REVIEW

HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE

PREPARED BY: JOHN REY L. LAWIG
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED HOW ANIMALS
ARE ABLE TO SURVIVE IN THE WILD?
 OBJECTIVES
• EXPLAIN HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE.
• UNDERSTANDS THE IMPORTANT OF
ORGANS SYSTEM IN SURVIVAL.
• APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE OF LIFE.
 ACTIVITY
• NAME WHAT KIND OF ORGAN SYSTEM IS
IN THE PICTURE.
 WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT ORGAN SYSTEM IN THE BODY?
WHY?

DO ALL ANIMALS HAVE THE SAME ORGAN

SYSTEM?
• THE BODY OF AN ANIMAL IS LIKE
A WELL ORGANIZED MACHINE
CAPABLE OF PERFORMING
DIFFERENT TASKS. THE ABILITY
OF THE BODY TO DO ALL THE
THINGS IT CAN DO IS DUE TO THE
SPECIAL INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES BOTH
INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THAT WORK
TOGETHER IN AN ORDERLY
MANNER.
ANIMALS ARE ARGUABLY THE MOST
COMPLEX ORGANISM ON THIS PLANET. THE
BODY IS MADE UP OF MANY, MANY MILLIONS
OF CELLS WHICH YOU CANNOT SEE UNLESS
YOU USE MICROSCOPE. SOME CELLS COME
TOGETHER TO MAKE AN ORGAN.
AN ORGAN IS A COMPLEX
STRUCTURE WITH IN THE
BODY. IT HAS A SPECIAL
JOB OR JOBS TO DO. THE
BODY SYSTEM IS A GROUP
OF PARTS THAT WORK
TOGETHER TO SERVE A
COMMON PURPOSE. EACH
INDIVIDUAL BODY SYSTEM
WORKS WITH OTHER
SYSTEM.
 BIOLOGY

STUDY OF LIFE
 METABOLIC PROCESSES AMONG LIVING
THINGS

• METABOLISM IS THE SUM OF THE

CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE
WITHIN EACH CELL OF A LIVING ORGANISM
AND THAT PROVIDE ENERGY FOR VITAL
PROCESSES AND FOR SYNTHESIZING NEW
ORGANIC MATERIAL.
 EXAMPLE OF METABOLISM
•RESPIRATION
•DIGESTION
•CELLULAR RESPIRATION
•EXCRETION
 Metabolism
Can be categorized into

Catabolism Anabolism
Which breaks down Regulated by

Larger Molecules into Smaller Molecules

To release
That use
To create

Energy Used for daily activities

 METABOLIC PROCESSES
AMONG LIVING THINGS
• IN METABOLISM, ENERGY IS USUALLY
CONSUMED WHEN COMPLEX MOLECULES
ARE BUILT, AND RELEASED WHEN
COMPLEX MOLECULES ARE BUILT AND
RELEASED WHEN COMPLEX MOLECULES
ARE BROKEN DOWN.
 METABOLIC PROCESSES
AMONG LIVING THINGS
• FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN YOU EAT FOOD THAT
CONTAINS SUGAR, THE SUGAR MOLECULES ARE
BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER MOLECULES, AND
ENERGY IS RELEASED. THIS IS THE ENERGY THAT
YOU USE TO DO YOUR DAILY ACTIVITIES. IT ALSO
KEEPS YOUR BODY WARM AND HELPS BUILD UP
NEW MOLECULES THAT THE BODY NEEDS.
 NUTRITION

• NUTRITION REFERS TO THE ACTIVITIES BY

WHICH LIVING THINGS OBTAIN RAW
MATERIALS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND
TRANSPORT THEM INTO THEIR CELLS.

