BS en 60045-1 - 1993

BRITISH STANDARD BS EN
60045-1:1993
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IEC 45-1:1991
Guide to
Steam turbine
procurement
The European Standard EN 60045-1:1993 has the status of a

British Standard
UDC 621.165
Copyright British Standards Institution

Provided by IHS under license with BSI
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
BS EN 60045-1:1993
Cooperating organizations
The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC),

under whose supervision this European Standard was prepared, comprises the
national committees of the following countries:
Austria Italy
Belgium Luxembourg
Denmark Netherlands
Finland Norway
France Portugal
Germany Spain
Greece Sweden
Iceland Switzerland
Ireland United Kingdom
This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Machinery
and Components Standards
Policy Committee, was
published under the authority
of the Standards Board and
comes into effect on Amendments issued since publication
15 August 1993
© BSI 07-1999 Amd. No. Date Comments
The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference MCE/13
Draft for comment 87/75136 DC
ISBN 0 580 22444 9

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BS EN 60045-1:1993
Contents
Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Text of EN 60045-1 3
National annex NA (informative) Committees responsible Inside back cover
National annex NB (informative) Cross-references Inside back cover
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© BSI 07-1999
i
BS EN 60045-1:1993
National foreword
This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Machinery
and Components Standards Policy Committee and is the English language
version of EN 60045-1:1993 Steam turbines — Part 1: Specifications, published
by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). It
is identical with IEC 45-1:1991 published by the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) and supersedes BS 132:1983 Guide for steam turbines
procurement, which is withdrawn.
For graphical symbols, and letter symbols and signs approved by the IEC for
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general use, readers are referred to:
— IEC Publication 27: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology;
— IEC Publication 617: Graphical symbols for diagrams.
The symbols and signs contained in the present publication have either been
taken from IEC Publications 27 or 617, or have been specifically approved for the
purpose of this publication.
For general terminology, readers are referred to IEC Publication 50:
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV), which is issued in the form of
separate chapters each dealing with a specific field, the General Index being
published as a separate booklet. Full details of the IEV will be supplied on
request.
The terms and definitions contained in the present publication have either been
taken from the IEV or have been specifically approved for the purpose of this
publication.
EN 60045-1 was produced as a result of international discussion in which the
United Kingdom took an active part.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
the EN title page, pages 2 to 26, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
ii © BSI 07-1999
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60045-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 1993
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
UDC 621.165
Descriptors: Turbogenerator, turbine, steam under pressure, generator, specification, operating characteristic
English version
Steam turbines
Part 1: Specifications
(IEC 45-1:1991)
Turbines à vapeur Dampfturbinen

Partie 1: Spécifications Teil 1: Anforderungen
(CEI 45-1:1991) (IEC 45-1:1991)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 1992-12-09.

CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any
CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,
German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the
Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B-1050 Brussels
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© 1994 Copyright reserved to CENELEC members

Ref. No. EN 60045:1993 E

EN 60045-1:1993
Foreword Contents
The CENELEC questionnaire procedure, performed Page
for finding out whether or not the International Foreword 2
Standard IEC 45-1:1991 could be accepted without
Introduction 3
textual changes, has shown that no common
modifications were necessary for the acceptance as 1 Scope and object 3
European Standard. 2 Normative references 3
The reference document was submitted to the 3 Terms and definitions 3
CENELEC members for formal vote and was 4 Guarantees 7
approved by CENELEC as EN 60045-1
on 9 December 1992. 5 Governing (control) 8
The following dates were fixed: 6 Operation and maintenance 9
7 Components 12
— latest date of publication of
an identical national 8 Foundations and buildings 13
standard (dop) 1993-12-01 9 Feed pump drives 13
— latest date of withdrawal of 10 Turbine auxiliary systems 14
conflicting national 11 Instrumentation 15
standards (dow) 1993-12-01 12 Protection 16
For products which have complied with the relevant 13 Vibration 18
national standard before 1993-12-01, as shown by 14 Noise 19
the manufacturer or by a certification body, this 15 Tests 19
previous standard may continue to apply for
production until 1998-12-01. 16 Delivery and installation 20
Annexes designated “normative” are part of the 17 Design information to be supplied by
body of the standard. In this standard, Annex A and the purchaser 20
Annex ZA are normative. 18 Design information to be provided by
the supplier 22
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19 Turbine plant with regenerative feed
water heating 22
Annex A (normative) Electronic governors 24
Annex ZA (normative) Other international
publications quoted in this standard with the
references of the relevant European
publications 26
Table 1 — Governor droop and deadband
characteristics 10
Table 2 19
Table A.1 — Non-linearity and stability 25
Table A.2 – Environment classes 25
2 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
Introduction IEC 953-1:1990, Rules for steam turbine thermal

acceptance tests — Part 1: Method A.
The first edition of IEC 45 was issued in 1931.
Subsequent revisions were made, the last being IEC 953-2:1990, Rules for steam turbine thermal
in 1970. Since then, intensive development has acceptance tests — Part 2: Method B.
resulted in the availability of more highly-rated ISO 2372:1974, Mechanical vibration of machines
turbines. with operating speeds from 10 to 200 rev/s. Basis for
The development of turbines suitable for use with specifying evaluation standards.
water-cooled nuclear reactors has proceeded in ISO 7919-1:1986, Mechanical vibration of
parallel, resulting in the production of large non-reciprocating machines — Measurements on
turbines for use with steam which is initially rotating shafts and evaluation — Part 1: General
dry-saturated or slightly wet. guidelines.
The demands made upon turbine control systems
have increased simultaneously with the 3 Terms and definitions
development of new control technologies, such as For the purposes of this part, the following terms
electro-hydraulic systems. Increased reliability, and definitions apply:
higher standards of dynamic performance,
3.1 Turbine type
suitability for two-shift operation, and increased
attention to health and safety are among the aspects superheat turbine
now requiring high standards of achievement. a turbine whose initial steam is significantly
It has therefore become necessary to specify a superheated
turbine in more detail than was formerly needed. In wet-steam turbine
consequence, this part of IEC 45 has been
completely re-written, and is accordingly more a turbine whose initial steam is saturated or nearly
comprehensive than earlier editions. so (Also referred to as saturated-steam turbine.)
Wherever practicable, this part of IEC 45 takes into reheat turbine
account the scope for applying to smaller turbines a turbine from which the steam is extracted
developments originally intended for larger part-way through the expansion, reheated (one or
machines, without implying that such applications more times) and readmitted to the turbine
would always be necessary or advantageous. non-reheat turbine
1 Scope and object a turbine in which the steam is not reheated
This part of International Standard IEC 45 is mixed-pressure turbine
applicable primarily to steam turbines driving a turbine provided with separate inlets for steam
generators for electrical power services. Some of its supplied at two or more pressures
provisions are relevant to turbines for other back-pressure turbine
applications.
a turbine whose exhaust heat will be used to provide
The purpose of this part is to make an intending
process heat, and whose exhaust is not directly
purchaser aware of options and alternatives which
connected to a condenser. The exhaust pressure will
he may wish to consider, and to enable him to state
normally be above atmospheric pressure (Also
his technical requirements clearly to potential referred to as a non-condensing turbine.)
suppliers.
condensing turbine
2 Normative references a turbine whose exhaust is directly connected to a
The following standards contain provisions which, condenser. The exhaust pressure will normally be
through reference in this text, constitute provisions below atmospheric pressure
of this part. At the time of publication, the editions regenerative-cycle turbine
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to a turbine from which some of the steam is extracted
revision, and parties to agreements based on this part-way through the expansion in order to heat
part are encouraged to investigate the possibility of feed water
applying the most recent editions of the standards
indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 651:1979, Sound level meters.
3
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© BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
extraction turbine steam conditions

a turbine in which some of the steam is extracted the conditions which define the thermodynamic
part-way through the expansion in order to provide state of steam, normally (static) pressure and
process steam. If the turbine includes means for temperature or dryness fraction (or quality). Steam
controlling the pressure of the extracted steam, it is pressure should always be quoted in absolute units,
called a controlled (or automatic) extraction turbine not as gauge pressure
combined cycle initial steam conditions
a combination of boiler, steam turbine and gas the steam conditions at inlet to the main stop valves
turbine, in which the gas turbine exhaust normally maximum steam conditions
contributes to the heat input to the steam cycle
the highest steam conditions at which the turbine is
single-line combined-cycle required to operate continuously
a combined-cycle plant in which the steam turbine NOTE The highest steam conditions should not exceed those
and gas turbine both drive the same generator. It is permitted by 6.2 a) and 6.2 b).
not possible to segregate the separate outputs of the induction steam conditions
steam turbine and the gas turbine; and definitions,
the steam conditions of any additional steam
such as those of heat rate or output given later in
entering the turbine at any pressure lower than the
this standard, no longer apply
initial pressure
NOTE The terms in 3.1 may be combined to define the features
of any particular unit. dual steam conditions
3.2 Methods of initial steam admission the combination of initial and induction steam
full-arc conditions appropriate to a mixed-pressure turbine
all of the governing (control) valves supply steam reheat steam conditions
uniformly to the admission inlet belt of the first the steam conditions at the inlet to the reheat stop
stage valves (Also referred to as hot reheat steam
partial-arc conditions.)
the inlet belt to the first stage is divided into cold reheat steam conditions
discrete arcs of admission, steam being supplied the steam conditions at the outlet of the turbine
separately to each arc through, normally, one preceding the reheater
governing valve; governing valves operate wholly or extraction steam conditions
partially in sequence
the steam conditions at the extraction connections
3.3 Conditions of the turbine, of steam extracted for feed-heating or
terminal conditions process purposes
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the terminal conditions for a steam turbine or exhaust conditions

turbine-generator are the conditions imposed on the the steam conditions at the exhaust connection from
plant at their terminating points of the contract. the turbine
These may typically comprise:
NOTE Use of the word “design” in respect of any steam
— initial and hot reheat steam conditions; conditions, power output, speed, etc., should be avoided in the
contract documents. This terminology should only be applied to
— cold reheat pressure; the values used in design calculations such as the design
— final feed water temperature; pressure for a pressure vessel.
— exhaust pressure; 3.4 Speeds
— power output; rated speed
— speed; the speed at which the turbine is specified to operate
— extraction requirements. at its rated output
specified or rated terminal conditions maximum continuous speed
the conditions at the terminating points of the the upper limit of the operating speed of the turbine
turbine or turbine-generator contract, with which for continuous service
specified output and/or heat rate shall be stated overspeed trip setting
and/or guaranteed. Note that some nuclear steam
the speed at which the overspeed trip is set to
generators supply steam at a pressure which
operate
increases as load reduces, and the turbine design
must allow for this
4 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
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temporary speed rise maximum continuous rating (MCR) (other

