2020-03-26

Webinar Lectures

ANÁLISIS Y MODELAMIENTO EN
MECÁNICA DE ROCAS

Lecture #1
Introduccion a la Mecanica de Rocas
Conceptos & Definiciones

Christian Obregon

25-Mar-2020

Webinar Lectures - Topics

Week Date Topic Software*

Introduccion a la Mecanica de Rocas

1 25-Mar Dips
Conceptos & Definiciones
Análisis & Procesamiento de Ensayos de
2 01-Apr RocData
Laboratorio
Análisis de Estabilidad de Taludes Mineros RocPlane/Swedge/
3 08-Apr
(Parte-1) RocTopple
Análisis de Estabilidad de Taludes Mineros
4 15-Apr Slide2D/3D
(Parte-2)
Análisis de Estabilidad de Excavaciones
5 22-Apr Unwedge
Subterráneas (Parte-1)
Análisis de Estabilidad de Excavaciones
6 29-Apr RS2/RS3
Subterráneas (Parte-2)

Miercoles 7:00 – 8:30 pm IIMP - Oficial

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Three (important) key concepts in (U/S) Rock Mechanics

• Rock Mass
• Intact Rock Material
• Geological Discontinuities

ROCK MASS
‘INTACT ROCK PIECES’+ ‘GEOLOGICAL DISCONTINUITIES’
Intact Rock: refers to the
unfractured (rock) blocks between
discontinuities.

Discontinuities: weak geological structures

representing potential rupture surfaces.

Rock Mass: Assemblage of (intact) rock material separated by different types of

discontinuities.

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Rock Mass Example

SCALE TRANSITION

INTACT ROCK ROCK MASS

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SCALE TRANSITION

INTACT ROCK ROCK MASS

SCALE TRANSITION

ROCA INTACTA ROCK MASS

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Rock Mass
vs.
Intact Rock

Is this a RM, IR or D?

Uniaxial
Compression
Test
(UCS)

Discontinuities are geologic breaks (e.g. joints, faults, bedding planes,

foliation, shear zones, veins, etc.) that can potentially serve as failure planes.

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Types of Materials

Isotropic

Anisotropic

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Types of Materials

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

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Direction vs Position

Isotropic Anisotropic Isotropic Anisotropic

Depth Kv Kv Kv
Kv
H=25 m Kh Kh
Kh Kh
Homogeneous

Homogeneous

Heterogenous

Heterogeneous
Isotropic Anisotropic
Isotropic Anisotropic

Depth Kv Kv Kv Kv
H=100 m
Kh
Kh Kh
Kh

Kv: Vertical Permeability & Kh: Horizontal Permeability

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Types of Materials

Continuous

Discontinuous

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Types of Materials

Stress
Stress

Stress
BRITTLE-PLASTIC

Strain Strain Strain

Strain
Stress

Stress
Strain Hardening
Strain Softening

Strain Strain

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Types of Materials

CONTINUOS DISCONTINUOS

HOMOGENEOUS INHOMOGENEOUS

ISOTROPIC ANISOTROPIC
LINEARLY NON- LINEARLY
ELASTIC ELASTIC

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CHILE or DIANE?

CURPO IGNEO MASIVO

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CHILE or DIANE?

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CHILE or DIANE?

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Rock Mass (RM) Characterization

RM Classification

#
RM Quality

Engineering Design
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Rock Mass Characterization

Intact Rock Discontinuities

Rock Laboratory Testing Structural Field Mapping

e.g. UCS, TX, BTS e.g. Scanline or Window

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Intact Rock Characterization

Geological Hammer Schmidt Hammer

Point Load Test (PLT) Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS)

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Stress–strain plot under compression

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Intact Rock Characterization

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Acoustic Emission Testing for

Rock Samples

• crack closure stress (σcc)

• cracks initiation stress (σci).
• crack damage stress (σcd)
• peak strength (UCS)

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Characterization of Discontinuities
❑ Structural Mapping (e.g. outcrops)
• Scanline (1D) or window (2D) mapping
• Photogrammetry tools (large-scale structures)

❑ Core Logging (e.g. boreholes)

• Measurement of alpha and beta angles
• Televiewer logs (useful for core loss cases)

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Characterization of Discontinuities
❑ Structural Mapping (e.g. outcrops)
• Scanline (1D) or window (2D) mapping
• Photogrammetry tools (large-scale structures)

❑ Core Logging (e.g. boreholes)

• Measurement of alpha and beta angles
• Televiewer logs (useful for core loss cases)

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Characterization of Discontinuities

Blue Book:
Suggested methods for the
quantitative description of
discontinuities in rock masses.
ISRM (1974-2006).

