Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³) 1 7-9 b¤^i cvevi cÖ¯‘wZ n‡q hv‡e

Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm (Kx †evW©, gvDm, IwmAvi)

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ AvjdvwbD‡gwiK Key- A,B..Z,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
BbcyU wWfvBm wbD‡gwiK Key (cÖgvwYK wK) Av‡Q- 17wU : Kx-‡ev‡W©i Wvb
01. BbcyU wWfvBm- OMR (37Zg wewmGm) As‡k 0 †_‡K 9, del, (.), , , , , Num Lock.
02. Mobile Phone-Gi input device bq- Power Function Key : n‡jv F1 ‡_‡K F12 ch©š-Í 12wU|
Supply. cÖ‡kœi Ab¨vb¨ Ackbmg~n- Key pad, gwWdvqvi wK : wkdU (Shift), K‡›Uªvj (control), Aëvi
Camera, Touch screen. (36Zg wewmGm) (Alt), Caps lock, U¨ve (Tab).
03. Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g Scanner GKwU- Input wWfvBm| Kvm©i gyf‡g›U Key: 4wU| Arrow Key ()
(35Zg wewmGm) Function Key Gi e¨envi
04. MICR- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Magnetic Ink Character F1-help F2-Rename
Recogintion (Reader) (35Zg wewmGm) F3-Search F4-Stop/Open
05. gyw`ªZ †jLv mivmwi BbcyU †bqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨eüZ F5-Refresh F6-Weblind
nq? (40Zg wewmGm)- OCR. F7-Spell Checking F8-Save Mood
AvDUcyU wWfvBm F9-System Option F10-Menu Bar/Full Screen
06. Plotter GK ai‡bi- AvDUcyU wWfvBm| (36Zg wewmGm) F11-Full Screen F12-Reboot/Save as
BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm wWfvBm GKwU WKz‡g‡›Ui †k‡l hvIqvi Rb¨ Pvc w`‡Z nq-
wb‡Pi †KvbwU GKB mv‡_ BbcyU I AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? Ctrl+End Key
(40Zg wewmGm)- Touch Screen. cÖ‡kœi Ab¨vb¨ Ackbmg~n- Ctrl+A- Select All Ctrl+C-Copy
Mouse, Microphone & Printer. Ctrl+s- Save Ctrl+X-Cut
Ctrl+Y- Redo Ctrl+Z-Undo
mv‡Rkb Ctrl+V- Paste
Ctrl+R- Search
Ctrl+P-Print
Ctrl+N-New Page
Av‡jvPbvi welq : Kw¤úDUvi †÷v‡iR, BbcyU wWfvBm, AvDUcyU Ctrl+M- New Slide Ctrl+H-Replace
wWfvBm BZ¨vw`|
1963 mv‡j gvDm Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- WMjvm
Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU wWfvBmmg~n A¨v‡ÄjevU©| MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU n‡jv- gvD‡mi weKí hš¿|
wK-‡evW©, ¯‥¨vbvi, MÖvwd·, I‡qeK¨vg, wWwRUvBRvi, OMR, ‡Kv‡bv Qwe, AvBKb ev DB‡Ûv‡K wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi
OCR, cvÂKvW© wiWvi, g¨vM‡bwUK B¼ K¨v‡i±vi (MICR),
evg evUb †P‡c a‡i †U‡b Avbv‡K ejv nq- WªvM ev
gvDm, jvBU‡cb, U¨ve‡jU, Rqw÷K, ‡mÝi, ‡P․¤^K †Uc WªvBf,
evi‡KvW wiWvi|
WªvwMs|
‡mÝi n‡jv- GK ai‡bi UªvÝwWDmvi|
AvDUcyU wWfvBm OMR- Optical Mark Recognition/Reader.
gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi, w¯úKvi, cÖ‡R±i, †nW‡dvb, cøUvi|
BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBmmg~n eû wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœvewji †WUv BbcyU w`‡Z/‡MvjK
g‡Wg, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, n¨vÛ‡mU, mvDÛ KvW©, cvÂKvW©, fivU Kiv LvZv co‡Z e¨eüZ nq- OMR.
UvPw¯…b, ‡bUIqvK© KvW©, d¨v·, wmwW/wfwmwW, ‡Uc‡iKW©vi| OCR- Optical Character Recongnition.
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ OCR wewfbœ `vM I eY© eyS‡Z cv‡i| GwU ¯‥¨vb
2003 mv‡j Aå wK-‡evW© •Zwi K‡ib- Wv. †g‡n`x †U·U‡K m¤úv`‡bi Dchy³ †U·‡U cwiewZ©Z K‡i|
nvmvb Lvb (evsjvq †jLvi webvg~‡j¨ I gy³ mdUIq¨vi OCR wWfvBm wPwVi wcb †KvW, B‡jKwUªK wej,
n‡jv Aå)| BÝy‡iÝ wcÖwgqvg, †bvwUm cÖf…wZ covi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wK-‡evW©¸‡jv‡Z _v‡K m‡e©v”P- 105wU MICR- GwU g~jZ e¨eüZ nq- e¨vs‡K| Gi gva¨‡g
Key. wK-‡evW©‡f‡` _v‡K- 102-105wU| `ªæZ †PK cÖ‡mwms Kiv nq| mKj Zdwmwj e¨vs‡K e¨envi
wK-‡evW©‡K e‡j- Kb‡mvj| eva¨Zvg~jK- MICR †PK|
Kx-‡evW© (Keyboard) web¨vm- QWERTY, evi‡KvW wiWvi me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq- mycvi
QWERTZ, AXERTY. QWERTY Layout wU gv‡K©‡U| G‡K universal product code ejv nq|
we‡k^i me‡P‡q RbwcÖq wK-‡evW© †jAvDU|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³)
gwbU‡ii KvR n‡jv- †jLv I Qwe †`Lv‡bv| gwbUi- 3
cÖKvi| h_v: CRT- Cathode Ray Tube, LCD-
Liquid Crystal display, LED- Light
Emitting Diode. gwbU‡ii wc‡·j MwVZ nq- 3wU
i‡Oi mgš^‡q (Red, Green & Blue)| gwbU‡ii
Refresh rate gvcv nq- nvU©R GK‡K| Kw¤úDUvi
gwbU‡i Qwei m~²Zv wb‡`©k K‡i- Resolution. c`©vq
Qwe `„p nq- wi‡d«m †i‡Ui msL¨vi Dci|
wWwRUvj Nwo ev K¨vjKz‡jU‡i Kvj‡P Aby¾j †h ‡jLv
dz‡U D‡V Zvi wfwË- LCD. A_©vr K¨vjKz‡jUi wKsev
wWwRUvj Nwo‡Z e¨eüZ nq- LCD wWm‡cø|
wfwWI K‡›Uªvjvi B›Uvi‡d‡mi mvnv‡h¨ gwbU‡i dzwU‡q
†Zvjv nq- †jLv I Qwe| K‡hKwU RbwcÖq wfwWI
K‡›Uªvjvi: VGA (Vdeo Graphics Array), SVGA
(Super Video Graphics Array),
(Extended Graphics Array)
2 7-9 b¤^i cvevi cÖ¯‘wZ n‡q hv‡e
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gwbU‡i `„k¨gvb Qwei ¸YMZ gvb wbf©i
K‡i- VGA Kv‡W©i Dci|
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ cÖ`k©‡bi ÿz`ªZg GKK n‡”Q- wc‡·j|
wcKPvi Gwj‡g‡›Ui mswÿß iƒc- wc‡·j|
wcÖ›Uvi : ‡h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖvß djvdj KvM‡R
Qvcv‡bv hvq- wcÖ›Uvi| Kvh©cÖYvjx Abymv‡i wcÖ›Uvi- 2
cÖKv‡ii| me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ wcÖ›Uvi- †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi| WU
wcP‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq †h GK‡K- wgwjwgUvi| Bgc¨v±
wcÖ›Uvi- 3 ai‡bi| h_v- †WBR ûBj wcÖ›Uvi, WU g¨vwU·ª
wcÖ›Uvi, jvBb wcÖ›Uvi)| wcÖ›Uvi †iRy‡jkb cwigvcK GKK/
wcÖ›Uv‡ii AvDUcy‡Ui ¸bMZ gvb- Dot Per Inch (DPI).
POST ej‡Z eySvq- Power On Self-Test.
evsjv‡`k f~wg Rwic Awa`ßi †g․Rv g¨vc¸‡jv msiÿY K‡i-
wWwRUvBUvi wWfvBR w`‡q|
Plotter- `yB ai‡bi| h_v- d¬vU‡eW cøUvi Ges Wªvg cøUvi|
XGA Plotter- (wcÖ›Uvi) w`‡q- gvbwPÎ ev bKkv wcÖ›U Kiv nq|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb (wmwcBD, GGjBD, nvW© wW¯‹)

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ M. ROM N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
01. নিচের ক োিনি আিপুি নিভোআ঴? (৩৭তম নবন঴এ঴) 09. নিউিোর ন঴চেচম Scanner এ নি ক োি ধরচির যন্ত্র? (৩৫তম
নবন঴এ঴)
K. OMR L. COM K. BbcyU L. AvDUcyU
M. Plotter N. Monitor DËi : K M. DfqB N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
02. Mobile Phone Gi BbcyU wWfvBm bq- 10. নিউিোচরর মূ঱ কমচমোনর ততনর ঵য় ন নিচয়? (৩৫তম নবন঴এ঴)
K. Keypad L. Touch screen K. A¨vjywgwbqvg L. cøvw÷K
M. Camera N. Power supply DËi : N M. wmwjKb N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
03. প্লিোর (Plotter) ক োি ধরচির নিভোআ঴? (৩৬তম নবন঴এ঴) 11. নিউিোর কমচমোনর কেচ িোিো উচিো঱চির পদ্ধনতচ ী বচ঱?
K. BbcyU L. †g‡gvwi DËi : M (৩৫তম নবন঴এ঴)