the transient increase in turbine speed following a than electrical generator drives)
load rejection, with the speed governing system in the power output assigned to the turbine by the
operation. The rated temporary speed rise applies if supplier, at which the unit may be operated for an
the rated output is rejected at the rated speed unlimited time, not exceeding the specified life, at
maximum transient speed the specified terminal conditions. This is the rating
which will normally carry a guarantee of heat rate.
maximum rotational speed following rejection of The governing (control) valves will not necessarily
maximum capability by disconnecting the generator be fully open. The power shall be that delivered at
from the electric system (with auxiliary supplies the turbine coupling, or the coupling of the driven
previously disconnected) and the speed governing machine, as may be agreed (Also referred to as rated
(control) system in operation output, rated power, or rated load.)
permanent speed rise maximum capability
the final steady-state increase in turbine speed the power output that the turbine can produce with
following a load rejection, with normal governor the governing (control) valves fully open and at the
control specified terminal conditions (Also referred to as
maximum speed rise valves-wide-open capability.)
the transient increase in turbine speed following a maximum overload capability
load rejection, with the speed governing system the maximum power output that the unit can
inoperative and the overspeed trip operative. The produce with the governing (control) valves fully
rated maximum speed rise applies if the rated open, and with the terminal conditions specified for
output is rejected at rated speed over-load, e.g. with final feed water heater
3.5 Powers bypassed, or with increased initial steam pressure
NOTE All these powers or outputs refer to operation of the most economical continuous rating (ECR)
turbine at rated terminal conditions (except where stated
otherwise). the output at which the minimum heat rate or
power steam rate is achieved at the specified terminal
conditions
the power supplied by the turbine or its driven
machine. The definition should state the position of net electrical power
measurement and any deductions for losses or the generator output (with external excitation
auxiliary power (Also referred to as output or load.) power deducted) minus the electrical auxiliary
net power at coupling power
the power at the turbine coupling, less the power electrical auxiliary power
supplied to turbine auxiliaries if driven separately power taken by turbine and generator auxiliaries
generator output not driven by the turbine. This will normally include
all power used for control, lubrication, generator
power at the generator terminals, after the cooling and sealing. It may also include additional
deduction of any external excitation power auxiliaries such as motor-driven boiler feed pumps.
maximum continuous rating (MCR) (electrical The purchaser and contractor should agree on
generating set) which additional auxiliaries should be included
the power output assigned to the turbine-generator 3.6 Steam flow rate and steam rate
by the supplier, at which the unit may be operated initial steam flow rate
for an unlimited time, not exceeding the specified
life, at the specified terminal conditions. This is the the flow rate of steam at initial conditions to the
rating which will normally carry a guarantee of heat turbine, including any steam supplied to valve
rate. The governing (control) valves will not stems, glands, or balance pistons, and any steam
necessarily be fully open (Also referred to as rated supplied to auxiliary plant such as boiler feed pump
output, rated power, or rated load.) turbines, steam/steam reheaters, ejectors, etc.
steam rate
the ratio of initial steam flow rate to power output

© BSI 07-1999 5
EN 60045-1:1993
3.7 Heat rates NOTE Although the above definitions are of a general nature,
they may be made more specific by stating whether the turbine is
(See also IEC 953, where the definitions are given in or is not subject to periodic shutdown, which might typically be
greater detail) categorized as a 36 h shutdown or a 48 h shutdown.
heat rate 3.10 Methods of load variation

the ratio of external heat input to the cycle to power constant-pressure operation
output. It is the reciprocal of thermal efficiency operation in which the initial steam pressure is
guarantee heat rate maintained sensibly constant, and where load is
reduced by gradually closing the governing (control)
the heat rate upon which the guarantee or offer is valves either in parallel (full-arc admission) or in
based for a stated output with the rated terminal sequence (partial-arc admission)
conditions, and for the cycle described in 19.1. Any
assumption with regard to extraneous flows, sliding-pressure operation
make-up, heat addition or removal, shall be stated. operation in which load is changed by variation of
In all cases, the formula used to define the heat rate the initial steam pressure; the governing (control)
shall be stated in the contract valves, which operate in parallel, all remaining at
uncorrected test heat rate their fully-open position
the heat rate obtained by inserting test results in modified sliding-pressure
the formula stated in the contract operation in which load changes in the range
fully-corrected heat rate from 100 % to about 90 % of rated output are
achieved by operating all the governing (control)
the heat rate which would have been achieved
valves in parallel, the initial steam pressure
during the test if the terminal conditions had been
remaining constant; below about 90 % of rated
as specified, and all ancillary plant outside the
output changes of load are, where practicable,
supplier’s responsibility had performed exactly in achieved by variations of the initial steam
accordance with its guarantee pressure, while the governing (control) valves
3.8 Efficiency remain near the position corresponding to 90 % of
thermal efficiency rated output
the reciprocal of heat rate, and therefore defined as hybrid operation
the ratio of power output to external heat input to operation of a partial-arc admission machine in
the cycle. If guaranteed, the definition of thermal which load is reduced by sequential closing of the
efficiency shall be stated in the contract governing (control) valves to a value corresponding
3.9 Operational regimes (modes) to the minimum allowable number of governing
(control) valves remaining fully open, the initial
base-load operation steam pressure remaining constant; further
operation at maximum continuous rating (MCR) or reduction of load is achieved by reduction in initial
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a high fraction of this throughout a prolonged period steam pressure while those governing (control)
two-shift operation valves are open remain at or near their fully-open
position
operation at MCR or a high fraction of this for
about 16 h or less out of 24 h per day, the remaining throttle governing
time being shut down the governing (control) valves operate in parallel, or
one-shift operation nearly so, this being the normal control mode of a
full-arc admission turbine in constant-pressure
operation at MCR or a high fraction of this for operation
about 8 h out of 24 h per day, the remaining time
being shut down nozzle governing
load cycling the governing (control) valves close in sequence, this
being the normal control mode of a partial-arc
operation alternating between high and low levels of admission turbine in constant-pressure operation
load on a regular basis
3.11 Operational life
peak-load operation
calendar age
operation at high load for short periods,
typically 1 h to 3 h, at times of peak demand. The the total elapsed life of the plant, expressed in
number of peaks per day is not implied. The months or years, measured from first
remaining time is spent shut down synchronization
6 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
running hours governor environmental stability

the number of hours during which the machine has the change in load, expressed as a percentage of
been on load rated load, resulting from a given change of any
3.12 Control and protection independent variable other than set point or speed.
Such variables are lapsed time, temperature,
governing system vibration, barometric pressure, supply voltage and
the combination of devices and mechanisms which frequency
convert control signals into valve positions in a short-term stability
characteristic manner. This includes the speed
governor, the speed control mechanism, the speeder the change in demanded load, expressed as a
device (speed changer), the unloading systems and percentage of rated load, for any fixed set point and
any steam valve operating devices speed over any period of 30 min for which the
ambient conditions are within the defined envelope
turbine-generator protection system
long-term stability
the overall system provided to protect the
turbine-generator from faults within itself or the change in average demanded load, expressed as
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elsewhere in the electrical transmission system a percentage of rated load, for fixed set point and
speed between two periods of 30 min at an interval
steady-state condition of 12 months. For both test periods the ambient
a condition which has constant mean values of speed conditions should be within the required envelope,
and load with limited random deviations but may not necessarily be closely similar
stable operation
4 Guarantees
a system is said to be stable if it achieves a
steady-state condition following a speed or load 4.1 General
disturbance Guarantees of several kinds may be stated in the
steady-state regulation (speed governing contract, for example on efficiency, heat (or steam)
droop) rate, output, or auxiliary power. Guarantees may
also be required for characteristics such as
steady-state speed change expressed as a governing (control) system functions, vibration level
percentage of rated speed, when the load of an or noise.
isolated unit is changed between rated load and zero
load, with identical setting of the speed governing All guarantees with their provisions shall be stated
(control) system, assuming zero dead band and formulated completely and without ambiguity.
steady-state incremental speed regulation 4.2 Turbine plant thermal efficiency or heat
(incremental speed droop) rate or steam rate
the rate of change of the steady-state speed with The guaranteed heat (or steam) rate is given on the
respect to load at a given steady-state speed and assumption that the acceptance tests shall be in
load, assuming zero dead band. The value is the accordance with the provisions of IEC 953,
slope of the tangent to the steady-state speed/load including the need for agreement of correction
curve at the load under consideration procedures. The contract shall state whether
IEC 953-1 or IEC 953-2 will be used. The turbine
dead band of the speed governing (control) plant thermal efficiency or heat rate or steam rate
system guarantee may, for example, be confined to one
the total magnitude of the change in steady-state specified load or to their weighted values at a series
speed (expressed as a percentage of rated speed) of loads, in accordance with the terms of the
within which there is no resultant change in the contract.
position of the governing (control) valves. The dead
band is a measure of the sensitivity of the system
maximum load inaccuracy or non-linearity
the maximum deviation in load, expressed as a
percentage of rated load, of the load-speed curve
from the straight line corresponding to the overall
speed droop, when operating under defined
conditions of control equipment environment
(e.g. temperature, humidity) and power supply
(e.g. voltage, oil pressure)

