1 (a Mammals have a double circulatory system.

Explain what is meant by a double circulatory system.

The same blood passes the heart twice.

[1]

Fig. 4.1 shows sections of three blood vessels: an artery, a capillary and a vein.

artery capillary vein

Fig. 4.1

(b) State one function for each of the blood vessels shown in Fig. 4.1.

artery To carry oxygenated blood from the heart, around the different body

parts.

capillary Its 1 cell thick wall allows it to send the blood to precise sections of the
tissue, and exchange material (like in gas exchange)

vein To carry deoxygenated blood from the body parts back to the lungs

so the blood can go through gas exchange. [3]

(c) Explain how the structure of the artery shown in Fig. 4.1 is adapted to its function.

It has a very thick wall to withstand the pressure of the blood when it is pumped.

To ensure the blood reaches everywhere in the body, the heart has to pump it

with great amount of force. A thin wall wouldn't be able to hold so much force,

It would instantly tear. But the artery thick wall causes no harm. The artery also

has a small lumen, which also helps in sustaining the speed of the blood that

it's travelling at.

[4]

(d) Explain how valves help the transport of blood in veins.

By the time the blood has passed through all of the tissues and organs, it has

lost a lot of force, so it goes slower, and the bloodflow direction can be affected

by moving your limbs. Valves ensure the blood goes on the correct path, and

prevents the backflowing of the blood

[2]

[Total: 10]
2 Fig. 3.1 shows an external view of the heart and its blood vessels.

direction of
flow of blood

coronary arteries

site of blockage B

Fig. 3.1

(a) The coronary arteries supply heart tissue with useful substances. Coronary veins
remove waste substances.

(i) Name two useful substances the coronary arteries will supply.

1. Oxygen

2. Nutrients and Minrals [2]

(ii) Name one waste substance the coronary veins will remove.

Waste products of metabolism [1]

(b) The tissue forming the wall of the left ventricle responds when it is stimulated by
electrical impulses.

(i) Name this type of tissue.

[1]

(ii) Describe how this tissue will respond when stimulated.

[1]
 (iii) Describe the effect of this response on the contents of the left ventricle.

[2]

(c) The coronary arteries can become blocked with a fatty deposit, leading to a heart attack.

(i) State two likely causes of this type of blockage.

1. High salt intake

2. High Cholestrol intake [2]

(ii) A blockage occurs at point B in the coronary artery.

On Fig. 3.1, shade in the parts of the artery affected by this blockage. [1]

(d) Veins have different structures from arteries.

State two features of veins and explain how these features enable them to function
efficiently.

1.. Featu They have valves

Explanation To prevent backflow of blood

2.. Featu Larger Lumen

Explanation To accomdate more blood and take blood faster to the heart

and lungs. [4]

[Total: 14]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows images of red blood cells from a human, A, and a bird, B.

nucleus

A B

Fig. 3.1

(a) State the function of red blood cells.

The red blood cells hold the important materials needed for respiration, such as
...................................................................................................................................................
oxygen.
...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) There is a nucleus present in each of the red blood cells of the bird, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

(i) State the function of a nucleus.

The nucleus carries all of the genetic information of the cell, and regulates
...........................................................................................................................................
all of the tasks of the cell.
...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Human red blood cells do not contain a nucleus.

State an advantage of this.

Considering the nucleus takes up a lot of space in the cell, this space can be
...........................................................................................................................................
used to store haemoglobin, which allows the red blood cells to carry more
...........................................................................................................................................
oxygen to the tissues of the body.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
 Red blood cells from humans were placed into three test-tubes. Each test-tube contained a salt
solution of a different concentration. A sample was taken from each test-tube and viewed using a
microscope. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.

salt concentration / mol dm–3 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Fig. 3.2

(c) (i) Describe the appearance of the red blood cells in the 0.15 mol dm−3 salt solution and the
red blood cells in the 0.20 mol dm−3 salt solution.
Shaped in ellipses, and has a slight convex crater.
0.15 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
Shaped almost like stars, but with rounded corners. Asymmetrical too.
0.20 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The red blood cells in the 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution burst.

Explain why the red blood cells burst.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Suggest why a plant cell in 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution would not burst.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Some people in accidents lose a lot of blood. Doctors give patients fluid to replace lost blood.

(i) Use the information in Fig. 3.2 to predict and explain the concentration of fluid replacement
given to patients who have lost blood.

0.15 mol dm^-3

prediction ...........................................................................................................................
Because the red blood cells at that concentration that perfect in shape,
explanation ........................................................................................................................
and they do not burst or change form which would make them
...........................................................................................................................................
unfunctional
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe the process of blood clotting.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 14]
tly tear. But the artery thick wall causes no harm. The artery also

has a small lumen, which also helps in sustaining the speed of the blood that
4 Fig. 2.1 shows a diagram of the liver and the blood vessels that enter and exit from it.
it's travelling at.
from the
to the heart
heart K
J

liver
L

small
intestine
M

Fig. 2.1

(a) Name blood vessel L.

Hepatic portal vein
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Blood vessel J is a vein.

State two structural features of veins and explain how each feature is related to its function of
returning blood to the heart.

They have valves

feature .......................................................................................................................................
As the blood has lost all of it's pressure, and has to go in an upward direction,
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
gravity can make the blood flow backwards. The valves prevent this.
...................................................................................................................................................

They have a thinner wall

feature .......................................................................................................................................

As the blood has lost all of it's force and pressure, the thick walls aren't,
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
needed to withstand the transport of the blood.
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) Blood samples were taken from each of the blood vessels J, K, L and M two hours after a
meal of rice. Table 2.1 shows the concentration of glucose in these blood samples.

Table 2.1

blood glucose concentration

blood vessel
/ mg per 100 cm3
J 135
K 128
L 181
M 133

Calculate the percentage increase in blood glucose concentration between blood vessel J
compared with L. Express your answer to the nearest whole number.

Show your working.

181-135
x 100 = 34%
135

34
............................................................ %
[2]

(d) Control of blood glucose by the liver is an example of homeostasis.

(i) Explain how the liver lowers blood glucose concentration when it is too high.

The body uses negative-feedback loops to control the glucose concentration

...........................................................................................................................................
in the body. When there's extra glucose, the liver produces a hormone called
...........................................................................................................................................
insulin, which helps in storing the glucose inside the liver in the form of
...........................................................................................................................................
glycogen. When the glucose levels are low, the body produces a hormone called
...........................................................................................................................................
glucagon which converts the glycogen back into glucose.
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Name one other factor in the human body that is also controlled by homeostasis.

The temperature of the body.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Amino acids are processed by the liver.

Describe this process.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(f) State one other function of the liver, besides homeostasis and processing amino acids.

Produces bile.
...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 14]
5 Proteins in the blood are involved in protection of the body.

Three proteins found in the blood are

• antibodies
• thrombin
• fibrinogen

(a) (i) Name the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.

Lymphocyte [1]

(ii) Outline how antibodies protect the body.

[2]

(b) Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction:

fibrinogen

(i) State when this reaction occurs.

[1]

(ii) Explain how fibrin protects the body.

[3]
 An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of different temperatures on the
activity of thrombin. The results are shown in Fig. 4.1.

activity 6
of
thrombin 5
/ arbitrary
units 4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

temperature / °C

Fig. 4.1

(c) (i) Explain why thrombin functions slowly at 5 °C and does not function at all at 70 °C.

5 °C

70 °C

[3]
(ii) Suggest how the activity of thrombin was determined.

[1]

(iii) State two conditions that would have been kept constant during the investigation.

1 The amount of thrombin used in the experiment

2 [2]

[Total: 13]