M. AvDUcyU N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq K. Read-out L. Read from DËi : N

04. নিচের ক োিনি নিউিোচরর প্রোআমোনর কমচমোনর? (৩৬তম নবন঴এ঴) M. Read N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jvB
K. RAM L. Hard Disk 12. নিউিোচরর স্থোয়ী স্মৃনতলনিচ ন বচ঱? (২৯তম নবন঴এ঴)
M. Pen Drive N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K K. RAM L. ROM
05. নিউিোর ন঴.নপ.আউ (CPU) এর ক োি ঄ংল গোনিনত ন঴দ্ধোন্ত M. nvW©Iq¨vi N. mdUIq¨vi DËi : L
গ্র঵চির ো চর? (৩৭তম নবন঴এ঴) 13. নিউিোর ঴ফিওয়যোর ব঱চত কবোঝোিো ঵য় – (১১তম নবন঴এ঴)
K. GGjBD (ALU) L. K‡›Uªvj BDwbU . এর কপ্রোগ্রোম বো মিপনর ল্পিো ক ৌল঱
M. †iwR÷ªvi BDwbU (Registrer Unit) খ. কয ঄ংল মুদ্রোনয়ত ঄বস্থোয় েোচ
N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K গ. তেয কিয়ো ও তেয কিয়োর ঄ংল নবচল঳
06. নিস্ক ফ্রোগচমচটিলি বযবর৅ত ঵য় – (৩৮তম নবন঴এ঴) ঘ. নিউিোর ততনরর ি লো DËi : K
. ভোআরো঴ ধ্বংচ঴র ন্য খ. নিস্ক ফরচমি রচত 14. ক োি ধরচির bus বযবর৅ত ঵য় িো? (৩৮তম নবন঴এ঴)
গ. খোরোপ ক঴ক্টর঴মূ঵ পরীক্ষোর রচত K. Address bus L. Input-reader bus
ঘ. নিচস্কর ফোআ঱গুচ঱োচ পুিনবিন্যস্ত রচত DËi : N M. Data bus N. Control bus DËi : L
07. ROM নভনি কপ্রোগ্রোচমর িোম ী? (৩৮তম নবন঴এ঴) 15. CPU Gi Address generate K‡i- (40Zg wewmGm)
K. Malware L. firmware K. Physical address L. Logical address
M. VIRUS N. lip-lop DËi : L M. Both physical & logical address
08. নিচের ক োি কমচমোনরনি Non-volatile? (৩৬তম নবন঴এ঴) N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq DËi L
K. SRAM L. DRAM
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³)
mv‡Rkb
nvW©Iq¨vi : Kw¤úDUv‡ii hš¿vsk ev hš¿ †K e‡j- nvW©Iq¨vi|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ Ask- 3wU| h_v- BbcyU,
wmwcBD I AvDUcyU|
wmwcBD: Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi g~j GjvKv- CPU
(Central Processing Unit)| CPU- ‡K e‡j-
gvB‡µv‡cÖ‡mmi/ Kw¤úDUv‡ii †eªBb ev gw¯Í®‥| CPU-‡Z
BDwbU _v‡K- 3wU| h_v: wbqš¿Y BDwbU (Control Unit),
MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwbU (Arithmetic Logic Unit).
‡iwR÷vi ¯§„wZ BDwbU (Regester Memory Unit).
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask MwVZ- Af¨šÍixY ¯§„wZ,
MvwYwZK hyw³ Ask I wbqš¿Y As‡ki mgš^‡q|
Control Unit : ‡h As‡ki gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Ask
wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K e‡j- wbqš¿Y BDwbU| CPU-‡Z
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wi‡mvm© mg~n‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i- Control Unit.
ALU : ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) n‡jv-
Kw¤úDUv‡ii K¨vjKz‡jUi ¯^iƒc| Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í®‥ n‡jv-
MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwbU (ALU)| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‥…Z nq-
1971 mv‡j|
‡g‡gvwi : eûj e¨eüZ Aa©-cwievnx ev †mwgKÛv±i †g‡gvwi
n‡jv- `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
K. Random Access Memory (RAM) &
L. Read Only Memory (ROM).
RAM Kw¤úDUv‡ii- A¯’vqx †g‡gvwi| GwU‡K ejv nq-
†gBb †÷v‡iR Ges †Kvi †÷v‡iR| ‡cÖvMÖvg †_‡K Kwc Kiv
WvUv msiwÿZ _v‡K- Clipboard G| we`y¨r ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ
n‡j ev P‡j †M‡j RAM-G msiwÿZ †WUv I †cÖvMÖvg- gy‡Q
hvq| ZvB RAM ‡K ejv nq- Volatile †g‡gvwi|
Volatile ev DØvqx †g‡gvwi- we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q †M‡j †h
mKj †g‡gvwi‡Z msiwÿZ †WUv gy‡Q hvq| ‡hgb- DRAM,
SRAM, SDRAM.
ROM n‡jv- Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯’vqx ev cÖavb †g‡gvwi| ROM
‡K ejv nq- Non Volatile †g‡gvwi|
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory) - evi evi †cÖvMÖvg †jLv Ges Zv gy‡Q †djv hvq|
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
wP‡c- †KvbwKQz †iKW© Kiv _v‡K bv|
‡cbWªvB‡f e¨eüZ ROM- EEPROM (Electrically
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).
CD ROM n‡jv- AcwUK¨vj †÷v‡iR wWfvBm|
Non volatile ev AbyØvqx †g‡gvwi n‡jv- we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ
n‡q †M‡j †h mKj †g‡gvwi‡Z msiwÿZ †WUv gy‡Q hvq bv
(ROM AbyØvqx †g‡gvwi)|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †g‡gvwi- `yB cÖKvi| h_v: K. cÖavb †g‡gvwi
(RAM I ROM), L. mnvqK †g‡gvwi| nvW©wW¯‥, d¬vk
3 7-9 b¤^i cvevi cÖ¯‘wZ n‡q hv‡e
wW¯‥, d¬wc wW¯‥, †P․¤^K Wªvg, wmwW, wfwfwW cÖf…Wz- mnvqK
‡g‡gvwi|
K¨vk †g‡gvwi- cÖ‡mmi I cÖavb †g‡gvwii ga¨eZ©x we‡kl
†g‡gvwi hv cÖavb †g‡gvwii Zzjbvq `ªæZMwZ‡Z KvR K‡i|
GwU _v‡K- gvB‡µv‡cÖ‡mmi Ges wmwcBD Gi gvSLv‡b|
me‡P‡q Kg mg‡q A¨vK‡mm Kiv hvq- K¨vk †g‡gvwi‡Z|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ aviY ÿgZvi ÿz`ªZg GKK- weU|
evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †g․wjK GKK- evBU|
Kw¤úDUvi ‡g‡gvwii cwigvc:
1 wbej (Nibble) 4 weU (Bit) [Aa© evBU]
1 evBU (Bite) 8 weU (Bit) Smallest Unit
1 wK‡jvevBU (KB)
210 evBU ev 1024 evBU
1 †gMvevBU (MB) 220 evBU ev 1024 wK‡jvevBU
1 wMMvevBU (GB)
230 evBU ev 1024 ‡gMvevBU
1 †UivevBU (TB) 240 evBU ev 1024 wMMvevBU
1 ‡cUvevBU (PB)
250 evBU ev 1024 ‡UivevBU
1 G·vevBU (EB) 260 evBU ev 1024 ‡cUvevBU
nvW© wW¯‥ e„ËvKv‡i wef³ _v‡K- †m±‡i|
d¬wc wW¯‥ n‡jv- GK ai‡bi †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi, hv nvW©wW‡¯‥i
†P‡q AvKv‡i A‡bK †QvU|
CD (Compact Disc) n‡jv- Read Only Memory
(aviY ÿgZv 700 †gMvevBU)|
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc ev Digital Video
Disc) GKwU- Read Only Memory, hvi `yBc‡_ WvUv
ivLv hvq| Blue Ray DVD Gi ÿgZv- 100 wMMvevBU
ch©š|Í
gv`vi‡evW© : Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb wcÖ‡›UW mvwK©U †evW©-
gv`vi‡evW©| Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi mKj Dcv`vb cÖZ¨ÿ ev
c‡ivÿfv‡e hy³ me©e„nr mvwK©U‡evW©- gv`vi‡evW©| G‡K ejv
nq- wm‡÷g †evW©| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i D`vniY- Intel, Asus,
GIGABYTE, MSI BZ¨vw`| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i Ask- CPU,
†g‡gvwi, cvIqvi mvcøvB, nvW© wW¯‥ WªvBf, wWwfwW WªvBf,
wfwWI KvW©, mvDÛ KvW© I Ab¨vb¨ BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm|
Kw¤úDUv‡i we`y¨r †hvMvb †`q- cvIqvi mvcøvB|
Kw¤úDUvi evm : Kw¤úDUvi ev‡mi MwZ gvcv nq-
†gMvnvU©‡R| Kw¤úDUvi evm g~jZ- 2 cÖKvi (wm‡÷g evm
Ges G·cvbkb evm)| wm‡÷g evm- 3 cÖKvi (‡WUv evm,
K‡›Uªvj evm Ges G‡Wªm evm)|
VESA- Video Electronic Standard Architecture.
PCI- Peripheral Component Interconnect.
USB- Universal Serial Bus. Mv‡bi B‡jKUªwbK
hš¿cvwZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
†cvU©- USB †cvU©|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ cwievnx c_‡K e‡j- ‡WUv evm|
DcvË MÖnY I wbM©gb ev‡mi bvg- †WUv evm|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 4
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvi½gZv
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri MwZ wnmve Kiv nq- b¨v‡bv
01. Kw¤úDUv‡ii †KvbwU †bB? [23Zg wewmGm]- eyw× we‡ePbv| †m‡K‡Û|
Kw¤úDUvi GKwU KvR ev wb‡`©k m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mgq
mv‡Rkb †bq- 1 b¨v‡bv †m‡KÛ|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvidig¨vÝ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq- cvigvYweK †evgvi cixÿvg~jK we‡ùviY ch©‡eÿ‡Y
Kw¤úDUv‡ii `ªæZ MwZ‡K| e¨envi Kiv nq- mycvi Kw¤úDUvi|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb •ewkó¨- 3wU| h_v- `ªæZMwZ‡Z KvR ১ নমন঱ ১
Kiv, wbfz©jfv‡e KvR Kiv, wecyj †g‡gvwi| Ab¨vb¨ ১০০০
‡m‡KÛ
‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ
•ewkó¨mg~n- wek^v‡hvM¨Zv, m~ÿ¥Zv, K¬vwšÍnxbZv, ১ gvB‡µv ১
hyw³m½Zv, Amxg Rxebxkw³, eûgywLZv, ¯^qswµqZv| ১০০০০০০
‡m‡KÛ
‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡g GKB wb‡`©kbv evievi m¤úbœ Kivi ১
১ ন্যোচিো
cÖwµqv‡K e‡j- jywcs| ১০০০০০০০০০
‡m‡KÛ
‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ
hv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó P¨v‡b‡j Z_¨ †cÖi‡Yi nvi wbfz©jfv‡e
১ নপচ ো ১
wbqš¿Y Ges m¤úv`b K‡i ZvB- P¨v‡bj K¨vcvwmwU| ‡m‡KÛ
‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ ১০০০০০০০০০০০০
Kw¤úDUv‡i fzj WvUv BbcyU w`‡j Kw¤úDUviI fzj
AvDUcyU w`‡q _v‡K hv‡K e‡j- GIGO (Garbage ১ ‡dg‡Uv ১
‡m‡KÛ
‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ ১০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০
in, Garbage out)|
১ এযোচিো ১
Kw¤úDUvi †m‡K‡Û †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i- `yB †KvwU ch©šÍ| ‡m‡KÛ
‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ ১০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০

Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¤^i e¨e¯’v

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ M. Ex-OR N. OR DËi : M
01. 10101111 Gi 1’s complement ‡KvbwU? 06. GK IqvW© KZ weU wewkó nq- (37Zg wewmGm)
(38Zg wewmGm) K. 8 L. 16
K. 1111 1111 L. 0000 0000 M. 4 N. 2 DËi : K
M. 0101 0000 N. 1100 0011 DËi : M 08. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Octal number bq? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. 19 L. 77
01. (36Zg wewmGm)
M. 15 N. 101 DËi K
K. L.
09. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU Gi evBbvix iƒc? (40Zg wewmGm)
M. N. †KvbwUB bv DËi N
K. L.
02. Boolean Algebra Gi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(36Zg wewmGm) M.
K. ̅ L. N. DËi K
M. N. †KvbwUB bq Ans K mv‡Rkb
03. ‡KvbwU mwVK bq? (38Zg wewmGm) Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¤^i c×wZ wef³- 4 fv‡M (`kwgK msL¨v
K. L. c×wZ, evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ, A±vj msL¨v c×wZ I
M. N. A.A′ = 1 DËi N †nKvªv‡Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ)|
04. GKwU jwRK †MU Gi AvDUcyU 1 nq hLb Gi me `kwgK msL¨v c×wZi wfwË- 10wU| A_©vr cÖZxK- 10wU
BbcyU 0 _v‡K| GB †MUwU- (38Zg wewmGm) (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)|
K. AND L. OR evBbvwi: Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv msiÿ‡Y Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq-
M. XOR N. NAND DËi : N Binary system.evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi wfwË- 2|
05. ÔGKwU 2 (`yB) BbcyU jwRK AvDUcyU n‡e, hw` Gi G‡Z AsK e¨envi Kiv nq- 2wU (0 Ges 1)|
BbcyU¸‡jv mgvb nqÕ- GB Dw³wU †Kvb †M‡Ui Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi MvwYwZK Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i- Binary
mZ¨- (37Zg wewmGm) msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi K‡i|
K. AND L. NOR
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 5
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)- 4wU weU Øviv evBbvwi msL¨vi we‡qvM : বোআিোনর ঴ংখযো পদ্ধনতচত
MwVZ †KvW| BCD ‡Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K নবচয়োচগর নিয়ম িলনম পদ্ধনতর ঄নুরূপ। রৃনি বোআিোনর
evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq, weU msL¨v- 4wU| GwU ঄ং নবচয়োচগর ন্য নিচনোি ‡UwejwU mnvqK n‡e-
r
`kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ
X Y x-y Carry
nq|
0 0 0 bvB
IBM KZ…©K D™¢vweZ 8wU AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvWÑ
1 0 1 bvB
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded
1 1 0 bvB
Decimal Information Code)|
0 1 1 1
A±vj msL¨v c×wZi wfwË- 8| G c×wZ‡Z AsK
e¨envi Kiv nq- 8wU (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)| wPýhy³ msL¨v
‡n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z AsK e¨envi Kiv nq-
16wU| ‡n·v‡Wwmgvj b¤^i MV‡bi mswgkÖY n‡jv- Aÿi ☼ cÖkœ : 10101111 Gi 1’s complement ‡KvbwU?
Ges †Wwmgvj wWwRU| (38Zg wewmGm)
K. 1111 1111 L. 0000 0000
GK bR‡i wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi mswÿß cwiwPwZ M. 0101 0000 N. 1100 0011 DËi : M
msL¨v e¨eüZ wPýmg~n ‡eR ev D`vniY
c×wZi bvg wfwË abvZ¥K msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î wPý weU Qvov evwK AskwU msL¨vi gvb
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Ávcb K‡i| FYvZ¥K msL¨vi cwiYZ Kivi gvb Ávc‡bi Rb¨
`kwgK 8, 9
10 (123)10 wZbwU MVb c×wZ Av‡Q| h_v
evBbvwi 0, 1 2 (1011)2  wPý cwigvY (Sign magnitude form) cÖK…Z gvb MVb
A±vj 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8 (127)8  1 Gi cwic~iK MVb (1’s complement form)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
‡n·v‡Wwmgvj 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 16 (3B5)16  2 Gi cwic~iK MVb (2’s Complement form)

evBbvwi c×wZi MvwYwZK Acv‡ikb wWwRUvj wWfvB‡m FYvZ¥K msL¨vi gvb Ávc‡bi Rb¨ 2 Gi
evBbvwi msL¨vi †hvM : evBbvwi msL¨vi †hvM `kwgK cwic~iK e¨envi Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨ 2 Gi cwic~iK †ei Kivi
msL¨vi †hv‡Mi gZB| evBbvwi †hv‡Mi wbqgvejx- c~‡e© Aek¨B 1 Gi cwic~iK †ei Ki‡Z nq|
X Y Carry ( ঵োচত) x+y ⁂ evBbvwi msL¨v‡K Dwë‡q wjL‡j A_©vr 1 Gi cwie‡Z© 0
0 0 িোআ 0 Ges 0 Gi cwie‡Z© 1 wjL‡j hv cvIqv hvq †mwUB 1 Gi
0 1 িোআ 1 cwic~iK (1’s complement form)
1 0 িোআ 1
cÖ‡kœ ewY©Z evBbvwi msL¨v 10101111 Gi 1 Gi cwic~iK
1 1 1 0
n‡jv 01010000 (A_©vr cÖwZwU wWwR‡Ui A‡cvwRU)|
(36Zg wewmGm) ⁂ evBbvwi msL¨vi 1 Gi cwic~i‡Ki mv‡_ 1 ‡hvM Ki‡j 2
K. L. Gi cwic~iK cvIqv hvq| aiv hvK, 26 msL¨vwUi 2 Gi
M. N. †KvbwUB bv DËi N cwic~iK †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| 26 Gi evBbvwi msL¨v-
wb‡Pi †UwejwU evBbvwi‡Z †hvM Kivi Rb¨ mnvqK n‡e-
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
K L ‡hvMdj= K + L Carry (nv‡Z)
- - - 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 ☼ 26 Gi evBbvwi msL¨v
0 1 0 1 8 weU †iwR÷v‡ii Rb¨ G msL¨v = 00011010
1 0 0 1 A_©vr + 26 Gi 1 Gi cwic~iK = 11100101
wb‡Y©q evBbvwi msL¨vwU n‡e = 10000 ☼ 2 Gi cwic~iK
e¨vL¨v : 1 I 1 ‡hvM Ki‡j nq 10 nq, hvi 0 e‡m 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
Ges nv‡Z (Carry) _v‡K 1| 1 I 0 ‡hvM Ki‡j nq 1
1, ‡m‡ÿ‡Î nv‡Z (Carry) _v‡K bv| 0 I 0 ‡hvM 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Ki‡j nq 0, ‡Kvb nv‡Z (Carry) _v‡K bv| ☼ msL¨vwU †iwR÷v‡i mw¾Z _v‡K Gfv‡e
Abyiƒcfv‡e, 1+1+1 = 11 e‡m, Ô1Õ nv‡Z _v‡K Ô1Õ | 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 6
wPý weU †h‡nZz 1 ZvB 11100101 = 19 10011 23 13
Z_¨m~Î : Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kÖwY (gvneyeyi ingvb) 20 10100 24 14

