
i. The blood cells represented by X
ii. Metal ion represented by Y
iii. The end product of the mechanism represented Z
10.
a. How can excess bleeding result in death? (2mks)
b. Name the process by which the human body naturally stops bleeding. (1mk)
c. How can low blood volume be brought back to normal? (2mks)
11.
a. Name one defect of the circulatory system in humans. (1mk)
b. State three functions of blood other than transport. (3mks)
12.
a. What prevents blood in veins from flowing backwards? (1mk)
b. State two ways in which the red blood cells are adapted to their function. (2mks)
13. State one way by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted from mother to child. (1mk)
14. Explain how the various components of blood are adapted for their function. (20mks)
15. Distinguish between blood, plasma, serum, tissue fluid and lymph. (10mks)
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16.
a. A patient whose blood group is A died shortly after receiving blood from a person of blood
group B. Explain the possible cause of death of the patient. (2mks)
b. A person of blood group AB requires a transfusion.
i. Name the blood groups of the possible donors (2mks)
ii. Give reasons for your answer in (i) above. (2mks)
17. Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity. (2mks)
18. Explain why a person can catch a cold several times in a year but only catches measles once in his
or her lifetime. (2mks)
19. Most carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs within the red blood cells and not in
the blood plasma. Give two advantages of this mode of transport. (2mks)
20. What is the importance of tissue fluid? (2mks)
6.
Lignified/thickened to prevent collapsing.
Narrow to facilitate capillarity
No cross wall for continuous flow of water.
Side walls pitted to allow lateral movement of water and mineral salts.
7.
Turgidity
Presence of xylem vessels
Presence of collenchyma
8.
a. R- sieve pore/plate
S-Cytoplasm strand
T- Companion cell
b. Translocation
c. Thickened, - Lignified
9.
a. Lignin,
b. Phloem
10. They are strengthened by lignin hence supporting the stem.
11. - Xylem - Transports water and mineral salts to photosynthesizing cells
- Phloem - Transports manufactured foods from the leaves creating high concentration gradient.
- Veins - Supports the leaf to be upright for maximum absorption of light for photosynthesis.
12.
a. -Xylem vessels
-Sclerenchyma
b. -Turgidity of parenchyma cells
-Presence of collenchyma cells
13.
a. Dicot root
16.
a. Phloem tissues
b. K- Companion cell
c. Supply nutrients and energy to the sieve tubes.
17.
a. Graph
b.
i. 15:45
ii. 12:45
c. 0.79 ± 0.02 grammes
d. The food that had been manufactured the previous day had been converted to soluble
sugars and was being translocated to other parts of the plant.
e.
i. 0645 hours and 1545 hours.
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- There was low concentration of sugar early in the morning as there was little
translocation.
- As day progresses the light intensity increases and more food is manufactured
thus more translocation increasing concentration of sugars.
ii. 1545 and 0045
- The light intensity is decreasing reducing rate of photosynthesis. Less food is
manufactured, hence less is translocated.
- As it turns dark there is no photosynthesis reducing concentration of sugar
translocated.
iii. Sieve plates
- Cytoplasmic strands
f. - Amino acids
- Soluble fats/lipids.
18.
i. Reduce transpiration
ii. Eliminate excretory wastes on the leaf
19.
a. - Maintain transpiration stream
- Cool the plant
- Remove excess water
- Enhance absorption and distribution of water and mineral salts.
b. - Few and small leaves
- Reduced leaf size
- Sunken stomata
- Thick cuticle.
6.
a.
i. - Capillaries
ii. - They are thin-walled (one cell thick), thus allowing diffusion of materials.
b. - Have a small diameter to increase pressure thus allow materials to diffuse out.
- They are intimately associated with tissues in order to allow exchange of materials
- They are numerous- to provide a large surface area for exchange of materials.
c.
i. Pulmonary arterioles contain more carbon dioxide than pulmonary venules.
ii. Pulmonary arterioles contain less oxygen than pulmonary venules.
7. It does not dissociate easily hence leads to suffocation
8.
i. They contain haemoglobin, a molecule that readily combine with oxygen.
ii. They are biconcave discs without a nucleus, allowing more haemoglobin to be packed in
cells so that each cell can carry more oxygen.
9.
i. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
ii. Calcium, Ca2+
iii. Fibrin.
10.
a. Anemia/low blood volume/low haemoglobin leading to low oxygen, loss of nutrients and
dehydration.
b. Blood clotting
c. Transfusion, taking fluids/eating iron in foodstuff/taking iron tablets.
11.
a. - Thrombosis
- Arteriosclerosis
- Varicose veins
b. - Regulate body temperature
- Regulate pH of fluids
- Regulate osmotic pressure
12.
a. Presence of valves
b. - Have biconcave shape to increase surface area for absorption of gases.
- Absence of nucleus and other organelles
- To increase packaging of haemoglobin.
- Presence of red pigment haemoglobin that has high affinity for oxygen.
13. - During birth
- Breast feeding
14. - Red blood cells have a biconcave shape, which increases the surface area for gaseous exchange.
They have a thin plasma membrane, which allows rapid diffusion of gases. They contain
haemoglobin, which readily combines with oxygen in areas of high oxygen tension (lungs)
and releases it readily in areas of low oxygen tension (other body tissues).
- They have no organelles with whole internal space being filled with haemoglobin. They contain
the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which help in the transport of carbon dioxide.
- Some white blood cells are phagocytic which enables them to engulf and destroy invading micro-
organisms. They are also capable of amoeboid motion, which enables them to squeeze between
cells of the capillary wall and into infected tissues where they proceed to engulf invading
micro organisms other white blood cells called lymphocytes are able to recognize antigens of
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