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Rock Mass (RM) Characterization

RM Classification

#
RM Quality

Engineering Design
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Rock Engineering Design Methods

❑ Empirical Methods
Rock Mass Classification Schemes

❑ Analytical Methods
Limit Equilibrium Analyses
❑ Numerical Methods
FEM, FDM, DEM
❑ Observational Method
Instrumentation & Monitoring

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Assessing the Geometrical Properties of Rock Joints

❑Joint Orientation

❑Joint Spacing

❑Joint Persistence

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Joint Orientation

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Joint Orientation

Fisher Distribution

Fisher K constant values

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Joint Orientation
① ②
Almost everything in life is variable:

• You body temperature

• Your weight
• Travelling time to work
• Car’s fuel consumption
• And many more Joint Set 1

Why should rocks be different??

❑ Rock mass properties

(e.g. joint orientation) Joint Set 2
are variable.

❑ This (inherent/natural)
variability is not the
same.

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Joint Orientation

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Joint Orientation

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Deterministic o Probabilistic???

Joint Orientation
(Dip/DipDir)
Constant or Variable???

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Joint Spacing
❑ Depends on directionality
❑ True Spacing
❑ Apparent Spacing
Spacing = 1/ FF
FF = 1/ Spacing

For engineering purposes, we might wish to know in which direction is the maximum
fracture frequency and in which direction is the minimal fracture frequency.

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Joint Spacing
Core Logging
Logged Depths

1.0
∆

0.8
Spacing
∆

0.6
Negative
Apparent Exponential

0.4
∆ Distribution
Spacing
∆

0.2
∆

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10

Scanline Mapping

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Joint
Spacing

Fracture
Frequency

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Joint Persistence
In a strict sense persistence refers to the areal extension
of a discontinuity and thus implies a 3D sampling
approach. This makes joint persistence one of the most
difficult geometrical property to quantify given that
only a small portion of the discontinuity surface is visible
in window (2D) sampling. In the case of drill cores, it is
worth noting that no information about persistence can be
gathered.

Joint Trace Length

Stereology Principles

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Joint Trace Length

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Characterizing the Shear Strength

of Rock Joints
Direct Shear Tests ❑ Mohr-Coulomb

Field Index Tests ❑ Barton-Bandis

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Characterizing the Shear Strength

of Rock Joints

Cohesion &
Friction Angle

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Characterizing the Shear Strength

of Rock Joints

Shear Stress

Normal Stress

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Deterministic vs Probabilistic Analyses

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Underground Rockmass Instability

Structural Control Strength Control
Gravity Driven Stress Driven

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Surface Rockmass Instability

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Structurally Controlled Failure

Mechanisms

Classical LE analysis
For ‘failure’ to occur:
Joint Properties:

Orientation Dip:
Dip Direction: ❑ Adversely oriented Mean Dip/DipDir
Cohesion:
Strength Friction: ❑ Stress >> Strength Mean Cohesion & Friction
Length:
Size Spacing: ❑ Long enough (e.g. >1/3*H) Infinite Persistence

FoS

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Structurally Controlled Failure

Mechanisms

Probabilistic LE analysis
For ‘failure’ to occur:
Joint Properties:
Dip:
Dip Direction
Orientation Dip:
Dip Direction: ❑ Adversely oriented
Cohesion:
Cohesion: Friction:
Strength Friction: ❑ Stress >> Strength
Length:
Size Spacing: ❑ Long enough (e.g. >1/3*H) Persistence:
Spacing:

PoF

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Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)

Single Bench
3D Kinematic & Kinetic Analysis
• BFA=75 deg.
• Height = 10 m of Rock Slopes
• Length = 40 m