© BSI 07-1999 7
EN 60045-1:1993
Where the regenerative feed water heaters are not 4.6 Tolerances
included in the turbine supplier’s contract, the Commercial tolerances are not within the scope of
purchaser shall preferably supply with his this part.
specification a diagram of the feed water heating
system with sufficient information to enable the 4.7 Ageing
heat rate guarantees of the complete set to be Any allowance to be made for the effect on the
formulated. Alternatively, the supplier shall state corrected test heat rate, steam rate or thermal
in his tender the number and distribution of the feed efficiency due to lapse of time since first
water heaters, the feed water heater terminal synchronization shall be made with prior agreement
temperature differences, and the pressure between purchaser and supplier, and shall be in
differences between the turbine and the heaters, accordance with the provisions of IEC 953-2.
which have been used in formulating the guarantee.
Similar steps shall be taken in wet-steam turbines 5 Governing (control)
where either the moisture separators, or the 5.1 Governing (control) system
reheaters, or both, are not included in the turbine
5.1.1 The turbine governing (control) system shall
contract.
be capable of controlling the speed from standstill
Where regenerative feed water heaters are upwards. This control may be manual or otherwise.
included, the requirements in clause 19 shall also be
applied. 5.1.2 For turbines driving a generator, the turbine
governing (control) system shall also be capable of
The turbine supplier shall be given the opportunity controlling:
either of adjusting his guarantee in the contract
a) speed at all loads between no-load and full load
stage, should the performance of plant not in his
inclusive, in a stable manner when the generator
supply, such as heaters, valves, piping, or pumps,
differ from that on which his guarantee was based, is operated isolated;
or of applying agreed corrections to the thermal b) the energy input to the interconnected system,
acceptance test results. in a stable manner, when the generator is
operating in parallel with other generators
4.3 Output or steam flow capacity
(see 6.1.1).
The turbine shall be demonstrated to provide its 5.1.3 The governor and its system shall be so
rated output, or alternatively its rated steam flow constructed that failure of any component will not
capacity, when the terminal conditions are as prevent the turbine from being safely shut down.
specified in the contract. The test shall be carried
out in accordance with the provisions of IEC 953. 5.1.4 If the governing (control) system is of the
electro-hydraulic type, then the electronic
4.4 Auxiliary plant power equipment additionally shall comply with the
If a guarantee is given on the power consumption of requirements specified in Annex A.
continuously running auxiliary plant, a list of such 5.1.5 The governor and the steam valve operating
plant items shall be agreed. The power consumption device shall be so designed that the instantaneous
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of each such item shall be either measured when the loss of any load up to the maximum obtainable
turbine is at specified output and specified terminal under rated conditions or the abnormal conditions
conditions or agreed between the purchaser and the specified in 6.3.1 shall not lead to transient
supplier. overspeed sufficient to cause the turbine to trip.
4.5 Steam tables 5.2 Speed and load adjustments
The steam tables or formulation to be used for the Unless otherwise stated in the contract, when
guarantees and the computation of test results shall operating at zero load, the speed of the turbine shall
be consistent with the international Skeleton Tables be adjustable as follows:
established at the Sixth International Conference
— when driving a generator, within at least the
on the Properties of Steam (ICPS) in 1963, and
range from 5 % below to 5 % above rated speed;
should preferably be based on the 1967
International Formulation Committee (IFC) — when driving a mechanical load, within the
Formulation for Industrial Use that was approved range to be agreed.
at the seventh ICPS in 1968. The minimum time required for speed and load
They shall be agreed upon by the purchaser and the adjusting devices to change the set point from zero
supplier, and shall be stated in the contract. to rated load at rated speed shall not normally
exceed 50 s, but may be agreed between purchaser
and supplier. Means shall be provided for
adjustment of the set points.
8 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
5.3 Governor characteristics 5.5.3 For all other types of turbine, at least two
The speed droop and deadband characteristics entirely separate overspeed trip devices shall be
required for mechanical and electro-hydraulic provided, functionally independent of the governor,
governing systems are as required by Table 1. the operation of either of which shall close all the
emergency stop valves and governing valves.
Numerical values are given for guidance. Special
consideration shall be given to the needs of It shall be possible, while the set is in operation at
industrial turbines and for turbines for generating rated speed, to demonstrate the correct functioning
purposes where the rated output is more than 5 % of of each of the overspeed trip devices while the set is
the system capacity. protected by the second device against overspeed,
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and without affecting the position of the main steam

5.4 Valve testing valves. Means shall be provided so that, when one of
For industrial type turbines, and for those turbines the overspeed devices is being tested for correct
which have a single stop valve or governing valve, or functioning, it shall not be possible to block or
where the governing valves are operated by a single impede the second device from operation if called
actuator, means shall be provided whereby the upon.
emergency and governing valves may be partially 5.5.4 For industrial type turbines, the overspeed
stroked to check freedom of movement, without trip system shall be capable of being reset without
interrupting operation of the turbine. stopping the turbine.
For other types of turbine, the control gear shall be 5.5.5 For all other types of turbine, the overspeed
provided with means of full-closure on-load testing trip mechanism shall be capable of being reset when
of any of the valves specified in 7.5 in turn. the turbine speed has decreased to a speed not lower
The supplier shall state the extent of any output than the rated speed.
restriction involved.
5.5 Overspeed trip (emergency governor) 6 Operation and maintenance
5.5.1 In addition to the speed governor, the turbine 6.1 Normal operation
and generator shall be protected against excessive 6.1.1 For normal operation, the characteristics of
overspeed by a separately actuated overspeed the turbine shall be such that the turbine and
protection system which operates the trip. driven machine can be run in parallel with any
The overspeed trip shall operate normally at a speed existing machines provided the latter can run
of 10 % in excess of rated speed, with a tolerance correctly in parallel with each other and possess no
of 1 % of rated speed in each direction (i.e. at a speed abnormal features either individually or
not more than 11 % nor less than 9 % in excess of collectively.
rated speed). 6.1.2 Start-ups of superheat turbines can be
In exceptional circumstances (for example, in order classified into various categories according to the
to conform to the requirements of 5.1.5), and by thermal condition of the turbine at the time. The
agreement, it may be necessary to provide a normal true ruling criteria are the metal temperatures to
trip setting above 10 % (with the 1 % tolerance which the various components (such as the HP inner
above and below the selected figure). In any case, casing) have cooled, but it is also usual to classify
should the speed governor fail in the event of a the starts in terms of the elapsed time after previous
sudden load rejection, the overspeed trip should operation; the features which follow give typical
operate at a speed which is sufficiently low to limit correlations, and may be taken for guidance.
the maximum overspeed to a safe value, i.e. to Typical start-up categories are:
prevent any damage to any part of the turbine or a) cold start, after a shut-down period
driven machinery; or to any electric motors which exceeding 72 h (metal temperatures below
may remain connected to the generator following approximately 40 % of their fully-load values
load rejection, and to the equipment which they in °C);
drive. The overspeed trip settings shall be stated by
the supplier in the operating instructions. b) warm start, after a shut-down period of
between 10 h and 72 h (metal temperatures
5.5.2 For industrial and other small turbines, an between approximately 40 % and 80 % of their
overspeed trip system shall be provided, full-load values in °C);
independent of the governor, the operation of which
c) hot start, after a shut-down period of less
shall close the emergency stop valves and governing
than 10 h (metal temperatures above
valves.
approximately 80 % of their full-load values
in °C);

© BSI 07-1999 9
EN 60045-1:1993
Table 1 — Governor droop and deadband characteristics

Governor type Mechanical Electrohydraulic
Turbine MCR, MW Up to 20 20 to 150 Over 150 Up to 20 20 to 150 Over 150

Overall droop, %
Maximum = No limit a) 3 to 8
Incremental  a) range (0 to 0,9) × MCR 
  and
droop, %  b) range (0,9 to 1,0) × MCR  Minimum = 0,4 × overall droop b) Not greater than 12
Average incremental droop over the

range 0,9 MCR to MCRa, %
Deadband, % of rated speed 0,40 0,20 0,10 0,15 0,10 0,06
a For
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nozzle governed (controlled) turbines employing partial arc admission, the average value of droop over the range 90 %
to 100 % of the output controlled by any nozzle group governing valve, other than the last, shall not exceed three times the
overall droops.
d) very hot restart, within 1 h after a unit trip 6.1.5 The purchaser shall specify whether a turbine
(metal temperatures at or near their full-load by-pass system is to be employed and if so shall
values). state its duties, steam conditions and flow rates, and
6.1.3 The purchaser shall specify the following by whom it shall be supplied.
duties for which the turbine shall be designed: 6.1.6 The purchaser shall also specify the
a) the number of starts in each of the above parameters of steam available from auxiliary
categories; sources.
NOTE In the absence of the purchaser’s requirements in 6.2 Limits of variation of rated conditions
this respect, the supplier shall state the number of each type
of start for which the turbine is designed. A schedule, typical The turbine shall be capable of accepting variations
of a turbine intended for ultimate two-shift operation, may from the rated conditions within the limits stated
include: below:
— 100 cold starts;
a) Initial pressure
— 700 warm starts;
— 3 000 hot starts. The average initial pressure at the turbine inlet
b) the number of major load cycles; over any 12 months of operation shall not exceed
c) the rate of load change required for each class the rated pressure. In maintaining this average,
of significant load cycle, taking into account any the pressure shall not exceed 105 % of the rated
limitations in other parts of the plant, such as the pressure. Further accidental swings not
steam generator. exceeding 120 % of the rated pressure are
permitted, provided that the aggregate duration
NOTE The permitted rate of load change, and the significance
of a load cycle, are related to the characteristics of the steam of such swings over any 12 months of operation
generator (see 6.1.4) and to the mode of turbine operation during does not exceed 12 h (but see note at the end
each load change (i.e. throttle-governing (control) or of 6.2).
nozzle-governing (control), as well as to the particular turbine
design. Rapid changes of steam temperature within the turbine, NOTE See definition of rated steam conditions in 3.3.
which during load changes can depend on all of these factors, may An increase in initial pressure will normally
lead to undesirably high thermal stresses in some components, permit the turbine to generate power in excess of
and hence to excessive reduction in their life.
its normal rating, unless action is taken through
In addition to the major load cycles defined, further the control system to restrict the steam flow rate.
minor variations from stable conditions The generator and associated electrical
(i.e. increments of less than 10 % of MCR) may be equipment may be unable to accept such
accepted, and these need not be stated. additional output, and undesirable stresses may
6.1.4 The purchaser shall provide, bona fide, the also be imposed on the turbine; the purchaser
characteristics of the steam generator, to include shall accordingly provide load-responsive
the variation in pressure and initial and reheat protective means to limit the turbine output
temperatures with steam flow rate, for all of the under such circumstances.
start categories, load cycles and shutdown regimes The purchaser shall provide means to ensure
envisaged. that the turbine exhaust pressure before the
reheater cannot exceed 125 % of the specified
pressure at this point when the turbine is
operating at its rated output.
10 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
b) Initial, and where applicable, reheat e) Speed