wmwcBD‡Z cÖwZwU eY©, AsK ev we‡kl wPý wb‡`©k Kivi ‡Wwmgvj ‡_‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
Rb¨ †h AwØZxq ms‡KZ •Zwi Kiv nq, ZvB n‡jv- wb‡¤œv³ avivwU g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e-
weU| 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Kw¤úDUvi c×wZ‡Z GK †gMvevBU- (1024 1024) myZivs evBbvwi gvb n‡e = |
evBU|
wewfbœ †KvW¸‡jv n‡jv- AvmwK (ASCII) 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
BwewmwWAvBwm (EBCDIC), Avjdv wbD‡gwiK †KvW, - - 1 0 1 1 0 1
wewmwW (BCD). evBbvwi †_‡K †Wwmgvj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
ASCII- American Standard Code for aiv hvK, evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K ‡Wwmgv‡j
Information Interchange. 1965 mv‡j ievU© iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e|
wegvi mvZ we‡Ui GB A¨vmwK †KvW D™¢veb K‡ib| 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
ASCII- 7 we‡Ui AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW| ASCII - - 1 0 1 1 0 1
†KvW Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq- 27 ev 128 wU AwØZxq Dc‡ii avivwUi †h msL¨v¸‡jvi wb‡P 1 i‡q‡Q ïay †m¸‡jv
AsK, Aÿi Ges wPý| †hvM Kwi| 32, 8, 4, 1 Gi †hvMdj 45, myZivs †Wwmgvj
UNICODE- 16 weU (2 evBU) Gi †KvW| GwU msL¨vwU n‡e |
65536 ev 216 wU Aÿi, wPý ev AsK cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GwU we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †KvWfz³ A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| A±v‡ji cÖwZwU wWwRU‡K Zvi mgZzj¨ wZb weU K‡i
Avbwm †KvW (ANSI code)- American evBbvwi‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e|
National Standards Institute. GwU 8 we‡Ui A±v‡ji cÖwZwU wWwRU‡K Zvi A±vj evBbvwi
mgZzj¨ wZb weU K‡i ‡eR 8 ‡eR 2
GKwU wbD‡gwiK †KvW|
evBbvwi‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e| 0 000
`yB BbcyU wewkó Ai (OR) ‡MBU Gi AvDUcyU k~b¨
†hgb 175 Gi evBbvwi msL¨v 1 001
nq hLb- Dfq BbcyU k~b¨|
= 2 010
Kw¤úDUvi Zvi Kvh©vejx †h ai‡bi MvwYwZK cÖwµqvq
m¤úv`b K‡i- eywjqvb| 175 3 011
4 100
wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZ MYbvi GKwU QK wb‡P †`qv nj 5 101
`kwgK evBbvwi A±vj ‡n·‡Wwmgvj 001 111 101
0 0 0 0
6 110
1 1 1 1 7 111
2 10 2 2 cÖ‡kœ evBbvwi †_‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z ejv
3 11 3 3 n‡jI Dc‡ii mviYx †`‡L iƒcvšÍi Kiv hv‡e|
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5 wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU Gi evBbvix iƒc? (40Zg wewmGm)
6 110 6 6 K. L.
7 111 7 7
M. N. DËi K
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9 e¨vL¨v : evBbvwi ‡n·v‡Wwmgvj
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
evBbvwi c~Y© msL¨v‡K Wvb ‡eR 2 ‡eR 16
12 1100 14 C †_‡K ev‡g Ges evBbvwi 0000 0
13 1101 15 D fMœvsk msL¨v‡K evg w`K 0001 1
14 1110 16 E †_‡K Wvb w`‡K PviwU 0010 2
15 1111 17 F wWwRU wb‡q Avjv`v Avjv`v 0100 3
16 10000 20 10 MÖæ‡c fvM Ki‡Z nq|
0100 4
17 10001 21 11 Gici cÖwZwU fv‡Mi
†n·v‡Wwmgvj gvb ewm‡q 0101 5
18 10010 22 12
0110 6
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 7
gvb¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j 0111 7 A¨vÛ †M‡U †h‡Kvb GKwU BbcyU 0 n‡j AvDUcyU 0
evBbvwi msL¨vwUi mggv‡bi 1000 8 nq| A_©vr me¸‡jv BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 1 nq| Ab¨
†n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v cvIqv 1001 9 mKj Ae¯’vq AvDUcyU 0 n‡e|
hv‡e| Wvb cv‡ki Kjvg 1010 A (10) ‡h․w³K ¸‡Yi Rb¨
`y‡Uv †_‡K cvB 5 = 1011 B (11) bU †MU (NOT Gate or Inverter) : G †M‡U
0101 Ges 2 = 0010. 1100 C (12) GKwU BbcyU I GKwU AvDUcyU _v‡K| GwU Ggb GKwU
myZivs Gi evBbvwi iƒc jwRK †MU hvi AvDUcyU, Bbcy‡Ui wecixZ gvb|
1101 D (13)
n‡e
Z_¨m~Î : Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM 1110 E (14) Input Output
cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kÖwY 1111 F (15) A X=̅
(gvneyeyi ingvb) 1 0
0 1
eywjqvb Dccv`¨ (Boolean Theorems) ‡h․w³K c~i‡Ki Rb¨
†gŠwjK Dccv`¨ 02. †h․wMK †MU : G †MU¸‡jv GK ev GKvwaK †g․wjK
01. i. A+0=A ii. A.1=A †M‡Ui mgš^‡q •Zwi nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
02. i. A+ ̅=1 ii. A. ̅=0 bi †MU (NOR Gate) : OR Gate I NOT Gate
03. i. A+A=A ii. A.A=A mgwš^Z †MU‡K bi (NOR) ‡MU e‡j| bi (NOR)
04. i. A+1=1 ii. A.0=0 †MU Ai (OR) ‡M‡Ui wecixZ|
Input Output
wewbgq Dccv`¨ A B A+B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
05. i. A + ̅ = ̅ + A ii. A . ̅ = ̅ . A 0 0 0 1
Abyl½ Dccv`¨ 0 1 1 0
06. i. A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C ii. A(BC) = (AB)C 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
wefvRb Dccv`¨ OR Gate I NOT Gate-Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq
07. i. A (B+C)=AB+AC ii. A+BC= (A+B)(A+C) b¨vÛ †MU (NAND Gate) : AND Gate I NOT
wW-giM¨v‡bi Dccv`¨ Gate Gi mgwš^Z †MU‡K NAND Gate e‡j| b¨vÛ
08. i. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ = ̅.̅ ii. ̅̅̅̅ = ̅ + ̅ (NAND) †MU A¨vÛ (AND) †M‡Ui wecixZ| me¸‡jv
BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU wR‡iv (0) nq| Ab¨ mKj
mnvqK Dccv`¨ Ae¯’vq AvDUcyU 1 n‡e|
09. i. A + AB = A ii. A (A+B) = A AND Gate I NOT Gate Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq
jwRK †M‡Ui cÖKvi‡f` g‡b ivLyb : NAND Ges NOR ‡MU‡K Universal Gate ejv
nq| GB †MU¸‡jv w`‡q †h‡Kvb †MU •Zwi Kiv hvq|
jwRK †MU‡K g~jZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
01. †g․wjK †MU I 02. ‡h․wMK †MU G·-Ai †MU (XOR Gate) : Exclusive OR Gi
01. †g․wjK †MU (Basic Logic Gates) : wZb cÖKv‡ii mswÿß iƒc n‡jv XOR| XOR Gate G hw` `yB
†g․wjK jwRK †MUmg~n n‡jv- Bbcy‡Ui gvb mgvb nq Z‡e AvDUcy‡Ui †Kv‡bv gvb
Ai †MU (OR Gate) : Ai †MB‡U `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cvIqv hvq bv A_©vr AvDUcyU wR‡iv (0) n‡e|
BbcyU _v‡K| GLv‡b AvDUcyU BbcyU¸‡jvi †h․w³K G·-bi †MU (XNOR Gate) : XOR ‡M‡Ui mv‡_
†hv‡Mi mgvb| Ai †MB‡U †h‡Kvb GKwU BbcyU 1 n‡j NOT ‡M‡Ui mgš^‡q XNOR ‡MU MwVZ nq| X-
AvDUcyU 1 nq| A_©vr me¸‡jv BbcyU 0 n‡j AvDUcyU NOR ‡MU XOR ‡M‡Ui wecixZ|
0 nq| Ab¨ mKj Ae¯’vq AvDUcyU 1 nq| Input Output
A B A XOR B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
‡h․w³K †hv‡Mi Rb¨ 0 0 0 1
A¨vÛ †MU (AND Gate) : A¨vÛ †M‡U `yB ev 0 1 1 0
Z‡ZvwaK BbcyU _v‡K Ges GKwU gvÎ AvDUcyU _v‡K| 1 0 1 0
GLv‡b AvDUcyU BbcyU¸‡jvi †h․w³K ¸Yd‡ji mgvb| 1 1 0 1
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 8
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ wcwm‡Z Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨eüZ nq 1971 mvj †_‡K,
01. ‡KvbwU gvB‡µvmd‡Ui cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg? (38Zg wewmGm) GB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi bvg wQj CP/M.
K. Windows XP L. Windows 98 wewfbœ we‡Ui cÖ‡mmi Ges Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g:
M. MS DOS N. Windows 7 DËi : M weU cÖ‡mmi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g bq? (37Zg wewmGm) 4 weU 400, 4040
K. C L. DOS 8 weU 8008, 808,
M. CP/M N. XENIX DËi : K 8085,Z80, 6800
03. 8086 KZ we‡Ui gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi? (36Zg wewmGm) 16 weU 8086, 8088, DOS,
K. 8 L. 16 80186, 80188, Windows 3
M. 32 N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : L 80286, 68000,
mv‡Rkb Z8000
GK bR‡i wKQz RbwcÖq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g 32 weU 80386, 80376, Windows 98,
80386DX, 80486 Windows NT,
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cøvUdg© ‡W‡fjcvi OS/2, Unix
Android Mobile Google
64 weU Intel Core i3, Windows
Incorporation
iOS Mobile Apple
Core i5, Core i7, Vista
Incorporation Xeon, Intel
Linux Various Linus Torvalds ITANIUM
MAC Apple Apple me©v‡cÿv cyivZb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g- UNIX|
Macintosh PC-‡Z Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Pvjy nq- 1971 mvj †_‡K|
MS-DOS IBM Microsoft Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi Acwinvh© mdUIq¨vi- Acv‡iwUs
Unix Various Bell labs wm‡÷g|
Vector Linux Various Vector Linux wewfbœ ai‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
Windows IBM Microsoft eY©wfwËK ev KgvÛ MS DOS, PC DOS, Unix,
Vista, XP, 16 wfwËK BDRvi Linux.
Xenix Various Microsoft B›Uvi‡dm
wPÎwfwËK/MÖvwdK¨vj Windows (95/98/XP/Vista
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cÖKvi‡f`: BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm 7), Mac OS.
wfwË cÖKvi‡f`
BDRvi 2 cÖKvi (CUI Operating System GKK e¨enviKvix MS DOS, Windows 95/98,
B›Uvi‡dm & GUI Operating System) Android, Symbian OS, PC
e¨enviKvixi 2 cÖKvi (GKK e¨enviKvix Ges eû DOS
msL¨v e¨enviKvix) eû e¨enviKvix Windows NT Server,
cÖ‡mm‡ii mL¨v 2 cÖKvi Windows 2003 I 2008
(GKK cÖ‡mmi Ges gvwë cÖ‡mmi) server, Unix, Linux.
¯^Ë¡ ev gvwjKvbv 2 cÖKvi wm‡½j BDRvi MS DOS, Windows 3.1,
(I‡cb †mvm© Ges †K¬vRW †mvm©) Windows 3.11, Windows
95, windwos 98.
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mdUIq¨vi‡K fvM Kiv hvq- 2 fv‡M| gvwë BDRvi Windows 2000, Windows
h_v- wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi I e¨envwiK mdUIq¨vi| XP, Unix, Linux.
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g •Zwi n‡qwQj- †gBb‡d«g
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ 1951 mv‡j| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU I‡cb †mvm© Linux, Ubuntu, Debian,
hy³iv‡óªi †Rbv‡ij gUi wimvP© j¨ve‡iUwi KZ…©K Redhat, Fedora, SUSE,
AvBweGg K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Rb¨ •Zwi Kiv n‡qwQj| Solaris
LINUX evRv‡i Av‡m- 1981 mv‡j|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³)
Windows evRv‡i Av‡m- 1995 mv‡j|
Unix Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi D™¢veK- †ej j¨ve|
Graphics Software e¨eüZ nq- wewfbœ ai‡bi Qwe
I cÖ”Q` ‣Zwi Kivi Rb¨| †hgb- Adobe
Photoshop, Corel Draw, Harvard Graphics,
Page Maker I Freelance Graphics.
Graphics Animation e¨eüZ nq- wewfbœ KvU©yb,
3D Ae‡R± •Zwi Rb¨| Graphics Animation
Software n‡jv- Auto Desk 3D Max, Maya.
‡W¯‥Uc cvewj‡KkÝ mdUIq¨vi e¨eüZ nq- Printing
KvRKg© Kivi Rb¨| Desktop Publication
Software- Quark Xpress, Adobe Page
Maker, Adobe Acrobat.
Multimedia Software- Windows Media
Player, VLC Player, Adobe Flash, Jet
Audio Player.
Web Browsing Software- Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome Opera, Internet Explorer,
Safari, Netscapc Navigator.
E-mail Software- Netscape, Messenger,
IBM Lotus Notes, Mozilla,, Thunderbird,
Eudora BZ¨vw`|
GUI n‡”Q- Graphical User Interface.
Windows XP Gi gva¨‡g- BDRv‡ii dvBj,
‡dvìvi, WKz‡g›U Avjv`v fvm©b Kiv hvq|
Start Button me©cÖ_g e¨envi Kiv nq- Windows
95 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g|
Windows XP- me©vwaK RbwcÖq|
MS DOS Gi c~Y©iƒc- Microsoft Disk
Operating System. GwU IBM Dchy³ Kw¤úDv‡i
e¨env‡ii GKK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| GwU ‣Zwi K‡i-
1981 mv‡j †h․_fv‡e gvB‡µvmdU I AvBweGg|
Word Processing Software n‡jv- MS Word,
Mac Write, PFS Write, Display, writer,
Latex, Lotus,Word PerFect, Word Star,
Wordpad, Notepad, Word Pro, Word Star.
Spreadsheet-G wewfbœ Z_¨ msiÿY Ges me ai‡bi
MvwYwZK wnmve-wbKvk Kiv hvq| Spreadsheet Gi
†h As‡k KvR Kiv nq Zv‡K- Worksheet e‡j|
Spreadsheet Software- wfwmK¨vjK (VisiCalc)
(cÖ_g Spreadsheet Program), Lotus 1, 2, 3,
Multiplan, SuperCalc, Number,
Symphony, Sorcim, MS Excel BZ¨vw`|
Spreadsheet- G 65535wU row Ges 256wU
Column _v‡K|
9
Database Management Software n‡jv-
Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server,
ORACLE, Corel Paradex, Lotus
Approach, Foxpro, 4D, File Maker Pro.
Presentation Software e¨envi Kiv nq-
B‡jKUªwbK wewfbœ ¯øvBW †kv Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨|
Presentation Software n‡jv- Microsoft
Power Point, Corel Presentations, Impress,
Macromedia Flash, Harvard Graphics,
Freelance Graphics.
CAD (Computer Aided Design/Drafting)
e¨envi nq- b·v ev wWRvB‡bi Rb¨ (Auto CAD,
Turbo CAD, Fast CAD).
Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi‡Z †h mKj †cÖvMÖvg ¯’vqxfv‡e msiÿY
K‡i- dvg©Iq¨vi (Firmware) (Firmware cwieZ©b
Kiv hvq bv)|
BIOS GKwU- Firmware. BIOS Kw¤úDUv‡ii
ROM G msiwÿZ _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Ki‡j me©cÖ_g- BIOS mPj nq|
Kw¤úDUvi Start Ges Boot Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq-
BIOS. Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kiv ev cybt Pvjy Kivi
cÖwµqv‡K e‡j- Boot.
DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Ctrl+Alt+Del wb‡`©kbv
e¨eüZ nq- bZzb †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Ki‡Z|
‡cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj‡K e‡j- evM (Bug) Ges †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi
fzjµwU Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Zv `~i Kiv‡K e‡j- wWevwMs
(Debugging)|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW‡¯‥i †jLv¸‡jv wewfbœ RvqMvq Qwo‡q
hvIqv‡K e‡j- Defrag. wW‡¯‥i MwZ e„w× K‡i-
Defragmentation BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg|
BASIS (Bangladesh Association of
Software and Information Services) n‡jv-
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb mdUIq¨vi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb
(cÖwZôKvj 1997)|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g e¨eüZ evsjv d›U- weRq| 1988
mv‡j †gv¯Ídv ReŸvi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
Package Software- Word Processing
Software, Graphics, Desktop Publication
Software, Presentation Software, Graphics
Software, Web Browsing Software, Mail
User Agent.
mvuIZvwj fvlvi mdUIq¨v‡ii D™¢veK n‡jb- gvB‡Kj
m‡ib I wd‡ivR Avn‡g`|
cÖ‡mmi •Zwi nq- AmsL¨ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U w`‡q|
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi- 3 ai‡bi (CISC cÖ‡mmi, RISC
cÖ‡mmi I we‡kl e¨envi Kv‡h©i cÖ‡mmi)|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 10

