Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Education
Stages in a person's education
Here are some names that are used to describe the different types of education in Britain.
I
play-school
nursery school
I p..-r.hool J mostly play with
I tz-s years old) I some early learning
(
infant school I ,r,*r, I basic reading, writing.
junior school
| 5rc-tZttll I arithmetic, art, etc.
comprehensive I i
,.h;l;;-- [secondary
I wide range of subjects
I in arts and sciences and
s';-;;; school I 0'2t1'3-16tt8)
I technical areas
1
I r"'rl"nH"'
degrees/diplomas
;.i;;;it- -
ill'r',*;,il,. ', J
(ta+) I
I
in specialised
academic areas
Note: Comprehensive schools in the UK are for all abilities, but grammar schools are
usually
by competitive entry. Public schools in the UK are very famous p"rivate schools. polytechnics
are similar to universities, but the courses tend to be more practically-oriented.
C.d;;,
include teacher-training colleges, technical colleges and general colleges of further
edication.
4s ")
itl
Nofa A professor is a senior university academic, not an ordinary teacher. University and
college teachers are usually called lecturers or tutors
was ready to go on to secondary school, she passed an exam and so got into her local
(3) school. Nowadays her own children don't do that exam, since
most children go to a .. (4) school. She left school at 1.6 and, did not go
' on to ;.... . (5) education, but she goes to . . ...
she wouf d
la,l,ii", *e*i, -",. .:xmii, iffi:i:xfiT] :':":n. 11-: :i ;i:1 H*!l.,r,o
from the government. Her ambition is to go to a ..
.......:. (8) and become a school-teacher.
6";
ri#' Sf"* Education
S4" A The worcls in the box refer to t,vpes of education in Great Britain, Group them according to
i:,ilg-1i*B*a, the age at which people go through them, starting when they are little children.
2-5 years old 5-1.2/13 years old 12/13-18 years old L8+ years old
juniar schooL
True False
'iirri$i. : 1 In Britain, if you san 'She went to a public school', you mean nr
sA nriy2ls
yrrY school.
2 Degrees can be obtained from schools, colleges or universities. I n
3 If you are a postgraduate student, you have normally already done D n
your first degree.
4 To enter a 'grammar school' in Britain, you normally have to pass n I
an exam.
5 In Britain, A-levels are normally taken at 16 years old. n r
6 Teachers at schools and universities are called 'professors'. n T
7 In a university, a rutorial usually has fewer students than a seminar. I T
8 In Britain, 'junior school' means school for children under five. I l
B&.S Fill the gaps. The first letter is given.
iitfiF: 1 I faiied my exam first time round, so I'm going to r...................... it next month.
Z T've got to d...................... an exam next week, so I'll be r.^.................... every evening till then.
3 esN: Hi, did you p...................... your geography exam?
LoRNA: Yeah, I did quite rveli in fact, I got760/0.
BEN: Oh weil done! So they give you a per cent? I thought they gave g:..................... .
LoRNA: }'eah, thev give 1,ou both. Mine was an'll. So how about you?
BEN: 'We11, we don't have exams, we have c...................... a...................... , So you iust have to
do coursework, and you get a rn...................... for each essay.
4 usc: Why did you s...................... classes yesterdayi
ED: Don't tell anyone, but I was out till 3.30 the night before, so I just stayed in bed
all day.
5 I d...................... w.eli in my exams. I was pleased, and so were my parents.
ss".& Give a word or phrase that means the following. The first letter of each word is given.
riti{i2:im?14*i:'
1 The age at which children normally leave school for good. s...............-1............... a.......
2 Money given by the government which enables a person to study. g.............
3 A school run and funded by the goyernment. s.........:..... s...............
4 A university teacher who is not a professor. Give two names. i".............. or t...............
5 Classes thar people can go to after work. e...................... c...............
42 Test Your Eng/ish Vocabulory in Use (upper- intermediate)
M Trees, plants and metaPhors
rc
:
Here are some metaphors based on parts sf trees and plants.
Seed(s) is often used to talk about the start of an
idea or
feeling, the seeds of success, the seeds of discoatent, the
seeds of revolution
Root{s) is used ro suggesr the origins of something. You can talk
about going back to your roots, for example, meaning going
back tJ the-piace where your family came from. You can also
talk about th* root of a prcblem or the roots of a tradition.
Putting dcwn root, *.u.s settling down and making your home
i' onJpl"c., Afrer travelling rhe world for a coupie of years,
Vhen an idea b..o*., known or accepted, it can be said to
take root.
Deeply and firmly collocate with rooted as in, for example: .,', . ,, 1
t
roots of an organisation or society are the ordinary people in it, not the
leaders'
Til;;;r
stem is used as a verb to signify that something originates in something
else:
Her discontent stems from a traumatic experience she had last year'
we
A branch is something that glows off or branches out from a main organisation' !o
talk about branches o1 a shJp or a business branching out'into new directions.