temperature The turbine shall, unless otherwise agreed, be
For rated steam temperatures up to and capable of operating without restriction on
including 566 °C, the permissible variations are duration or on output between 98 % and 101 % of
as stated in the succeeding paragraphs. For rated speed.
rated temperatures in excess of 566 °C, the Operation at speeds further removed from rated
permissible variations shall be the subject of speed shall not be permitted except by
agreement between the purchaser and the agreement.
supplier. NOTE The limitations placed on variations of initial pressure
The average steam temperature at any inlet to and initial temperature in 6.2 a) and 6.2 b) respectively are
the turbine over any 12 months of operation appropriate for a turbine supplied with steam from a fossil-fired
boiler or other high-temperature source.
shall not exceed the rated temperature. In
maintaining this average, the temperature shall For a turbine supplied with steam at or near
not normally exceed the rated temperature by saturated conditions, for example from a nuclear
more than 8 K. If, exceptionally, the temperature reactor, the limitations to be placed on initial steam
exceeds the rated temperature by more than 8 K, conditions shall be agreed between the purchaser,
the instantaneous value of the temperature may the reactor supplier and the turbine supplier.
vary between this figure and a value of 14 K in 6.3 Abnormal operation
excess of the rated temperature, provided that 6.3.1 The purchaser shall specify his requirements
the total operating time between these two limits if operation is required in any of the following
does not exceed 400 h during any 12 months categories:
operating period. Operation between limits
of 14 K and 28 K in excess of the rated a) part of the condenser cooling section isolated;
temperature may be permitted, for brief swings b) some or all of the feed water heaters out of
of 15 min or less, provided that the total service;
operating time between these two limits does not c) overload, and how it shall be achieved;
exceed 80 h during any 12 months operating d) any other operating mode which imposes
period. In no case shall the temperature exceed unusual conditions.
the rated temperature by more than 28 K
(see note at the end of 6.2.) 6.3.2 The supplier shall state any limitations
arising from specified abnormal operation. This may
Should steam be supplied to any terminal point include such matters as structural loading or
on the turbine through two or more parallel adjustment in output power, and they shall include
pipes, the steam temperature in any of these the permitted duration for such limitations.
pipes should not differ from that in any other by
more than 17 K, except that during fluctuations 6.4 Installation conditions
not exceeding 15 min in duration within any 6.4.1 The purchaser shall specify whether the
four-hour period, a temperature difference not installation is indoors or outdoors, with or without a
exceeding 28 K shall be admissible. The steam roof, and the conditions in which the turbine unit
temperature in the hottest pipe shall not exceed must operate, including maximum and minimum
the limits given in the preceding paragraph. temperatures, relative humidity, unusual dust
c) Back-pressure turbine exhaust pressure problems, precipitation and wind speed (if
outdoors), and other related factors.
The average exhaust pressure shall not exceed
the specified exhaust pressure over 6.4.2 The purchaser shall provide any relevant data
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any 12 months operating period. concerning seismic conditions for which the plant is
to be designed.
In maintaining this average, the exhaust
absolute pressure shall not exceed the rated 6.5 Maintenance
pressure by more than 10 % nor drop more When requested by the purchaser, the supplier shall
than 20 % below it. give information on the anticipated frequency and
d) Condensing turbine exhaust pressure scope of maintenance for the turbine plant.
The turbine shall be capable of operating with 6.6 Operating instructions
any variation in exhaust arising from the range
The supplier shall provide operating instructions
of cooling water temperature or flow specified, or
wholly relevant and free from ambiguity, which will
alternatively the range of exhaust pressure enable the plant which he has supplied to be
specified. The supplier shall declare any operated safely.
limitations in these respects.

© BSI 07-1999 11
EN 60045-1:1993
The instructions shall include reference to all Where the driven machine is not supplied by the
limitations on plant operation, and may also include turbine manufacturer, agreement shall be reached
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the supplier’s requirements for steam purity. as to the party responsible for the critical speeds of
the combined turbine and driven machine.
7 Components 7.4.3 An overspeed test of each turbine rotor shall be
7.1 Materials and construction carried out, preferably at the manufacturer’s works.
The overspeed test shall be at a speed exceeding
All materials, components, and welding used in the
by 2 % the maximum calculated overspeed that
construction of the machine, and all piping,
would occur if the speed governor failed and if the
mounting, fittings and ancillary apparatus shall, so
maximum overspeed were limited by the action of
far as is reasonable, meet the requirements of the
the overspeed trip device only. The duration of the
appropriate national or international standards.
overspeed test shall not exceed 10 min, and it shall
The standards shall be specified in the contract.
only be performed once.
7.2 Parts subject to high temperatures When the normal setting of the overspeed trip is
a) Unstressed parts at 10 % excess speed, the overspeed test shall not be
The selection of material for parts not subjected in excess of 20 % above rated speed.
to appreciable stresses at their 7.4.4 Rotors and their couplings (and gearing where
operating-temperature shall be such as to avoid used) shall be designed to withstand those
unacceptable deterioration of properties as a conditions imposed by generator short-circuits, or
result of: by other specified disturbances within the electrical
i) internal structural or constitutional system.
changes; or The purchaser shall provide protection devices to
ii) reaction between the material and its reduce or eliminate the effect on the turbo-generator
environment. of any electrical fault on the system.
b) Stressed parts 7.5 Valves
The materials used for stressed parts shall fulfil The turbine shall be provided with an appropriate
conditions stated under a) above. In addition, they number of governing (control) valves. These shall be
should be selected on the basis of experimentally suitable for controlling the initial steam supply to
determined data which confirm that under the the turbine over the entire speed and load range. In
conditions of stress, temperature and time in which addition, suitable emergency stop valve(s) shall be
the components will be used, they will not crack or provided in series with these governing valves. The
deform to a greater extent than is permissible. valves which first receive steam shall each be
7.3 Casings and pedestals provided with a steam strainer located as closely as
practicable, upstream of the valve. For small
Casings, pedestals and supports shall be designed to industrial type turbines, the emergency and
withstand all normal and emergency service loads, governing (control) functions may be combined into
allowable piping forces and moments, and a single valve.
movement caused by temperature. The casing
On those turbines which operate with a reheat
design shall be such that thermal stresses in service
steam cycle, an appropriate number of reheat
are minimized. Turbine casings shall be adequately
governing (control) valves shall be provided.
supported to maintain good alignment with the
Suitable reheat emergency stop valves shall be
rotors.
provided in series with these governing (control)
Jackscrews, lifting lugs, eyebolts, guide dowels and valves. The valves which receive steam first from
special tools shall be provided where necessary to the reheater shall each be provided with a steam
facilitate assembly and dismantling. strainer located as closely as practicable upstream,
7.4 Rotors except where:
7.4.1 Rotors when completed shall be dynamically a) the first valve is of the swinging flap type (in
balanced. which case the strainer shall be provided between
the first and second valves), or
7.4.2 The critical speeds of the combined turbine
and driven machine shall be sufficiently removed b) reheat is carried out in a steam/steam
from the rated speed to avoid any adverse effect on reheater.
the operation of the unit over the range of speeds 7.6 Main bearings and housings
from 6 % below the rated speed to that obtained
a) Journal bearings shall be transversely split
following a full load rejection when the speed
with renewable liners, pads or shells.
governing system fails to operate.
12 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
b) Thrust bearings shall be designed to The turbine supplier shall ensure that the
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accommodate thrust in either axial direction. The deflections, natural frequencies of vibration, and
thrust bearing shall have provision for other properties of parts of the foundation designed
adjustment of rotor axial position during or supplied by him will have no adverse effect on the
maintenance. operation of the plant over the range of speeds
c) It shall be practicable to renew all the bearings specified in 5.2 and 5.3.
without dismantling any cylinder. Details of loads transmitted to the turbine, when in
d) Journal and thrust bearings shall be designed service and when not in service, including all piping
for pressure lubrication and to ensure proper forces and moments, shall be agreed with the
drainage. turbine supplier.
e) Bearing housings shall provide protection Unless agreed otherwise, the purchaser shall
against the ingress of moisture or foreign matter provide a suitable foundation block, on which the
and the leakage of lubricant. turbine supplier shall be given the opportunity to
comment at the design stage. The natural
f) To minimize the effects of electrical currents
frequencies of vibration of the foundation should not
generated by electrostatic friction effects, the
correspond to any low multiple of the operating
shafts of the turbine and the driven machine
speed of the unit.
shall be earthed (grounded). In cases where these
machines are supplied by separate suppliers, the Sufficient space and necessary openings in the
purchaser and supplier shall agree to the location foundations and building structure shall be
of the shaft earthing points. provided for installation of the equipment. Suitable
openings shall be provided in the building to admit
For the smaller industrial turbines, earthing is not
the equipment. The purchaser shall provide
usually necessary.
sufficient space round the equipment for servicing,
7.7 Cylinder and interstage glands including space for removing the rotors and setting
Glands at the ends of the rotors and between stages down the upper halves of the turbine casings.
shall be of suitable materials to minimize distortion Where ancillary equipment connected to the turbine
or growth at the operating temperature. (for example, moisture separators and reheaters) is
The construction of the glands shall be such as to mounted on a separate foundation supplied by
minimize damage to the rotor in the event of others, the turbine supplier shall specify the
rubbing while in operation. permissible movement relative to the turbine
foundation.
7.8 Thermal insulation
When specified, the turbine shall be insulated. The 9 Feed pump drives
purchaser shall state the required outer surface
9.1 Information required
temperature of the insulation material (not
normally exceeding the ambient temperature by Feed pumps may be driven by a variety of means,
more than 40 K, but in accordance with national which can differ in their thermodynamic influence
standards). The insulation shall be so designed that on the cycle. The turbine supplier will usually
turbine maintenance is facilitated. require information, as listed below, before design
The purchaser shall state any limitation on details or the determination of heat rate can be
insulation materials. finalized.
9.1.1 Drive by auxiliary turbine
8 Foundations and buildings Where the pump is driven by an auxiliary turbine
The turbine supplier shall provide the purchaser using steam extracted from the main turbine, or
with the relevant information (static and dynamic where exhaust steam from the auxiliary turbine
loads, outline drawings, seating details, forces and discharges into the main turbine or its system:
moments, permissible foundation deflections, i) when the main turbine supplier supplies the
thermal expansions, etc.) at the interface between feed pump and its driving turbine, the purchaser
his own design responsibility and that of the shall, at an early stage, provide the turbine
purchaser or his foundation designer, to enable supplier with information showing the required
design and construction of the total support system feed pump generated head as a function of feed
to proceed. water flow rate;