Stable blocks
Unstable blocks

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Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model

❑ Explicit 3D representation of natural fractured media.
❑ High-quality data needed from:
▪ Classical outcrop mapping and borehole logging.
▪ Modern techniques (photogrammetry, televiewer)
❑ Modelling Process

Data Data
Collection Characterization DFN Model: Classical Model:
Finite Joints Fully Persistent

Core Logging
Random process
0.8 1.0

Negative
0.4 0.6

Exponential
Distribution
❑ POSITION Poisson
Distribution
0.0 0.2

▪ Intensity
0 2 4 6 8 10
Scanline Mapping
1D → Scanline Mapping (# joints/meter)
2D → Window Mapping (# joints/m2)
3D → To be modelled based on 1D & 2D.

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Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model

❑ Explicit 3D representation of natural fractured media.
❑ High-quality data needed from:
▪ Classical outcrop mapping and borehole logging.
▪ Modern techniques (photogrammetry, televiewer)
❑ Modelling Process

Data Data
Collection Characterization DFN Model: Classical Model:
Finite Joints Fully Persistent

Clustered event
0.75 1.00

Gaussian
(Normal)
0.50

Distribution
Fisher
❑ ORIENTATION
0.25

Distribution
0.0

0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

▪ Size
1D → Scanline Mapping/Core Logging (not useful)
LogNormal
Distribution 2D → Window Mapping (useful but limited to size)
2D → Photogrammetry (larger outcrop sections)

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Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model

❑ Explicit 3D representation of natural fractured media.
❑ High-quality data needed from:
▪ Classical outcrop mapping and borehole logging.
▪ Modern techniques (photogrammetry, televiewer)
❑ Modelling Process

Data Data
Collection Characterization DFN Model: Classical Model:
Finite Joints Fully Persistent
DFN Model Generation

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Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Model

❑ Explicit 3D representation of natural fractured media.
❑ High-quality data needed from:
▪ Classical outcrop mapping and borehole logging.
▪ Modern techniques (photogrammetry, televiewer)
❑ Modelling Process

Data Data Validation Calibration

Collection Characterization Process Process DFN Model: Classical Model:
Finite Joints Fully Persistent
DFN Model Generation

Mapped Joints: Simulate Joints:

Match??
Compare mapped &
simulated distributions
Orientation Size

❑ Advantage:
▪ More realistic representation of 3D fracturing explicitly.
❑ Applications:
▪ Estimate rock mass strength and deformation
▪ Quantify natural fragmentation distribution. Match??
▪ Perform kinematic block stability. Compare mapped &
simulated

▪ Groundwater flow analysis. Intensity

distributions

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Synthetic Rock Mass Model Concept

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Numerical Modelling – Rock Mechanics

❑ Predictive tool
❑ Exploratory tool

- What is numerical modelling?

- It is a computer-based method for solving complex mathematical equations that
simulates field conditions with a computer code
- Rock mechanics applications: civil, mining, petroleum engineering
- Rockmass components are simulated in model
- All geological units and structures are present
- Replication of a unit’s or structure’s geometry is made
- Rockmass and discontinuity properties are input
- In-situ stress orientation and magnitude is generated
- The rockmass domain is subdivided into smaller elements
- Solution: approximations are calculated with differential equations
- Continuum vs. discrete components
- It depends on problem scale and nature of discontinuities

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Numerical Modelling – Software

- Continuum:
- Finite difference method (FDM) – FLAC, FLAC3D
- Finite element method (FEM) – Phase2, Plaxis, ABAQUS
- Boundary element method (BEM) – Examine3D, Map3D
- Discrete:
- Discrete element method (DEM) – UDEC, 3DEC, PFC
- Discrete fracture network (DFN)
- Hybrid
- Hybrid FEM/BEM
- Hybrid FEM/DEM

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Numerical Modelling – Software

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Q&A Session

Christian Obregon
Graduate Research Assistant
Mine Design and Numerical Modelling Laboratory
Mining and Material Engineering Department
McGill University - QC - Canada

Gracias E-mail: christian.obregon@mail.mcgill.ca

promocionminera@iimp.org.pe

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