Gg‡e‡WW Kw¤úDUvi
AvaywbK Gg‡e‡WW wm‡÷‡g g~jZ e¨eüZ nq-
gvB‡µvK‡›Uªvjvi|
Gg‡e‡WW wm‡÷g Gi D`vniY- wewfbœ cÖhyw³cY¨
(PDA, MP3 ‡cøqvi, wfwWI †Mg, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv,
DVD ‡cøqvi, ivDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb, wcÖ›Uvi)
B‡jKUªwbKvª hš¿ (gvB‡µvI‡qf I‡fb, Iqvwks †gwkb,
wWIqvkvi Air conditioner) A‡Uv‡gvevBj (GPS
wiwmfvi, BÛvKkb gUi, wWwm gUi, Anti-lock
Braking System (ABS)) †gwW‡Kj (B‡jKUªwbKvª
†÷‡_v‡¯‥vc, CT Scanner, MRT, X-ray).
me©cÖ_g Gg‡e‡WW Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq- gnvk~b¨
Awfhv‡bi mgq|
VESA-Gi c~Y©iƒc- Video Electronics
Standards Association.
wcwm‡Z †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ GKwU RbwcÖq I `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ
e¨e¯’v n‡jv- B_vi‡bU †cvU©|
PCI Gi c~Y©iƒc- Peripheral Component
Interconnect.
ATM (Automated Teller Machine) n‡jv-
AvaywbK Znwej ¯’vbvšÍi hš¿ hvi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv mgq
A_© Rgv, D‡Ëvjb I ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq|
‡h Kv‡W©i Øviv B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs Gi gva¨‡g MÖvnK
Zvi e¨vs‡K mwÂZ A_© †h‡Kv‡bv mgq ATM ey_ n‡Z
D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB- †WweU KvW©|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ 02. পৃনেবীচত খি ঱যোপিপ নিউিোর প্রবনতিত ঵য় এবং ক োি
ক োিোনি এনি ততনর চর? (২৮তম নবন঴এ঴)
01. EDSAC Kw¤úDUvi-G িোিো ঴ংরক্ষচির ন্য ী ধরচির
‡g‡gvwi বযব঵োর ঵চতো? (৩৭তম নবন঴এ঴) K. Kgc¨vK, 1985 L. Gcmb, 1981
M. AvBweGg, 1983 N. A¨vcj, 1977 DËi : L
K. RAM L. Mercury Delay Lines
03. নিউিোর ক অনবষ্কোর চরি? (২০তম নবন঴এ঴)
M. ROM N. Registors DËi : L
K. DBwjqvg AU‡iW L. †eøBwm c¨vm‡Kj
M. nvIqvW© GB‡Kb N. A¨vevKvm DËi : M
mv‡Rkb
cÖ_g hv wKQz Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‥viK
cÖ_g B‡j±ªwbK Kw¤úDUvi Mark-1 (1944) W. nvIqvW© AvB‡Kb I AvBweGg
evBbvwi MYbvwfwËK cÖ_g B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi ABC (1937-38) Rb GUvbvmd I wK¬‡dvW© †ewi
cÖ_g c~Y©v½ B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi ENIAC-1 (1946) Rb gvDmwj I †cÖmcvi GKvU© GwbqvK
‡cÖvMÖvg wbqwš¿Z cÖ_g B‡jK‡Uªv‡gKvwbK¨vj Kw¤úDUvi Z3
cÖ_g msiwÿZ †cÖvMÖvgwewkó B‡j±ªwbK Kw¤úDUvi EDSAC (1949) Aa¨vcK gwim DBjwKm
evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ •Zwi cÖ_g B‡j±ªwbK Kw¤úDUvi UNIVAC-1(1951) Rb gvDmwj I †cÖmcvi GKvU© GwbqK
evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ Drcvw`Z cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi UNIVAC-1(1951) Rb gvDmwj I †cÖmcvi GKvU© GwbqK
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e mdj cÖ_g mycvi Kw¤úDUvi CDC-6600
UªvbwR÷i wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi TX-O
UªvbwR÷iwfwËK cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤úDUvi PDP-8 (1965) wWwRUvj BKzBc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb
Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi B2500, B3500 (1968) ev‡qvm ‡Kv¤úvwb
IC wPc w`‡q •Zwi cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi IBM system 360
gvB‡µv‡cÖ‡mmi wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi Altair-880 GBP GWIqvW© ievU©
c„w_exi cÖ_g MYbv h‡š¿i bvg- A¨vevKvm| cÖ_g wgki I ֍ wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb (1822) I A¨vbvwjwUK¨vj Bwćbi
Pxb †`‡k MYbvhš¿ wn‡m‡e †h hš¿ •Zwi Kiv nq- (1833) Avwe®‥viK wQ‡jb- Pvj©m e¨v‡eR|
A¨vevKvm| Rvcv‡b A¨vevKvm‡K mv‡ivevb, ivwkqv ֍ cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgi- †jwW A¨vWv AMv÷v
A¨vevKvm‡K †¯‥vwmqv ejv nq| jvf‡jm|
c¨v¯‥v‡jb hvwš¿K MYbvhš¿ •Zwi K‡ib- 1642| ֍ EDSAC Kw¤úDUvi- G WvUv msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †h
֍ we‡k¦i cÖ_g K¨vjKz‡jUi Avwe¯‥vi K‡ib- MUd«vBW fb ai‡bi †ggwi e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv- Mercury Delay
wjewbR (1671)| Lines.
֍ cvÂKv‡W©i e¨envi ïiæ K‡ib- †Rv‡md †gwi R¨vKvW©|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 11
֍ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi msiwÿZ Av‡Q- RvZxq ֍ A¨vbvjM I wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgš^‡q MwVZ nvBweªW
weÁvb I cÖhyw³ Rv`yN‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥- 5wU|
֍ AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii `ªæZMwZi g~‡j-IC i‡q‡Q| ֍ B‡jKUªwb‡Kvªi ïiæ nq- UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‥v‡ii ga¨w`‡q|
֍ cÖ_g gvB‡µv‡cÖ‡mmi Avwe®‥…Z nq- 1971 mv‡j| †hwU ֍ Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ_g evsjv †jLvi K…wZZ¡ †`Lvb- cÖ‡K․kjx
Bb‡Uj-4004 bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Gi Avwe®‥viK wQ‡jb gBbyj Bmjvg|
†UW nd| ֍ ÔKw¤úDUvi RMrÕ cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nq- 1991 mv‡j|
֍ A¨vcj †Kv¤úvwb cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Qv‡o- 1976 ֍ evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi KvDwÝj cÖwZwôZ nq- 1990
mv‡j| mv‡j|
֍ IBM gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Qv‡o- 1981 mv‡j| ABC Atanasoff Berry Computer
֍ UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‥…Z nq- 1948 mv‡j ‡ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z| TX-O Transistorized Experimental Computer
UªvbwR÷i Gi Avwe®‥viK n‡jb- Rb evwR©b, DBwjqvg ENIAC Electronic Numerical Intergrator and
kK‡j I Iqvëvi eªv‡UBb| Computer.
֍ evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vwcZ nq- 1964 mv‡j EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable
cigvYy kw³ †K‡›`ª| evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vwcZ cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi- Automatic Computer.
IBM-1620 g‡W‡ji †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi| EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
֍ we‡k¦i cÖ_g I GKgvÎ Kw¤úDUvi Rv`yNiwU Aew¯’Z- Calculator.
UNIVAC Universal Automatic Calculator
hy³iv‡óªi AvUjv›Uvq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥ wefvM
cÖ_g cÖRb¥ wØZxq cÖRb¥
 ‡gqv` : 1946-59  ‡gqv` : 1959-65|
 f¨vKzqvg wUDe e¨envi|  UªvbwR÷‡ii e¨envi|
 cvÂKv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ BbcyU-AvDUcyU cÖ`vb|  g¨vM‡bwUK †Kvi †g‡gvwii e¨envi
 Pvjbvi mgq D”P kã nIqv|  ‡dviUªvb/‡Kvej †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi e¨envi|
 cÖPÐ DËvc m„wó nIqv|  Kg DËß I Kv‡Ri MwZ e„w×|
 ‡cÖvMÖvg iPbvq ms‡K‡Zi e¨envi|  hš¿cvwZ †QvU n‡q Avmv|
Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ PZz_© cÖRb¥
 ‡gqv` : 1965-71|  ‡gqv` : 1971- eZ©gvb|
 AvBwm ev Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©‡Ui e¨envi|  Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) wP‡ci
 ‡mwgKÛv±i †g‡gvwi I nvB †j‡fj j¨v½y‡q‡Ri e¨envi| e¨envi|
 AvDUcy‡Ui Rb¨ wfwWI wWm‡cø BDwbU (VDU) Ges  gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi I gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii Avwef©ve|
jvBb wcÖ›Uv‡ii e¨envi|  gvwëwgwWqv mÿg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi weKvk|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ ☼ A¨vbvjM Kw¤úDUvi (Analog Computer)
01. The term PC means- কমোির গোনির কবগ নিিিোয় যন্ত্র ঄যোিো঱গ নিউিোচরর এ নি
K. Private Computer L. Personal Computer উৎ ষ্ট
ৃ উিো঵রি।
M. Prime Computer ☼ nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi (Hybrid Computer)
N. Professional Computer DËi : L ঵োআনিি নিউিোর ঵চ঱ো এমি এ নি নিউিোর যো ঄যোিো঱গ ও
02. নিন িো঱ ঘনি বো যো঱কুচ঱িচর ো঱চে ঄নুজ্জ্ব঱ কয ক঱খো নিন িো঱ নিউিোচরর ঴চবিোিম তবনলষ্টযগুচ঱োর ঴মন্বচয় গনিত।
অব঵োওয়ো িপ্তচর বযবর৅ত ঵োআনিি নিউিোর ঄যোিো঱গ পদ্ধনতচত
েোচ তো ন চ঴র নভনিচত ততনর? (১৫তম নবন঴এ঴)
বোয়ুেোপ, তোপ আতযোনি পনরমোপ চর নিন িো঱ পদ্ধনতচত গিিো চর
K. Gj.B.wW L. wmwjKb wPc অব঵োওয়োর পূবিোভো঴ নিচয় েোচ ।
M. AvB.wm N. Gj.wm.wW DËi : L
☼ wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi (Digital Computer)
mv‡Rkb অ োর- অয়তি, ো রোর ক্ষমতো, স্মৃনত ও ুযচযোগ আতযোনির
MVb Ges wµqv bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K wZb fv‡M fvM নভনিচত নিন িো঱ নিউিোরচ প্রধোিত েোরভোচগ ভোগ রো যোয়।
Kiv hvq| h_v- A¨bvjM Kw¤úDUvi, wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi, nvBweªW কযমি-
Kw¤úDUvi|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 12
K. mycvi Kw¤úDUvi L. †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi Micro computer ঵চে কিোি অ োচরর নিউিোর। এ
M. wgwb Kw¤úDUvi N. gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi বযনি এ নি নিউিোর বযব঵োর চর েোচ ি। এ ন্য এ
নিউিোরচ Personal Computer বো PC ব঱ো ঵য়। নবচের
mycvi Kw¤úDUvi (Super Computer) এখি ঴বিোনধ িনপ্রয় নিউিোর ঵চ঱ো মোআচিো নিউিোর।
CRAY 1, supers xll এ ধরচির নিউিোর।
মোআচিো নিউিোরচ চয় নি কেনিচত ভোগ রো ঵য়। কযমি-
‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi (Mainframe Computer) ‡W¯‥Uc (Desktop) j¨vcUc (Laptop)
বযোং , বীমো এবং তবজ্ঞোনি মি তৎপরতো পনরেো঱িো োরী ‡bvUeyK (Notebook) U¨ve‡jU wcwm ev U¨ve
প্রনতষ্ঠোচি কমআিচফ্রম নিউিোর বযবর৅ত ঵য়। বোং঱োচিচল ১৯৬৪ n¨vÛ‡nì ev cvgwcwm ev cvgcU
঴োচ঱ স্থোনপত অআনবএম ১৬২০ নিউিোরনি নি঱ কমআিচফ্রম
→ কিস্ক বো কিনবচ঱ কয মোআচিো নিউিোর রোখো যোয়- ‡W¯‥Uc|
নিউিোর।
→ 1981 mv‡j j¨vcUc Avwe®‥vi K‡i- Gcmg †Kv¤úvwb|
wgwb Kw¤úDUvi (Mini Computer) → gvD‡mi cwie‡Z© UvPc¨vW e¨envi Kiv nq- j¨vcUc
কমআিচফ্রম নিউিোচরর কেচয় নমনিচফ্রম নিউিোচরর োচ র Kw¤úDUv‡i|
ক্ষমতো ও োচ র গনত তু঱িোমূ঱ ভোচব ম নি঱। ন ন্তু কমআিচফ্রম → বতিমোচি নবচের ঴বচেচয় দ্রুতগনতর ুযপোর নিউিোর-
নিউিোচরর মচতো নমনি নিউিোচরও এ ঴চে ঄চি Sunway TaihuLight.
বযব঵োর োরী ো রচত পোরচতি। ঄নফ঴- অিো঱ত,
→ ঵োচতর তো঱ুর মচধয করচখ ো রো যোয়, এমি ঴োআচ র
নলল্প োরখোিো, গচব঳িো প্রনতষ্ঠোি, বযোং - বীমো ও বি বযব঴োয়ী
নিউিোর- cvgUc ev cvgwcwm|
প্রনতষ্ঠোচি নবপু঱ পনরমোচি উপোি প্রনিয়ো রচি ও তেয
বযবস্থোপিোর ন্য নমনি নিউিোর বযব঵োর রো ঵চতো।
→ PDA Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Personal Digital
Assistance.
gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi (Micro Computer)

Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ mdUIq¨vi Qvov nvW©Iq¨vi A_©nxb| mdUIq¨vi g~jZ-
01. wb‡Pi †KvbwU 3G Language bq? (36Zg wewmGm) 2 ai‡bi| h_v- wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi, e¨envwiK/
K. C L. Java A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi|
 wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi n‡jv- Ggb KZ¸‡jv †cÖvMv‡gi mgwó
M. Assemble Language
†h¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii
N. Machine Language DËi : M,N wbqš¿Y, ZË¡veavb I Kvh©KvwiZvq mnvqZv K‡i|
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU WvUv‡eR Language? (35Zg wewmGm)  wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi- 3 ai‡bi| h_v:
K. Oracle L. C K. wm‡÷g g¨v‡bR‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg (Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g,
M. MS-word N. ‡KvbwUB bq DËi : K †WUv‡em g¨v‡bR‡g›U, †bUIqvK© g¨v‡bR‡g›U)|
03. †cÖvMÖvg ‡_‡K Kwc Kiv ‡WUv †Kv_vq _v‡K? (35Zg L. wm‡÷g mv‡cvU© †cÖvMÖvg (wm‡÷g BDwUwjwU, wm‡÷g
wewmGm) cvidi‡gÝ, wm‡÷g wmwKDwiwU gwbUi †cÖvMÖvg)|
K. RAM L. Clipboard M. wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg (‡cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR
M. Terminal N. Hard Disk DËi : L Uªv݇jUi, †cÖvMÖvwgs GwWUi Uzjm, CASE)|
04. Back up ‡cÖvMÖvg ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv nq? (35Zg wewmGm)  A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi n‡jv- Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨
K. wba©viwZ dvBj Kwc Kiv e¨envwiK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †cÖvMÖvg|
L. Av‡Mi †cÖvMÖv‡g wd‡i Avmv  A¨vwcø‡Kkb/e¨envwiK mdUIq¨vi- 2 ai‡bi
M. me©‡kl cwieZ©b Undo Kiv (mvaviY/Kv÷gvBRW, mywbw`©ó/c¨v‡KR)|
N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K  ‡cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR‡K fvM Kiv nq- 5wU ¯Íi ev
05. wb‡Pi †Kvb †cÖvMÖvgwU GKwU m¤ú~Y© Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg‡K cÖR‡b¥|
GKev‡i Abyev` I m¤úv`b K‡i? (40Zg wewmGm)  cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (1945)- †gwkb fvlv
K. Interpreter L. Emulator  2q cÖRb¥ (1950)- A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv
M. Compiler N. Simulator DËi M
 3q cÖRb¥ (1960)- D”PZi ev nvB †j‡fj fvlv
 4_© cÖRb¥ (1970)- AwZ D”PZi ev †fwi nvB
mv‡Rkb †j‡fj fvlv
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤úv`‡bi
Abyµ‡g mvRv‡bv wb‡`©kvewj n‡jv- mdUIq¨vi|  5g cÖRb¥ (1980)- ¯^vfvweK ev b¨vPvivj fvlv
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³)
 ‡cÖvMÖvwgs Gi High level language n‡jv- 
BASIC, C, C++, Pascal, Fortran, Cobol.
 Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i fvlv¸‡jv n‡jv- FORTRAN,
ALGOL, LISP, COBOL, BASIC, FORTH, 
Ada, Java, PROLOG, APL, C, C++ BZ¨vw`|
 PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i (vwZ D”PZi fvlv) D`vniY- SQL, 
NOMAD, RPG 111, FOCUS, Intellect.
 K¤úvBjv‡ii KvR n‡jv- D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvi Drm
†cÖvMÖvg‡K e¯‘ †cÖvMÖv‡g Abyev` Kiv| G‡Z m¤ú~Y© 
†cÖvMÖvgwU‡K GKmv‡_ cov I Abyev` Kiv hvq|
 B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii KvR n‡jv- D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K hš¿fvlvq
cwiYZ Kiv | GwU †cÖvMÖvgwU‡K GK jvBb GK jvBb 
K‡i Abyev` K‡i|
 A¨v‡m¤^jv‡ii KvR n‡jvÑ A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq wjwLZ
†cÖvMÖvg‡K †gwkb fvlvq Abyev` Kiv|
 eZ©gvb Kw¤úDUvi fvlvi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi n‡”Q- 3q I 4_©
cÖR‡b¥i fvlv|
 D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvq †jLv ‡cÖvMÖvg‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i eywS‡q
w`‡Z nq- hvwš¿K fvlvq Abyev` K‡i|
 A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq ADD wb‡`©k K‡i- SUM.
 wfRyq¨vj †ewmK- D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv|
13
BASIC (‡ewmK) n‡”Q- †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR (1964
mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi WvU©gvD_ K‡j‡Ri wkÿK Rb wR
†K‡gwb I Ugvm B KvU©R D™¢veb K‡ib)|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv- FORTRAN
(Formula Translation).
‡gwkb fvlv I A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv n‡jv- wb¤œ †kÖwYi fvlv|
 ‡gwk‡bi fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg‡K e‡j- Object
programme.
Programme iPbv me‡P‡q KwVb- †gwk‡bi fvlvq|
 ‡Kv‡bv Abyev`‡Ki mvnvh¨ e¨ZxZ †h fvlv Kw¤úDUvi
mivmwi eyS‡Z cv‡i- †gwkb fvlv|
‡cÖvMÖv‡gi wfwË ejv nq- †d¬vPvU©‡K|
 ‡d¬vPv‡U©i welq‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlvq
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv‡K e‡j- †KvwWs|
 ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi µwUmg~n:
i) wPývw`i µwU/Syntax Error,
ii) hyw³ msµvšÍ µwU/Logical Error &
iii) wbe©vn RwbZ µwU/Execution Error.
 Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi mgq fzj mbv³ K‡i-
Temporal.
 ‡mvm© †KvW e¨envi Kiv nq- BbcyU wn‡m‡e hv
Gw·wKD‡Uej †cÖvMÖvg •Zwi K‡i|

Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm I dvqviIqvj

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. নিউিোর ভোআরো঴ ী? (২১তম এবং ৩২তম নবন঴এ঴)
K. GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg
L. Kw¤úDUvi mwK©‡U Rgv gqjv
M. Kw¤úDUvi mvwK©‡U wXjv Kv‡bKkb DËi : K
N. GK ai‡bi fvBivm Øviv Kw¤úDUv‡i ÔShort circuit’ m„wó
02. Firewall wK Protection ‡`qvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq?
(40Zg wewmGm)
K. Fire attacks L. Unauthorized access
M. Virus attacks
N. Data-driven attacks DËi L
mv‡Rkb
 Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm- Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg| GwU GK
ai‡bi g¨vjIq¨vi| VIRUS c~Y©iƒc- Vital
Information Resources Under Seize.
Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm Qovq- d¬wc wW¯‥, nvW© wW¯‥, d¬vk
wW¯‥, †cbWªvBf, †g‡gvwi KvW©, B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g|
 A¨vw›UfvBivm n‡jv- †cÖvMÖvg hv fvBivm †cÖvMÖvg‡K
wPwýZ K‡i, Zv `~ixf~Z K‡i Ges Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g‡K
fvBivm cÖwZ‡ivax K‡i †Zv‡j|
 K‡qKwU Av‡jvwPZ Kw¤úDUvi fvBiv‡mi bvg-
মোআচ ঱ ঄যোচেচ঱ো (Michelangelo), এল্ক কলোিোর (Elk
cloner), অআ ঱োভ আউ (I love you), নপ োেু (Pikachu),
িনফ োর (Conficker), নিপোর (Creeper), কিআি
(Brain), করন ি, রযোি঴ম (Ransom), করো ি ঵঴ি
(Trojon Horse), wm‡Ûªjv (Cinderella), মোআ িুম (My
Doom), নিমিো (Nimda), েমি ওমি (Storm worm),
বযোি বয় (Bad boy), নিচটো঱ োর (Cryptolocker),
Aids, ByeBye, Bad Boy, CIH, Boot
sector. Macro|
 K‡qKwU RbwcÖq A¨vw›UfvBiv‡mi bvg- Kaspersky,
McAfee, AVG, AVIRA, Norton, PANDA,
Avast, Bit defender, TREND, PC Cillin,
Symantec, Daspersky, Microsoft Security
Essential, FSETNOD 32, Bit Detender, PC
Tools, Zone Alarm, Cobra.
 gvB‡Kj A¨v‡Äjv fvBiv‡mi Avwef©ve N‡U- 1992
mv‡j|
 gv`vi Ae Aj fvBivm e‡j- CIH fvBivm‡K| GwU
•Zwi K‡ib Chen Ing-hau bvgK ZvBIqv‡bi
bvMwiK| GwU‡K ejv nq- †Pi‡bvwej fvBivm| 1986
mv‡ji 26 GwcÖj I fvBivm cÖ_g AvNvZ K‡i, hvi
d‡j †Pi‡bvwe‡j gg©vwšÍK †ZRw¯¿q `yN©Ubv N‡U, ‡mRb¨
G‡K †Pi‡bvwej fvBivm e‡j|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³)
 CIH fvBivm Kw¤úDUv‡i wek¦e¨vcx wech©q m„wó K‡i- 
26 GwcÖj 1999 mv‡j|
 Y2K Gi m¤úªmvwiZ iƒc- Year 2000 (Y2k
fvBivm 2000 mv‡ji ïiæi gyn~‡Z© Kw¤úDUv‡i AvµgY
K‡i)| cÖ_g fvBiv‡mi bvg- wµcvi|
 Kw¤úDUv‡i fvBivm AvµgY Ki‡j- Nb Nb wieyU †bq|
 cÖ_g A¨vw›UfvBiv‡mi bvg- wicvi|
 dvqviIqvj n‡jv- GKwU mdUIq¨vi hv Awbw`©ó ev 
AevwÂZ e¨enviKvixi nvZ †_‡K wm‡÷g‡K iÿv K‡i
ev mvBevi AvµgY Govq|
14
dvqviIqvj cÖ‡U‡±W wm‡÷‡g- mvaviYZ †bUIqv‡K©i
wfZi †_‡K evwn‡ii mewKQz e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e
Ab¨‡Kv‡bv Abvw`ó e¨enviKvix GB †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 dvqviIqv‡ji D`vniY- nv‡W©Û dvqviI‡qj †nv÷,
wm¤új UªvwdK jwMb wm‡÷g, AvB c¨v‡KU w¯…wbs
evDUvi, cÖw· A¨vwcø‡Kkb †MUI‡q|
ÿwZKviK mdUIq¨vi n‡jv- Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm,
iæUwKUm, Iqvg©, †UªvRvb nm©, ¯úvBIq¨vi|