© BSI 07-1999 13
EN 60045-1:1993
ii) when the main turbine supplier supplies the iii) when the turbine supplier does not supply the
separate turbine driving the feed pump, but does feed pump, motor, speed-changing gear, or
not supply the pump, the purchaser shall, at an hydraulic coupling, the purchaser shall, at an
early stage, provide the turbine supplier with early stage, provide the turbine supplier with
information showing the variation of the required information showing the enthalpy rise in the feed
pump input power and speed and feed pump water as a function of feed water flow rate.
generated head, as functions of feed water flow 9.1.3 Margins on pump duty
rate;
In all instances, the specified feed pump flow rate
iii) when the main turbine supplier supplies
shall include attemperation water requirements for
neither the separate turbine driving the feed superheater, reheater, and turbine by-pass, where
pump, nor the pump, the purchaser shall, at an these are provided.
early stage, provide to the main turbine supplier
sufficient information to enable the feed water 9.2 General
enthalpy rise across the pump and the steam flow 9.2.1 Where the feed pump is driven by an auxiliary
to the separate turbine to be derived, over the turbine, the auxiliary turbine supplier and the
range of feed water flow rate. pump supplier shall agree all the relevant interface
In i) and ii) above, this information shall cover the information, including the direction of rotation.
range from the minimum load on the main turbine Consideration shall be given to the supply
at which the turbine-driven feed pump is to be arrangements for lubricating oil, control fluid,
independently capable of meeting the feed flow sealing water to the feed pump and gland sealing
requirements, up to the maximum feed water flow steam to its driving turbine, bearing in mind that
rate for which the pump and its driver are to be these may need to be separate from those of the
designed. main turbine. The requirement for fitting turning
An additional margin of power and speed, above gear shall be agreed between the auxiliary turbine
that required for the maximum power rating, shall and feed pump suppliers.
be allowed before fixing the capability of the 9.2.2 Consideration shall be given to any
auxiliary turbine; the amount of this margin shall requirement for preventing or restricting reverse
be agreed between the purchaser and the main rotation of the feed pump.
turbine supplier.
If the main turbine supplier does not supply 10 Turbine auxiliary systems
inter-connecting piping conveying steam from the 10.1 Lubricating oil
supply point on the main turbine, or from the main The turbine shall have a main oil pump which shall
steam pipes (or from other sources), to the feed be driven mechanically by the turbine itself or (by
pump turbine, the purchaser shall state to the main agreement) by an electric motor.
turbine supplier the drops in steam pressure and
temperature to be allowed in this piping. An auxiliary oil pump, driven from a source entirely
separate from the main oil pump, shall be provided
9.1.2 Drive by electric motor to operate when starting up or shutting down the
Where the pump is driven by an electric motor, turbine, and to come into operation automatically as
sometimes directly, sometimes through a a replacement to the main pump in the event of low
speed-changing gear, and sometimes through an oil pressure, to enable the turbine to remain in
interposed hydraulic coupling: service. Provision shall be made to on-load test the
i) when the turbine supplier supplies the whole of auto-start of all back-up lubricating oil pumps by
this equipment, the purchaser shall, at an early simulating low oil pressure.
stage, provide the turbine supplier with An emergency standby pump, preferably d.c. motor
information showing the required feed pump driven, of adequate size to permit a safe run-down of
head against feed water flow rate; the set, shall be provided to start automatically in
ii) when the turbine supplier supplies the driving the event of the failure of an auxiliary oil pump or of
equipment but not the pump, the purchaser shall, its electrical supply; alternatively, by agreement, a
at an early stage, provide the turbine supplier gravity oil tank may be provided for this purpose.
with information showing the required pump A jacking oil system shall be provided to supply high
power (measured at the pump inlet coupling) and pressure oil to each turbine and generator bearing,
feed pump generated head as functions of feed if this is necessary, to lift the rotors to reduce
water flow rate and also the pump maximum starting torque and bearing wear when barring
speed; (turning) or during starting.
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14 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
Multiple oil coolers and filters shall be provided of 10.4 Drains

sufficient capacity so that any one oil cooler or filter Each turbine casing, steam chest, or other vessel,
can be taken out of service with the set in operation. and all pipes conveying steam, including bled steam
The inlet and outlet changeover valves to the coolers pipes to feed water heaters, shall be adequately
or filters shall be arranged so that they are not drained at all points where water may accumulate.
capable of shutting off the flow of oil to the bearings
while the set is in operation. For industrial type Drainage shall normally be to a suitable drains
turbines, single oil coolers and filters may be vessel, and the drain pipes shall incorporate
provided. suitable valves, traps, or orifice plates before
discharge into the drains vessel.
All pipes, valves, cooler bodies and filter bodies shall
be of steel or other appropriate material. Brittle 10.5 Vents
materials such as cast grey iron are not suitable. Vent piping shall be provided from the gland steam
Pipe joints shall be welded wherever practicable. exhauster fan and lubricating system exhauster
Precautions shall be taken to minimize internal fan(s) to a specified outdoor location, or as agreed.
corrosion in oil tanks and drain pipes. 10.6 Turning gear
The supplier shall specify the properties of the Turning gear (sometimes known as barring gear)
lubricating oil to be used. When initial flushing is shall be provided to rotate the rotor system slowly
not carried out by the supplier, the oil used shall be (continuously or discontinuously), if necessary, to
to his approval. limit thermal distortion of the rotor(s) when not
The design of the lubricating system shall be such turning under steam. Interlocks shall be provided, if
that during normal operation, the operating necessary, to ensure that turning cannot commence
temperature of the oil at each main bearing drain until an adequate supply of lubricating oil is
will not, in general, exceed 75 °C. There are available and the drive is fully engaged. The turning
applications on small turbines where this gear shall disengage automatically when the
temperature may be increased to 85 °C. Precautions turbine speed increases above the turning gear
shall be taken against fire caused by leakage of speed.
lubricating oil. 10.7 Piping
10.2 Control fluid
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All piping for steam, water, oil, or air services shall

The fluid used in the control system and for preferably be in steel complying with the
operation of the steam valves may be either oil from requirements of the appropriate international or
the lubricating system, or fluid from an entirely national standard. The standards should be stated
separate system. The pumps supplying the separate in the contract.
control fluid shall be duplicated, with automatic Welded joints shall be used wherever practicable.
changeover on failure of one pump. Other materials may be used by agreement between
Arrangements shall be made, if necessary, to the purchaser and the turbine supplier.
sustain the pressure of the control fluid during the The turbine supplier shall state the magnitude and
starting period of the standby pump. direction of application of the pipework forces and
When a fluid other than oil from the lubricating moments, applied at the agreed major terminating
system is used, the fluid shall be to the supplier’s points of his equipment, which are acceptable to his
approval. The same requirements regarding plant.
materials, pipe construction and the duplication of
coolers and filters as in 10.1 shall apply unless 11 Instrumentation
otherwise agreed. 11.1 General
10.3 Sealing system for rotor and valve glands Such instruments shall be provided as are necessary
The sealing system at the ends of the rotors and to enable the turbine to be reliably and efficiently
valve glands shall, unless otherwise agreed, be so operated and supervised.
arranged, for example by the provision of a gland The scope of instrumentation that is economically
steam condenser, that no steam issues into the justified will depend on the rating of the turbine and
turbine hall. Where appropriate, the control of the conditions under which it is to operate. The
sealing steam for the glands shall be fully automatic following requirements apply to large turbines.
under all modes of operation. Relief valves shall be
fitted to the steam pipework as necessary. When
auxiliary steam is required, such as for start-up, the
supplier shall state his requirements for the steam
conditions and quantity.

© BSI 07-1999 15
EN 60045-1:1993
11.2 Standard instruments g) For saturated steam turbines, which

Where applicable, primary measuring elements for incorporate moisture separators and reheaters;
at least the following shall be provided: reheating steam flow (or reheater drains flow),
and levels in separator and reheater drain tanks;
a) Pressures
h) In addition, equipment necessary to provide
— initial and reheat steam inlets immediately the alarm and trip initiating signals listed in
upstream of the initial and reheat stop valves clause 12 shall be provided.
and strainers;
11.4 Additional instruments
— extraction(s), for extraction turbines;
— extractions to feed water heaters; Additional primary measuring elements may be
specified by the purchaser, or recommended by the
— exhausts from each cylinder; supplier.
— lubricating oil supply to bearings; For large turbine plant the instrumentation may
— fluid supply to the control system. typically include:
b) Temperatures — cooling water temperature;
— initial and reheat steam; — condenser pressure;
— steam at exhaust from high pressure and — pressures and liquid levels in various vessels;
intermediate pressure cylinders; — steam and water temperatures at inlet and
— extractions to feed water heaters; outlet of feed water heaters and other heat
— oil at cooler outlet; exchangers;
— oil in the bearing drains, or bearing metal. — inlet and outlet pressures of feed pumps;
c) Levels — condensate, feed water and initial steam flow
rates.
— level of oil in main lubricating oil tank;
NOTE Primary measuring elements for such measurements
— level of fluid in control fluid tank. may be supplied by others.
11.3 Supervisory equipment 11.5 Test measuring points
Equipment for measuring the following shall be For the purpose of carrying out performance tests
provided: for heat rate or other reasons, measuring points
a) Speed: rotational speed of the turbine; shall be provided for all test measurements and
observations. These measuring points shall be
b) Load: electrical output of the generator
additional to those required for the normal
(frequently this instrument is not included in the
operation and control of the turbine, and shall be
turbine contract);
agreed between supplier and purchaser.
c) Rotor and pedestal movement: axial differential
movement of selected rotors, each relative to its Agreement shall be reached upon responsibility for,
casing or pedestal, measured at the end remote and provision of, those required measuring points
located at positions outside the contractual scope of
from the thrust bearing.
supply.
Axial movement of pedestals relative to the
foundation; 12 Protection
d) Vibration: vibration of pedestals or rotors.
12.1 General
Rotor eccentricity, and the phase angle of the
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vibration, may also be required; The extent of protection which can be economically
justified depends upon the rating of the turbine and
e) Metal temperatures: provision shall be made for
the conditions under which it has to operate. The
the measurement of all metal temperatures or
following requirements apply to large turbines.
temperature differences considered necessary for
the safe operation of the turbine, or for enabling
stresses in turbine casing walls or other
components to be assessed, to provide
information on safe rates of run-up or load
change;
f) Valve position: positions of all initial and reheat
steam valves, unless otherwise agreed, except
that only fully-open or fully-closed indication is
required for reheat emergency valves;
16 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
12.2 Protection system — tripping 12.3 Protection system — alarms