• NUTRIENTS
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• ANIMAL NUTRITION IS A
PROCESS OF TAKING IN,
TAKING APART AND TAKING
UP THE NUTRIENTS FROM
THE FOODS SOURCE. FOOD
PROCESSING HAS FOUR MAIN
STAGES; INGESTION,
DIGESTION, ABSORPTION
 GAS EXCHANGE
• RESPIRATION IS THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN
AND CARBON DIOXIDE BETWEEN AN ORGANISM
AND ITS ENVIRONMENT. THE TWO MAJOR
PROCESSES OF RESPIRATION ARE EXTERNAL
RESPIRATION, WHICH IS THE EXCHANGE OF GASES
BETWEEN THE LUNGS AND THE RED BLOOD CELLS,
AND INTERNAL RESPIRATION, WHICH IS THE
EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE RED BLOOD
CELLS AND THE CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE VARIOUS
 CIRCULATION
• THE CIRCULATION IS THE PRIMARY METHOD USED
TO TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS AND GASES THROUGH
THE BODY. SIMPLE DIFFUSION ALLOWS SOME
WATER, NUTRIENT, WASTE, AND GAS EXCHANGE
IN ANIMALS THAT ARE ONLY A FEW CELL LAYERS
THICK; HOWEVER, BULK FLOW IS THE ONLY
METHOD BY WHICH THE ENTIRE BODY OF
LARGER, MORE COMPLEX ORGANISMS IS
ACCESSED.
 HOMEOSTASIS
• HOMEOSTASIS IS THE WAY ANIMALS MAINTAIN A
STABLE INTERNAL BALANCE IN THEIR BODY. IT
ALLOWS ANIMALS TO FUNCTION IN THE
CHANGING EXTERNAL CONDITIONS
SURROUNDING THEIR BODY. OSMOREGULATION IS
AN EXAMPLE OF HOMEOSTASIS. IT IS WAY
OSMOSIS IS CONTROLLED BY SALMON TO
MAINTAIN A WATER BALANCE.
 HOMEOSTASIS
H Skin- regulates body temperature through
O evaporation of water
M Hypothalamus- regulates body temperature,
E blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, and thirst
O Pancreas- regulates blood sugar by releasing the
S hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood
T
A Kidneys- maintain water balance by filtering
S the blood
I Blood- maintains constant body temperature by
S distributing heat throughout the body
 EXCRETION
• DIVERSE MECHANISMS HAVE EVOLVED THAT ENABLE THE
VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES TO INHABIT A WIDE RANGE OF
ENVIRONMENTS. IN ANIMALS WHOSE BODIES CONSIST OF
A SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS, WASTE DISPOSAL IS
ACCOMPLISHED PRINCIPALLY BY DIFFUSION FROM THE
SITE OF WASTE PRODUCTION TO THE OUTSIDE
ENVIRONMENT. THIS METHOD IS EFFICIENT WHEN THE
DISTANCES OVER WHICH WASTES DIFFUSE ARE
RELATIVELY SHORT, WHEN THERE IS A HIGH SURFACE
AREA TO VOLUME RELATIONSHIP, AND WHEN THE RATE
 EXCRETION
• IN MORE COMPLEX ANIMALS, HOWEVER, WASTE
ELIMINATION BY DIFFUSION THROUGH THE BODY WALL
TO THE EXTERIOR IS LESS EFFICIENT BECAUSE
INDIVIDUAL CELLS ARE FARTHER REMOVED FROM THE
EXTERIOR SURFACE OF THE ORGANISM. THE PRESENCE
OF SPECIALIZED MECHANISMS OF ELIMINATION IN
HIGHER ANIMALS ENABLES WASTES TO BE RAPIDLY
TRANSPORTED TO THE EXTERIOR SURFACE OF THE BODY.
Filtration- the excretory tubule
collects filtrate from the blood.
Water and solutes are forced by
blood pressure across selectively
permeable membranes of a
cluster of capillaries into the
excretory tubule.
Excretion- The
altered filtrate (urine)
leaves the system
and the body.
Reabsorption- The
transport epithelium
reclaims valuable
substances from the
filtrate and returns them
to the body fluids.
Secretion- Other
substances such as toxins
and excess ions are
extracted from body fluids
and added to the contents
of the excretory tubule.
 IMMUNE SYSTEM
• ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO
SUBSTANCES THAT ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING THEM HARM. MOST
ORGANISMS PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST SUCH SUBSTANCES IN
MORE THAN ONE WAY --- WITH PHYSICAL BARRIERS, FOR EXAMPLE,
OR WITH CHEMICALS THAT REPEL OR KILL INVADERS. ANIMALS
WITH BACKBONES, CALLED VERTEBRATES, HAVE THESE TYPES OF
GENERAL PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS, BUT THEY ALSO HAVE A
MORE ADVANCED PROTECTIVE SYSTEM CALLED THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS A COMPLEX NETWORK OF
ORGANS CONTAINING CELLS THAT RECOGNIZE FOREIGN
SUBSTANCES IN THE BODY AND DESTROY THEM. IT PROTECTS
VERTEBRATES AGAINST PATHOGENS, OR INFECTIOUS AGENTS,
 HORMONES: CHEMICAL SIGNALS
• IN ANIMALS, A HORMONE IS A MOLECULE SECRETED INTO
AN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID, CIRCULATES IN THE BLOOD,
AND COMMUNICATES MESSAGES THROUGHOUT THE
BODY. CHEMICAL SIGNALING USING HORMONES IS THE
FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, ONE OF THE TWO
BASIC SYSTEMS FOR COMMUNICATION AND REGULATION
THROUGHOUT THE BODY. HORMONES SECRETED BY
ENDOCRINE CELLS REGULATE REPRODUCTION,
DEVELOPMENT, METABOLISM, GROWTH, AND BEHAVIOR.
 THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Endocrine Glands Hormones Functions

Pituitary gland Human growth hormone Controls other endocrine glands; influences growth and
metabolism
Thyroid gland Thyroxin Stimulates tissue metabolism and basic metabolic rates