Street branch'
We haven't a blue ,*.ur.. in yorr size, but you could try our Oxford
before it
Bud [tlower before it opens] is used in the expression "ipp.d i:n the bud [stopped
develops into somethi"sl'
niF that
He,s siowing signs of riegleaing his work - we'd befter T,h: bud.
ihr ud;.afuI A,Iaai"s ca-r, "lro *ean showing promise of furure development:
She's a budding young actress.
and gardening'
Here are some metaphors based on verbs connected with plant growth
rid of]
The new boss is planning to weed out older or less experienced staff. [get
The governmeff;[ prJUrbly have to prune back-its p:oposals' tcut/-limi11 -
At la"st she is ,."pir,g'th" .".**d of all irer years of t*ay. [is getting__results from]
Th, ;oor.ralists havJdug up some interesting facts. [have discovered]
The idea was germh..iig *hiir we were oo holid"y. [was beginning
to develop]
Out-of-town shopping have been sprouting all over the country' [have been
".rrrr.,
appearing quickly in large numbersl
Oot busit.ss is flaurishing. fis doing very well]
A deciduous tree sheds its leaves. [loses]
People can shed
"*ptoy".rl*aditions/worries/inhibitions/weightcan all be used
Piants fade, withe.,'rhtiu.l and wilt when they die' These verbs
metaphorically:
uop.s of finding survivors are fadi:ng. [becoming sinailer]
mji, inttation means that our savings a1s shrivslling- lbecorning less] -
tt i* so hot in the classroom that ihe srudents were starring to wilt. [lose eaergy]
A glance/look/r***rk can wither or be withering. [make the recipient feel scorned]
She gave him a withering look.
36.3 What is the link between the literal and metaphorical meanings of these words from B?
1 fade 3 flourish 5 germinate 7 prune back 9 reap
2 shrivei 4 sprout 5 weed out 8 wilt 10 wither
36.4 Suggest three nouns that each of these adjectives could describe.
1 budding
2 flourishing
3 withering
4 fading
5 deeply rooted
35.5 Answer these quesdons.
1 What would you like to shed at this point in your life?
2 Can you think of a situation where you reaped tbe reusards of something you did?
3 What in your life is flourishing at tfre moment?
4 'lVhen did you last feel
that you were uibing?
36.6 Here are some further metaphors based on plants. Answer the questions and use a
f, dictionary if necessary.
1 If you are the apple of your teacher's eye, does your teacher like or dislike you?
2 If something, for example new houses, is said to be mushrooming, what is happeningl
3 If someone lives in clover, do they live very poorly or very luxuriously?
4 'What kind of person is a couch potato?
5 I{ discussions are fruitful, what are they like?
,' Shrinking habitatsr are a threat to botb plants,:and anlmals, and endangeryd speqis2 need
legal protection if they are to survive. Meanwhile, global warming3 will produce rising sea
, levels and climatic,changes', and,carbon dioxide emissionss from the buming of fossil
I fuels6 are contributing to the gleenhouse effecfl, In,4$ition, population groq,th e{grts
; .s€v€r€:pr€sSure ons finifetesourd,:an*,tneeao.&gicdrfdaqel0,may.be.upset by
, uncootrolled deforestati.q4r ,Demographic,prqjectionsl2,sq.ggest,the world population will
I
.
." gro* before it begins to stabilise. One olthe worii,cases*iitrios'3is that there will be no
tropical forests left by the year 2050. Our only hope is that pristine environmentsla such as
Aniarctica can be protected from development and damage.
- *.--F-,'Y:.+-#.,ff-*\e.#ry
I places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size
'3 typ.r of animals/plants which are in danger o{ no longer existing
steady rise in average world temperatures
a changes in the weather/climate
s carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc.
6 coal, oil, etc.
7 warming of the Earth's surface caused by pollution
I formal: puts pressure on
e limited resources
r0 balance of natural relationships in the environment
II destruction/clearing of forests
r2 forecasts about the population
I3 the lvorst possibilities for the future
Ia perfectly clear/untouched/unspoilt areas
38.1 Make these sentences formal by using words and phrases from A opposite instead of the
underlined words. Make any other necessary changes to produce a correct sentence.
1 All that carbon-what's-it-called gas put out b), cars and factories is a major problem.
2 These flowers here are a type there's not many left of, so it's illegal to pick them.
a
J A lot of wild animals have to survive in smaller and smaller areas rvhere they can 1ive.
4 Most of Patagonia is a completely spotiess area that's never been touched.
5 We have to look after the things we use on this planet because they u,on't last forer.er.
6 If the curting down of trees continues, there rvill be no forest ieft ten years from norv.
7 Burning coal and oil and stutf like that causes a lot of pollution.
8 continues.
9 Increasing population puts really big pressure on econornic resources.
10 The wa), things all balance one another in nature is very delicate.
8.2 Complete the following table, using a dictionary if necessarl,. Do not fill the shaded boxes.
climate
demography
project
sustain
lo get'morervocabulary connected wjth environment and conservation issues visit the websites of
maior conservation organisations such as theWorldWildlife Fund (WWF) at www.worldwildlife.org
or Friends of the Earth at www.foei.org