12.2.1 A separate and independent turbine Alarms shall be raised, but the turbine shall not
protection system shall be provided. This system (unless otherwise specified) be tripped for:
shall be so designed that in the event of a trip signal a) excessive thrust bearing wear;
occurring, its operation shall result in the
b) high steam temperature at the low pressure
immediate closure of all steam valves.
cylinder exhaust;
(i.e. emergency stop valves, governing (control)
valves, reheat emergency valves, and reheat c) excessive bearing temperature (oil or metal);
governing (control) valves), and in the power closing d) excessive vibration.
of the non-return (check) valves (where these are 12.4 Protection system — other devices
fitted) in the cold reheat steam pipes, in the bled
steam lines to the feed water heaters, and in other Other protection devices, which shall not, unless
systems normally supplied with steam from the specified in the contract, initiate tripping of the
turbine; thereby enabling the turbine to run down turbine shall be provided. These include:
safely in the event of an incident which could 12.4.1 Low-pressure casing and condenser
otherwise cause damage to the turbine or its pressurization
auxiliary equipment.
The low pressure cylinders and the condenser shall
12.2.2 The protection equipment shall be designed be protected against excessive pressure by valves or
on a fail-safe principle, such that loss of control fluid relief diaphragms of sufficient size to keep the
pressure shall cause immediate closure of the pressure within permitted limits.
emergency stop valves and the governing (control)
12.4.2 Water ingress from the feed water
valves.
heating system
12.2.3 Removal of the condition that has initiated
the operation of the trip system shall not cause the Protection against water entering the turbine from
trip gear to reset automatically, nor the steam the feed water heating plant shall be specified by
valves to re-open. The trip system shall be arranged the purchaser to the supplier of the feed water
so that it can be reset only by the operator. Until the heating plant. The main features of such protection
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trip system has been reset, it shall be impossible to shall include at least:
re-open any of the steam valves. a) Each bled steam line from the turbine shall be
12.2.4 The trip system shall be based on, but not arranged so that all the heater surface must be
necessarily confined to, the following list of flooded before any water can flow to the turbine.
initiating devices, operation of any one of which The heaters should preferably be located lower
shall cause operation of the trip system: than the turbine.
a) overspeed trip (see 5.5); b) For every feed water heater, there shall be two
independent means of automatically preventing
b) manual trip local to the turbine; water from entering the turbine from the
c) emergency stop push-button, locally and extraction system; the system shall be designed
remotely operated; so that no single failure of equipment results in
d) high exhaust pressure trip; water entering the turbine.
NOTE Increase in condenser pressure above a set value In general, these independent means can be a
shall be arranged to actuate one (or more) alarms, which may combination either of the following items:
be set at different pressures. Further increase in condenser
pressure shall result in a unit trip. 2) and either 1) i) or 1) ii),
e) low steam inlet pressure trip (where required); or 3) and either 1) i) or 1) ii),
f) low lubricating oil pressure trip; or 2) and 3).
g) loss of speed governor trip (for electric 1) i) Provision of gravity drainage from the
governors); heater, with open manometric seal, or
h) trips initiated by the generator or its auxiliary ii) Provision of an automatic alternative
systems; for example loss of generator stator drainage route, of large capacity, from the
winding cooling water; heater.
i) electrically-operated trip automatically NOTE 1) i) is to be preferred to 1) ii), if conditions permit
its use.
initiated by electrical fault operation.
2) Provision of automatic isolating valves in
the bled steam lines between the turbine and
the feed water heater, and in drain lines
cascading into the heater.
© BSI 07-1999
17
EN 60045-1:1993
3) Provision of automatic isolating valves for 12.4.4 Low steam inlet pressure unloader (if
all sources of feed water to the heater. This required)
will normally require an automatic by-pass Reduction in steam inlet pressure to the turbine
around the heater. below a set value shall be arranged to close the
NOTE The time of operation of each of the automatic governing valves and so to reduce the turbine load
isolating valves required by 2) and 3) above, from receipt
of closing signal to the fully closed position should be such
progressively down to an agreed low value.
that for water flows into the shell equivalent to the larger Restoration of steam inlet pressure shall not result
of: automatically in reopening of the governing valves,
a) water flowing from two ruptured tubes (from tube unless otherwise agreed.
ends), or
Further reduction in steam inlet pressure shall
b) water flow equivalent to 10 % of the heater tube side
flow at MCR, the valve should be closed before the result in a turbine trip (see 12.2.4).
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water has filled the usable storage volume between the NOTE Where it is intended that the turbine should operate at
high level alarm (which initiates the valve closure) and partial load, at controlled, reduced, initial steam pressure, the
the automatic isolating valve. protective devices of the low steam inlet pressure unloader and
Items 1) ii), 2) and 3) shall normally be initiated the low steam inlet pressure trip (see 12.2.4) should be so
arranged as to continue to protect the turbine against a rapid
by high water level sensors in the heater shell, decrease in inlet steam pressure, but automatic reopening of
with suitable precautions to ensure reliable governing valves during normal operation is permitted.
operation. 12.4.5 Unwanted steam
c) Non-return (check) valves, normally provided Protection against unwanted steam admission to
in extraction lines to limit speed rise on loss of the exhaust of the high pressure turbine is
load (see 19.3), should be located as closely as necessary if a turbine by-pass is used.
practicable to the turbine extraction points.
This is normally achieved by the provision of at least
Isolating valves and power-closed non-return one non-return (check) valve.
valves, where provided, shall be arranged for
testing (by closing) while the plant is in 13 Vibration
operation.
13.1 General vibration of parts of the turbine
Power-assisted and free-swinging non-return
valves shall be arranged for checking for freedom The turbine shall be arranged to permit vibration
while the plant is in operation. measurements in service at or adjacent to each main
d) Where more than one bank of heaters is bearing [see 11.3 d)]; vibration may be measured on
supplied from a single bled steam line, then the bearing housing, on the shaft, or relatively
either each heater shall have its own valves, or, if between the shaft and bearing housing. This part
the valves are in the common line, water from a does not specify limits for vibration.
flooding heater shall flow into the associated The preferred criterion for the description of turbine
heater and completely flood it before it is possible bearing housing vibration is the vibration velocity;
for water to flood the common bled steam pipe up this is, for synchronous vibration, related to the
to the turbine. peak-to-peak displacement by the formula:
e) Each heater shall be provided with high water 2A = 450 V/f
level detector switches, in duplicate and each where:
arranged for testing for correct operation while 2A is the peak-to-peak displacement in 4m, V is the
the plant is in operation. Operation of such r.m.s. vibration velocity in mm/s and f is the
switches shall initiate operation of the protective rotational frequency in Hz.
devices.
The preferred criterion for the description of shaft
12.4.3 Moisture separator and reheater vibration is the peak-to-peak shaft displacement.
overpressure
13.2 Vibration measured at the bearing
The vessels containing the moisture separators and housing
reheaters shall be protected against
over-pressurization by suitable relief valves, Values of vibration velocity, measured in a radial
bursting diaphragms, or other agreed means. direction at the bearing housing, of 2,8 mm/s or
better, are usually obtainable for turbines in good
balance, running under steady conditions at their
specified operating speeds, but it may be possible for
a turbine to continue in satisfactory operation at
higher values.
18 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
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Peak-to-peak displacements corresponding to this When all of the above factors are within the turbine
figure (which is in accord with Quality Band A of supplier’s scope, the purchaser may state to the
Class IV in ISO 2372) are given in Table 2. turbine supplier his requirements regarding the
Table 2 permissible noise level in the vicinity of the turbine.
When the factors are not all within the turbine
Rated turbine speed Peak-to-peak displacement supplier’s scope, it may be necessary for the
measured at the bearing
housing purchaser, the turbine supplier, and those
(Hz) (4m) responsible for the other factors, to cooperate to
meet the purchaser’s requirements. Suppliers of
16,67 75 other components or plant in the vicinity of the
25 50 turbine shall themselves be responsible for the noise
30 42 it produces.
50 25 If these requirements are not met by the basic
60 21 design of plant, they may be achieved by the supply
100 12 of suitable acoustic screens or enclosures.
200 6
15 Tests
NOTE The displacements at other speeds can be derived from
the relationship: 15.1 General
speed × displacement = 1 250 (in the units quoted). All the tests required by this part shall be carried
13.3 Vibration measured at the shaft out in accordance with the stated provisions.
Shaft vibration is usually measured relative to the Any further tests required by the purchaser, and the
bearing housing; in any case, the vibration extent of any witnessing by the purchaser or his
measurements shall be carried out in accordance representative, shall be stated in the purchaser’s
with ISO 7919-1. Vibration measured on the shaft is specification.
likely to be considerably greater (by a factor of 2 or 15.2 Hydraulic tests
more) that that measured at the bearing housing,
depending on the nodal pattern of the shaft, the As part of the Quality Assurance Program, all parts
axial position of the pick-up, the bearing design and subjected in normal service to a pressure above
other factors. atmospheric shall be tested hydraulically so that the
pressure loads shall be at least 50 % in excess of the
14 Noise maximum that could occur at any load with rated
terminal conditions (as defined in 3.3). The
14.1 Noise emitted by the individual plant hydraulic test may, by agreement, be omitted
components where, in service, leakage would not be to
The noise of machinery is measured on an atmosphere. The hydraulic test may also be omitted
imaginary surface around the machine, at 1 m from by agreement when the manufacturer can, by other
the machine surface and at a height of 1,2 m above means, satisfy the purchaser of the integrity and
the level of the floor, walkway, or other position suitability of the component.
provided for personnel access. 15.3 Performance tests
The surface noise level is defined as the maximum The extent of any performance tests required shall
“A”-weighted r.m.s. sound pressure level, measured be stated in the purchaser’s specification, together
on the slow response of a sound level meter with the extent of the supplier’s expected
complying with IEC 651, type 1, with the participation.
microphone positioned as described above.
Thermal acceptance tests shall be carried out in
14.2 Noise level in the vicinity of the turbine accordance with IEC 953-1 or IEC 953-2.
unit
Speed and load governing tests shall be carried out
The noise level in the vicinity of the steam turbine in accordance with IEC 1064.
unit depends upon many factors such as the noise
15.4 Test results and data
power generated by the various turbine
components, the noise power generated by The supplier shall make available to the purchaser
components of other plant in the station, the such certificates or reports as may be necessary to
relative location of the turbine and the other plant confirm that the objectives of all tests specified in
components, and the acoustics of the surrounding the contract have been achieved.
area and building, including the amount of
sound-attenuating material present.