Parathyroid Parathormone Regulates calcium levels in blood

Adrenal glands Adrenaline Helps the body respond stress and danger

Pancreas Insulin Regulates blood glucose level

Thymus gland Thymosine Regulates the immune system that helps the body fight
diseases
Ovaries and testes Estrogen and progesterone Responsible for female and male sexual characteristics
 CONTROL
• THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS THE PART OF AN ANIMAL'S BODY THAT
COORDINATES ITS BEHAVIOR AND TRANSMITS SIGNALS BETWEEN
DIFFERENT BODY AREAS. IN VERTEBRATES IT CONSISTS OF TWO
MAIN PARTS, CALLED THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) AND
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS). THE CNS CONTAINS THE
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. THE PNS CONSISTS MAINLY OF NERVES,
WHICH ARE LONG FIBERS THAT CONNECT THE CNS TO EVERY
OTHER PART OF THE BODY, BUT ALSO INCLUDES OTHER
COMPONENTS SUCH AS PERIPHERAL GANGLIA, SYMPATHETIC AND
PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA, AND THE ENTERIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM, A SEMI-INDEPENDENT PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
WHOSE FUNCTION IS TO CONTROL THE GASTROINTESTINAL
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

• NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE FOUND IN ALMOST ALL

MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS, BUT VARY GREATLY IN
COMPLEXITY. THE ONLY MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS THAT
HAVE NO NERVOUS SYSTEM AT ALL ARE SPONGES AND
MICROSCOPIC BLOBLIKE ORGANISMS CALLED
PLACOZOANS AND MESOZOANS. THE NERVOUS SYSTEMS
OF CTENOPHORES (COMB JELLIES) AND CNIDARIANS (E.G.,
ANEMONES, HYDRAS, CORALS AND JELLYFISHES)
CONSIST OF A DIFFUSE NERVE NET.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

• ALL OTHER TYPES OF ANIMALS, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF

ECHINODERMS AND A FEW TYPES OF WORMS, HAVE A
NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTAINING A BRAIN, A CENTRAL
CORD (OR TWO CORDS RUNNING IN PARALLEL), AND
NERVES RADIATING FROM THE BRAIN AND CENTRAL
CORD. THE SIZE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM RANGES FROM
A FEW HUNDRED CELLS IN THE SIMPLEST WORMS, TO ON
THE ORDER OF 100 BILLION CELLS IN HUMANS.
 MOTION
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION, IN ETHOLOGY, IS ANY OF A VARIETY
OF METHODS THAT ANIMALS USE TO MOVE FROM ONE
PLACE TO ANOTHER. SOME MODES OF LOCOMOTION ARE
(INITIALLY) SELF-PROPELLED, E.G., RUNNING, SWIMMING,
JUMPING, FLYING, HOPPING, SOARING AND GLIDING. THERE
ARE ALSO MANY ANIMAL SPECIES THAT DEPEND ON THEIR
ENVIRONMENT FOR TRANSPORTATION, A TYPE OF
MOBILITY CALLED PASSIVE LOCOMOTION, E.G., SAILING
(SOME JELLYFISH), KITING (SPIDERS), ROLLING (SOME
BEETLES AND SPIDERS) OR RIDING OTHER ANIMALS
(PHORESIS).
 MOTION
ANIMALS MOVE FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS, SUCH AS TO
FIND FOOD, A MATE, A SUITABLE MICROHABITAT, OR TO
ESCAPE PREDATORS. FOR MANY ANIMALS, THE ABILITY TO
MOVE IS ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL AND, AS A RESULT,
NATURAL SELECTION HAS SHAPED THE LOCOMOTION
METHODS AND MECHANISMS USED BY MOVING ORGANISMS.
FOR EXAMPLE, MIGRATORY ANIMALS THAT TRAVEL VAST
DISTANCES (SUCH AS THE ARCTIC TERN) TYPICALLY HAVE A
LOCOMOTION MECHANISM THAT COSTS VERY LITTLE ENERGY
PER UNIT DISTANCE, WHEREAS NON-MIGRATORY ANIMALS
THAT MUST FREQUENTLY MOVE QUICKLY TO ESCAPE
Muscular System
Skeletal System
 WHAT IS AN ORGAN?

WHICH AMONG THE NINE ORGAN SYSTEM IS

THE MOST INTERESTING? WHY?
WHAT HAPPEN TO THE BODY IF ONE ORGAN
SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONS?

WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF

THE ORGAN SYSTEMS THAT ARE NECESSARY
FOR LIFE?
YOU HAVE PROBABLY HEARD THE SAYING
“NO MAN IS AN ISLAND”
 ASSESSMENT
• MAKE A SHORT ESSAY / REFLECTION
“ IT IS NOT THE STRONGEST OF THE SPECIES THAT
SURVIVES, NOT THE MOST INTELLIGENT THAT
SURVIVES. IT IS THE ONE THAT IS THE MOST
ADAPTABLE TO CHANGE” CHARLES DARWIN
 Thank you for listening…

https://shs.modyul.online/earth-and-life-science-quarter-2-
module-26-organ-systems-of-representative-animals/