© BSI 07-1999 19
EN 60045-1:1993
16 Delivery and installation c) For a fossil-fired plant, if the turbine is

arranged for reheating between cylinders, and
16.1 Transport to site and temporary
the reheater is not supplied by the turbine
protection
supplier:
Before shipping from the works, all turbine — the cold reheat pressure(s);
components shall be suitably protected against
corrosion, stress corrosion and handling damage — the pressure drop(s) in the reheater(s), and
during transport to site and any storage period — the set pressure(s) for safety valves on
before installation. Storage conditions and duration reheat system(s).
shall be specified and agreed between the purchaser d) If the turbine is provided with an external
and the supplier. water separator, not supplied by the turbine
16.2 Erection and commissioning supplier:
The erection and commissioning procedures shall be — the pressure drop in the steam;
in accordance with recommendations and — the efficiency of water separation;
instructions issued by the supplier either on — the destination of the separator drains;
drawings or by other means. It is recommended that
— the set pressure of the safety valves or other
where erection and commissioning do not form part
devices (see 12.4.3), if they are not within the
of the contract, the purchaser should, as a
turbine supplier’s scope.
minimum, use the services of the supplier’s
supervisor. If a water separator is followed by either
single-stage or multi-stage steam/steam
17 Design information to be supplied reheaters, not supplied by the turbine supplier:
by the purchaser — the pressure drop in the reheated steam;
— the pressure drop in the reheating steam
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17.1 General
pipe(s);
The purchaser will normally provide a detailed
specification of his requirements to the supplier. It — the terminal temperature difference of each
is recommended that the requirements or other reheater stage;
relevant information include at least those listed — the destination of the reheater drains.
below. Where appropriate, these parameters shall be
17.2 Characteristics of the turbine and its defined as a function of steam flow rate.
accessories e) If water is injected for temperature control of
a) Rated output as defined in 3.5 at generator either initial or reheat steam:
terminals or at the turbine coupling. — the source of supply, the rate of flow and the
b) Weighting factors for thermal performance enthalpy of the water.
guarantee purposes, when required in pursuance f) If make-up water is to be supplied to the
of the requirements of 4.2. condenser for purging and boiler losses:
c) Speed of rotation, or system frequency, and — quantity and temperature of the water.
operational speed range required. g) If steam is required to be extracted for heating
d) The total required running hours. or other auxiliary purposes:
e) Details of turbine location and any physical — the flow rates and pressures required, the
limitations. destination and enthalpies of the drains,
f) Any seismic conditions to be taken into account. whether the extraction pressure is to be
controlled, and whether account is to be taken
17.3 Steam and water conditions of such extractions in the guarantees.
a) Rated steam conditions at the inlet to each set h) For low pressure steam supplied to a
of turbine stop valves at the rated output and mixed-pressure steam turbine:
maximum steam conditions.
— pressure;
b) Steam pressure at each exhaust flange of the
— mean temperature (or dryness fraction) and
steam turbine at the rated output.
range;
NOTE This includes the pressure at the turbine exhaust
flange when the turbine supplier does not supply the — steam flow rate;
condenser. When the turbine supplier also supplies the — method of control of steam input;
condenser, the information required is as in 17.4.
— maximum power output required with
high-pressure steam only.
20 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
NOTE The supplier may require that the high-pressure NOTE The direction of rotation shall be agreed with the
steam flow does not fall below a value which he will specify. turbine supplier.
i) Availability and conditions of steam from b) The nature of the load to be carried by the
auxiliary sources, for example for gland sealing at turbine, and the expected pattern and mode of
start-up. operation.
j) The chemical characteristics of the steam c) The number, nature, and intensity of
supply. disturbances of the electrical system giving rise
k) For boiler feed pumps, the purchaser should to abnormal torques.
provide the information listed in clause 9, The manufacturer of the generator, if not the
together with all other information necessary for same as the supplier of the turbine, shall provide
the thermodynamic and mechanical integration to the turbine supplier details of the abnormal
of the plant. Where possible, the information torques thereby imposed on the turbine;
should provide details of the variation of these determination of these abnormal torques may
parameters with feed water rate or turbine require collaboration between the generator and
output. turbine manufacturers.
NOTE In items c), d), e) and g) above, some exchange of d) The relevant factors affecting the operation of
informations will be required between the purchaser and the the turbine for example:
supplier, since the final design of equipment not in the supplier’s
scope will be affected by the pressure distribution in the final 1) operational duty (see 6.1.3);
turbine design.
2) adoption of sliding pressure (see 3.10);
17.4 Conditions for condensers and coolers
3) maximum required rate of load pick-up
(where this equipment is in the supplier’s
[see 6.1.3 c)];
extent of supply)
4) temporary abnormal operating conditions
a) Source of supply and quality of cooling
(see 6.3.1);
medium, or heat exchange surface material to be
used, and cleanliness factor to be used in the 5) characteristics of the steam generator
design. (see 6.1.4);
b) Maximum and minimum temperatures of the 6) capacity of turbine by-pass system, if
cooling medium, and the average temperature utilised (see 6.1.5).
over the annual period. e) The relevant factors affecting the economic
c) Any limitation on quantity of cooling medium optimization of the plant. These include the
available, or on permissible temperature rise. purchaser’s evaluation figures to enable
optimization of the turbine itself and of its
d) Maximum and minimum pressures at terminal condensing plant to be carried out.
points of cooling water system and pressure drop
between them. For fixed initial steam conditions and steam flow
rate, output can be increased and heat rate
17.5 Applications: installation and mode of reduced, by judicious selection of various turbine
operation plant parameters, including those relating to the
a) Particulars of the driven machine (if not condenser and its cooling water system.
supplied by the turbine supplier): The purchaser should state the figures he will
— name of manufacturer; use in his evaluation for:
— complete dimensions of outline, interface, — the benefit to him and one unit
and holding-down arrangements; improvement in guaranteed heat rate;
— full statement of relevant characteristics, — the cost to him of one additional kilowatt of
including all normal or abnormal torques auxiliary electrical power not already allowed
absorbed, and any axial thrust or journal for in the heat rate guarantee;
bearing loads to be absorbed by the turbine; — the incremental cost to him of one unit of
— requirements for auxiliary services such as volumetric flow of cooling water and of
lubricating oil and cooling water; make-up water;
— if the machine is driven through a gearbox, — any other plant characteristics or
the speed of the output shaft; dimensions which he will take into account.
— any requirements regarding balancing,
alignment, provision for expansion, or other
matters which can influence satisfactory
operation of the assembled unit.
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© BSI 07-1999
21
EN 60045-1:1993
f) Proposed control system defining those 18.4 A recommended time schedule for the
functions (e.g. starting and synchronizing, necessary interchange of technical information and
loading, shutting down, etc.) which are to be drawings, to integrate the turbine-generator and its
carried out manually from local or remote control association equipment into the overall plant design.
positions and those to be carried out 18.5 Requirements for the steam conditions and
automatically). quantity, for auxiliary steam for gland sealing
g) The information listed in A.6 (Annex A) if an during start-up.
electronic governor is required. 18.6 Information on turbine foundations as detailed
h) Installation conditions (see 6.4). in clause 8.
i) Thermal insulation requirements (see 7.8).
19 Turbine plant with regenerative
k) Permissible noise level (see clause 14).
feed water heating
l) Additional instrumentation required (see 1.4).
19.1 Exchange of information
m) Whether low steam inlet pressure unloader
(see 12.4.4) is required. Turbines for electrical power generation are usually
arranged for regenerative feed water heating. The
17.6 Foundations
basis of the arrangement (see clause 4) and the
If the purchaser is responsible for design of the relevant details, indicated below, shall be agreed
foundation, he shall supply the turbine supplier at between the purchaser and the supplier for one or
an early date with an outline drawing of the more specific loads.
foundation based on information provided by the
a) The number of bled-steam feed water heating
supplier in clause 8. stages, and which of them are to be provided:
17.7 Terminal points 1) from the main turbine; and
Terminal points of the plant to be supplied. 2) from any auxiliary turbine which may be
17.8 Delivery site conditions supplied for driving other equipment, such as
a) Point of delivery. a boiler feed pump or auxiliary generator or
similar plant.
b) Conditions affecting transport and access to
b) The number and arrangement of individual
site, facilities available on site, and any
heat exchanger vessels for each stage of feed
requirements for extended periods of storage.
water heating; and whether each vessel is
17.9 Tests supplied independently from a turbine tapping
Extent of performance testing (see 15.3). point, or from a header which supplies steam to
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all vessels of the same feed water heating stage.
18 Design information to be provided c) The position of feed pumps in the feed water
by the supplier heating cycle, the pressure of the feed water at
the discharge of each pump, and the rise in
The supplier shall provide detailed information of
enthalpy of the feed water across each pump.
his plant to the purchaser. It is recommended that
at least the following items are included. d) The desired feed water temperature at the
18.1 For stability of the turbine and for the appropriate terminal point, and the permissible
mechanical design of the terminal points and deviation from the desired value.
pipework systems, the forces and moments from the Also, whether the final feed water temperature
principal steam pipes have to be limited. The can be allowed to vary naturally with turbine
supplier shall furnish adequate information to allow load and, if not, the purchaser’s requirements in
the purchaser to design the pipework systems in this respect.
accordance with these requirements. e) The method of cascading heater drains, and at
Similar information may be required in respect of which point or points (if any) the drains are
the feed water piping where the feed water heaters pumped forward into the feed water system.
or similar plant are within the supplier’s scope. f) The terminal temperature difference for each
18.2 For the relevant operating conditions, the heater, i.e. the difference between the saturation
thermal expansion of the terminal points. temperature of the steam in the heater and the
18.3 For all pipe connections to the purchaser’s temperature of the feed water leaving the heater.
pipework systems, dimensions of the terminal NOTE If there is de-superheating of the bled steam before
it is admitted to the saturation zone of the feed water heater,
points, together with weld preparations and welding the complementary feed water heating in the de-superheater
recommendations. must be taken into account.
22 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
g) The terminal temperature difference for each 19.2 Inclusion of the feed water heating
drain cooler (other than flash type), whether system performance into the turbine
independent or integral with a bled steam heater, guarantee
i.e. the difference between the temperature of the When the turbine supplier supplies the feed water
heater condensate leaving the drain cooler and heating system, its performance shall be included in
the temperature of the feed water entering the the guarantee of performance, unless otherwise
drain cooler. agreed.
h) The rise in enthalpy of the condensate over any When the turbine supplier does not supply the feed
heat exchanger(s) in the feed water system not water heating system, the information listed in 19.1
provided by the supplier. shall be stated in the guarantee of performance.
j) The pressure drop from each extraction outlet The turbine supplier shall be given the opportunity
on the turbine to the heater, or the drop in of adjusting his guarantees should the feed water
saturation temperature from extraction outlet to heating system finally agreed upon differ from the
heater. system on which the guarantee was based.
k) The type and the location in the system of the
19.3 Provision of non-return valves in bled
bled steam evaporator (if provided), the quantity steam pipes from the turbine
of make-up water required, the blow-down
allowances for the evaporator, and the enthalpy The supplier shall determine the amount of
of the raw water entering the evaporator. overspeed which the turbine will experience due to
entrained steam, resulting from a loss-of-load
l) If the condensate from auxiliary plant is to be
incident or a turbine trip.
dealt with by the feed water heating system: the
quantity and the enthalpy of such condensate, The number and type of non-return (check) valves to
and its point of introduction into the feed water be placed in the bled steam extraction pipes from
heating system. the turbine shall, when the feed-heating plant is not
supplied by the turbine supplier, be agreed between
m) Particulars of any operating condition
the purchaser and the turbine supplier, and will be
governed otherwise than by the output of the
based upon the overspeed calculations.
turbine, for example, deaerator pressure when a
minimum value is specified, together with the It may be possible to eliminate non-return (check)
source and conditions of any alternative steam valves from some extraction lines, provided that the
supply available to satisfy such requirements. quantity of steam which could return to the turbine
has been evaluated and that the resulting effect on
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n) Where steam is supplied for feed water
overspeed is acceptable.
heating purposes from sources other than the
main turbine: the pressure, enthalpy, and flow
rate from each source, and the destination of the
condensed steam. Similarly, where heat is
supplied by media other than steam, the
relevant details.
© BSI 07-1999
23
EN 60045-1:1993
Annex A (normative) A.1.2.2 Governors may also be classified according

Electronic governors to their interface with the steam admission valve
hydraulic relays.
A.1 General Type a): Systems with a separate electro-hydraulic
A.1.1 Scope controller for each steam valve, each
This annex covers the electronic section of having fault monitoring provision and
electro-hydraulic governing (control) systems and possibly internal redundancy. This
overspeed protection equipment used on steam arrangement will normally be used with
turbines. The requirements of clause 5 shall also be governors of type A or type B.
observed where applicable. Type b): Systems with a common interface for all
A.1.2 Classification of governing (control) valves of the turbine or control group.
This arrangement will normally be used
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systems
with governors of types B, C, or D.
A.1.2.1 Electronic governors are classified as follows
to distinguish between the differing standards of A.1.3 Overspeed protection
performance, particularly reliability, required for The requirements of 5.3 apply to mechanical and
various applications. electrical overspeed protection equipment, either of
Type A: Fault-tolerant systems, in which at least which may be used with electronic governors.
one fault can be detected and repaired Electronic overspeed protection may also be used
with no loss or only limited loss of system with mechanical governors or in combination with
availability, and no loss of overspeed mechanical overspeed equipment.
limiting capability. Such governing For central power station type turbines, the
(control) systems may, for example, have electronic equipment shall be designed so that no
three parallel redundant principal single fault shall either cause a trip or prevent a
processing paths in which a failure in one trip. Any suitable form of redundancy may be used.
path, detected by comparison, will give an For industrial type turbines, it may be acceptable to
alarm, and in which control will be combine the overspeed electronic equipment with
maintained by voting arrangements the governing (control) system.
between the paths.
A.1.4 Control method
Type B: Systems in which faults will be detected
Electronic governors may use analogue or digital
and will result in unloading or tripping of
control, or a combination of the two. The use of
the unit for a proportion of single faults
shared-purpose equipment (i.e. equipment which is
including all those resulting in a loss of
overspeed limiting capability. Such partly outside that provided by the turbine supplier)
governors may, for example, have two is not generally permitted.
processing paths or one path with A.1.5 Power supplies
performance monitoring. For governors of type A, at least two independent
Type C: Systems with the same characteristics as electric power supplies shall be provided by the
type B, except that the governing (control) purchaser, so as to maintain unimpaired
system output may be placed in a “hold” performance of the governor during loss of a single
state for certain fault conditions in supply for any period.
preference to unloading or tripping the A.2 Facilities to be provided
turbine. In this state, the governing The governor shall include the following features:
(control) system will make no contribution
to limiting overspeed, although the system a) Test points for on-line checks and tests.
output may be manually controlled. b) Alarms to indicate mode of equipment failure.
Type D: Simple governing (control) systems, in c) Simple replacement of modules (on-line for
which failures will probably cause a type A).
complete loss of availability. d) Where partial-arc control is used, the facilities
to change to full-arc operation, if this is necessary
for any particular purpose.
e) Such other facilities as the purchaser may
specify, for example:
— remote and/or local control;
— interfaces with other control systems;
24 © BSI 07-1999
EN 60045-1:1993
— unloading and trip provision; For all three classes, the following standard
— variable droop; environmental conditions shall also apply:
— wide-range and/or narrow range control; — vibration: 10 Hz – 65 Hz, 0,15 mm amplitude
— different sets of valves to be controlled — air pressure: 68 kPa – 106 kPa
(initial, reheat, extraction, etc.); The equipment shall function correctly in the
— speed and/or load limiting; presence of radio interference of a nature and level
to be specified.
— load and/or pressure control;
The equipment shall not generate radio interference
— direct control of valve position.
exceeding a level to be specified.
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A.3 Performance characteristics

A.5 Tests
The performance characteristics of an
A.5.1 Works tests
electro-hydraulic governing system are largely
determined by the mechanical and hydraulic The tests to be witnessed by the purchaser shall be
components controlling the valve positions and by subject to prior agreement.
the characteristics of the valves themselves. UnlessA.5.2 Site tests
otherwise agreed, the overall characteristics given Such tests shall be carried out as are necessary to
in 5.2.2 shall be taken as the specified values for set the equipment to work in all specified modes.
systems incorporating electronic governors.
A.6 Documentation
The speeder device (load reference) shall be capable
The purchaser shall provide the following
of adjusting the output in steps not exceeding 0,5 %
information in his specification:
of rated output.
a) details of operating environment (see A.4);
Values given for guidance of non-linearity and
stability are given in Table A.1. b) details of electrical power supplies available;
A.4 Environment c) outline of control scheme of generating unit or
process;
The equipment shall be capable of satisfactory and
continuous operation within whichever of the d) list of control functions required, including
classes of environmental conditions in Table A.2 is facilities described in A.2 as optional;
specified. e) categories of governor (A, B, C or D) and
interface a) or b) which are acceptable (see A.1.2);
f) special requirements for tests.
Table A.1 — Non-linearity and stability
Turbine MCR MW Up to 20 20 to 150 Over 150
Non-linearity % of MCR — — Not greater than ± 3 over

range 0–100 % MCR
Stability % of MCR
Short-term 2,5 1,5 1
Long-term 10 10 10
Table A.2 — Environment classes

Class Ambient temperature range Ambient relative humidity Typical conditions
1 0 °C to + 40 °C 45 % to 75 % Control rooms and equipment

rooms
2 – 25 °C to + 55 °C 45 % to 100 % Outdoors or plant-sited
3 – 10 °C to + 70 °C 45 % to 100 % Special conditions

© BSI 07-1999 25
EN 60045-1:1993
Annex ZA (normative)
Other international publications quoted in this standard with the references of
the relevant European publications
When the international publication has been modified by CENELEC common modifications, indicated by
(mod), the relevant EN/HD applies.
IEC publication Date Title EN/HD Date
651 1979 Sound level meters HD 425 S1 1983
953-1 1990 Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance — —
tests — Part 1: Method A
High accuracy for large condensing steam
turbines
953-2 1990 Part 2: Method B — —
Wide range of accuracy for various types and
sizes of turbines
Other publications
ISO 2372:1974 Mechanical vibration of machines with operating speeds from 10
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
to 200 rev/s. Basis for specifying evaluation standards
ISO 7919-1:1986 Mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating machines
Measurements on rotating shafts and evaluation
Part 1: General guidelines
26 © BSI 07-1999
BS EN 60045-1:1993
National annex NA (informative)

Committees responsible
The United Kingdom participation in the preparation of this European Standard was entrusted by the
Machinery and Components Standards Policy Committee (MCE/-) to Technical Committee MCE/13 upon
which the following bodies were represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers

Electricity Association
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
North of Scotland Hydroelectric Board
Power Generation Association (BEAMA Ltd.)
South of Scotland Electricity Board
Coopted members
National annex NB (informative)

Cross-references
Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard

IEC 651:1979 BS 5969:1981 Specification for sound level meters
ISO 2372:1974 BS 4675 Mechanical vibration in rotating machinery
Part 1:1976 Basis for specifying evaluation standards for rotating machines with
operating speeds from 10 to 200 revolutions per second
ISO 7919-1:1986 BS 6749 Measurement and evaluation of vibration on rotating shafts
Part 1:1986 Guide to general principles
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
© BSI 07-1999
BS EN
60045-1:1993
IEC 45-1:1991 BSI — British Standards Institution
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BRITISH STANDARD BS EN

The European Standard EN 60045-1:1993 has the status of a

Copyright British Standards Institution

The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC),

This British Standard, having

© BSI 07-1999 Amd. No. Date Comments

The following BSI references

ISBN 0 580 22444 9

Copyright British Standards Institution

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

Turbines à vapeur Dampfturbinen

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 1992-12-09.

© 1994 Copyright reserved to CENELEC members

Copyright British Standards Institution

Introduction IEC 953-1:1990, Rules for steam turbine thermal

extraction turbine steam conditions

the terminal conditions for a steam turbine or exhaust conditions

temporary speed rise maximum continuous rating (MCR) (other

Copyright British Standards Institution

heat rate 3.10 Methods of load variation

running hours governor environmental stability

Copyright British Standards Institution

and without affecting the position of the main steam

Copyright British Standards Institution

Table 1 — Governor droop and deadband characteristics

Turbine MCR, MW Up to 20 20 to 150 Over 150 Up to 20 20 to 150 Over 150

Average incremental droop over the

b) Initial, and where applicable, reheat e) Speed

Copyright British Standards Institution

Copyright British Standards Institution

Multiple oil coolers and filters shall be provided of 10.4 Drains

All piping for steam, water, oil, or air services shall

Copyright British Standards Institution

11.2 Standard instruments g) For saturated steam turbines, which

12.2 Protection system — tripping 12.3 Protection system — alarms

Copyright British Standards Institution

16 Delivery and installation c) For a fossil-fired plant, if the turbine is

Annex A (normative) A.1.2.2 Governors may also be classified according

A.3 Performance characteristics

Non-linearity % of MCR — — Not greater than ± 3 over

Table A.2 — Environment classes

1 0 °C to + 40 °C 45 % to 75 % Control rooms and equipment

Copyright British Standards Institution

National annex NA (informative)

Association of Consulting Engineers

National annex NB (informative)

Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard

British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of

Tel: 020 8996 9000. Fax: 020 8996 7400.

In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the

BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and

Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments

If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing

Copyright British Standards Institution

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