‡WUv‡eR wm‡÷g
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ  ‡WUv nvqvivwK© n‡jv- weU, evBU, wdì, †iKW© Ges
01. GKwU wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡em g‡W‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv dvBj wb‡q MwVZ †WUv‡e‡mi Dcv`vb|
Relation cÖKvk Kiv nq? (40Zg wewmGm)  wK wdì cÖavbZ- wZb ai‡bi |
K. Tuples L. Attributes  DBMS G MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm •Zwii †h
M. Tables N. Rows DËi M mKj Uzjm e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j- Front End.
02. Push Ges Pop wb‡Pi Kvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z?  ‡WUv‡e‡m †WUv cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv, †WUv wiUªvBf Kiv, †WUv
gwWdvB A_ev wWwjU Kiv BZ¨vw` Acv‡ikb¸‡jv‡K
K. Queue L. Stack
e‡j- Kz‡qwi (Query).
M. Union N. Array DËi : L
03. wb‡Pi †KvbwU WvUv‡eR Language? (35Zg wewmGm)  ‡hLv‡b Z_¨ ev †WUv Rgv _v‡K ZvB- Back End.
K. Oracle L. C  K¬v‡q›U‡K cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i- mvf©vi|
 K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi †WUv‡em wm‡÷‡g _v‡K- gvÎ 1wU
M. MS-word N. ‡KvbwUB bq DËi : K
†WUv‡em|
04. নিচের ক োিনি িোিোচব ঱যোংগুচয় ? (৩৫তম নবন঴এ঴)
 eZ©gv‡b eûj cÖPwjZ I‡qe GbvejW †WUv‡em mvfv©i
K. Data Definition Language
n‡jv- Oracle, Microsoft, SQL Sever, My
L. Data Manipulation Language
SQL BZ¨vw`|
M. Query Language N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : N
 WvUv‡eR j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri aiY ev †WUv‡eR j¨v½y‡qR n‡jv-
 DDL (Data Definition Language)
mv‡Rkb
 ‡hwU‡K cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi Z_¨ •Zwi K‡i  DML (Data Manipulation Language)
ZvB- †WUv (Data)| ‡WUv cÖavbZ- 3 cÖKvi| h_v-  Query language.
wbD‡gwiK †WUv, AwbD‡gwiK †WUv Ges eywjqvb †WUv|  me©vwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨ 3wU Kz‡qwi j¨v½y‡qR n‡jv-
 ‡Kv‡bv GKwU GbwUwU †m‡Ui †h †cÖvcvwU©R¸‡jv H QUEL, QBE, SQL- Structured Query
GbwUwUi •ewk󨸇jv cÖKvk K‡i, hvi Dci wfwË K‡i Language.
DcvË MÖnY, cÖwµqvKiY I msiÿY Kiv hvq Zv‡K e‡j-  8 weU wb‡q MwVZ nq- Aÿi|
A¨vwUªweDU|  K‡qKwU Aÿi wb‡q MwVZ nq- wdì|
 A¨vwUªweDU‡K wfRyq¨vj †WUv‡em †cÖvMÖvg- †WUv wdì|  ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ wdì wb‡q MwVZ nq- †iKW©|
 ‡Kv‡bv †WUv‡e‡mi •ewkó¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †hme †iKW©  GK ev GKvwaK †iKW© wb‡q MwVZ nq- †Uwej|
e¨envi Kiv nq ZvB- GbwUwU|

B Kgvm©
cÖwZôv‡bi bvg cÖwZôvKvj cÖwZôvZv cÖwZôv‡bi bvg cÖwZôKvj cÖwZôvZv
Amazon.com 1994 ‡Rd †e‡Rvm Alibaba 1999
Shoparu.com 2017 cÖvgxY‡dvb bikroy.com 2012
OLX 2006 Fabrice Grinda & Alec Oxenford
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 14
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ M. †gvevBj wU‡KwUs- †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g wU‡KU †Kbv|
N. †gvevBj e¨vswKs- †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g e¨vswKs Kvh©µg|
01. wb‡Pi †Kvb mvBUwU †Kbv-‡ePvi Rb¨ bq? (38Zg wewmGm)
O. †gvevBj weÁvcb- †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g weÁvcb|
K. ekhanei.com L. olx.com DËi : M
 cÖ_g †gvevBj †dvbwfwËK e¨vswKs †mev Pvjy nq- 1977
M. google.com N. amazon.com
mv‡j (wdbj¨v‡Ûi †gwiUv e¨vs‡K)|
02. B-Kgvm© mvBU amazon.com KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?  evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj e¨vswKs Pvjy nq- 31 gvP©, 2011|
(37Zg wewmGm)  Kw¤úDUv‡i wm‡÷g cvmIqvW© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq- gy‡Li
K. 1994 mv‡j L. 1988 mv‡j Qwe, †Pv‡Li gwY, wd½vi wcÖ›U|
M. 1990 mv‡j N. 1998 mv‡j DËi : K  wfbœ †f․‡MvwjK `~i‡Z¡ wKQz e¨w³ Ae¯’vb K‡i †hvMv‡hvM
mv‡Rkb wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g mshy³ †_‡K †Kv‡bv mfv A_ev
 e-commerce- B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK mKj cÖKvi †mwgbvi Abyôv‡bi cÖwµqv‡K e‡j-
evwYwR¨K †jb‡`b ev e¨emv| Teleconferencing.
 M-commerce ‡mev cÖ_g Pvjy nq- 1997 mv‡j  wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Kiv hvq- Skype, Facebook,
wdbj¨cv‡Ûi †njwmswK‡Z| Tango, Viber, Yahoo, Messanger BZ¨vw`i
 mvaviYZ Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe (WWW) Gi gva¨‡g gva¨‡g Vedio Conferencing Kiv hvq|
evwYwR¨KvR cwiPvjbv K‡i- B-Kgvm©|  B-Kgv‡m©i cÖKvi‡f`:
 M-commerce (Mobile commerce) - †gvevBj B2C Business toConsumer
†dv‡bi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK †jb‡`b ev e¨emv B2B Business to Business
Kiv| C2C Consumer to Consumer
 ‡gvevBj Kgv‡m©i †mev mg~n- C2B Consumer to Business
K. †gvevBj gvwb UªvÝdvi- †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g UvKv
¯’vbvšÍi|
L. †gvevBj GwUGg- †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g UvKv D‡Ëvjb|

‡gvevBj cÖhyw³ (‡bUIqvK©, ¯§vU©‡dvb I •ewkó¨)

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ L. ঄পনি যো঱ ফোআবোচর বোতিো কপ্ররি
01. ‡gvevBj †dv‡b †Kvb Mode G †hvMv‡hvM nq? (40Zg
M. কবোতোচম নিনপয়ো িোয়ো঱ রো
wewmGm) N. bZzb ai‡bi gvB‡µv‡dvb DËi : K
K. Simplex L. Half-duplex 06. মোআচিোওচয়চভর মোধযচম কয কিন঱চযোগোচযোগ বযবস্থো অমোচির কিচল
M. Full-duplex N. ‡KvbwU bq DËi M প্রেন঱ত তোচত মোআচিোওচয়ভ ঄নধ োংল িূর্ব ঄নতিম চর –
02. GbWª‡qW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU K. I‡qf MvB‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q
mwVK? (37Zg wewmGm) L. f~wg I Av‡qvbwùqv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖwZdjb n‡Z n‡e
K. GwUi wbg©vZv ¸Mj M. we‡kl ai‡bi K¨ve‡ji g‡a¨ w`‡q
L. GwU wjbv· (Linux) Kv‡b©j wbf©i N. †Lvjv‡gjv RvqMvi g‡a¨ w`‡q mij‡iLvq DËi : K
M. GwU cÖavbZ UvP w¯…b ‡gvevB‡ji wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ •Zwi|
N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv DËi : N mv‡Rkb
03. AvB,I,Gm (iOS) ‡gvevBj Acv‡iwUsm wm‡÷gwU †Kvb  Zviwenxb Ae¯’vq Aí `~i‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b mÿg
cÖwZôvb evRviRvZ K‡i? (37Zg wewmGm) †bUIqvK© cÖhyw³- Wi-Fi (Wireless fidelity)|
K. A¨vcj L. ¸Mj  `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wWfvBm GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm wWw÷ªweDkb
M. gvB‡µvmdU N. AvB, we, Gg DËi : K †g_‡Wi gva¨‡g ci¯úi mshy³ K‡i Ges GKwU GK‡mm
04. ‡gvevBj †UwjKwgDwb‡Kk‡b 4G Gi †ÿ‡Î 3G Gi c‡h‡›Ui gva¨‡g Av‡iv e„nr B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³
Zzjbvq AwZwi³ •ewkó¨ Kx? (35Zg wewmGm) K‡i- WLAN.
K. f‡qm †Uwj‡dvwb L. wfwWI Kj DËi : N  WiMAX n‡jv- Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³|
M. †gvevBj wUwf N. eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU †mev  WiMAX Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- World Wide
05. নিন িো঱ কিন঱চফোচির প্রধোি তবনলষ্টয – (১৬তম নবন঴এ঴) Interoperability for Microwave Access.
K. নিন িো঱ ন঴গন্যোচ঱ বোতিো কপ্ররি  WiMAX Gi Standard n‡jv- IEEE 802.16
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³)
 `ywU Pjbkxj wWfvBm A_ev GKwU Pjbkxj I Ab¨wU 
w¯’i wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv Ges Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kivi
j‡ÿ¨ wWRvBbK…Z wm‡÷g‡K ejv nq- †gvevBj
†Uwj‡dvb wm‡÷g|
 WAP- Wireless Application Protocol- GwU
n‡jv GKwU ‡cÖv‡UvKj hvi gva¨‡g †gvevBj †dvb wKsev 
†gvevBj RvZxq wWfvBm †hgb- wcwWG KZ…©K B›Uvi‡bU
eªvDwRs Gi myweav cvIqv hvq Ges I‡q‡ei b¨vq
A¨vwcø‡Kkb •Zwi Kiv hvq|
 Bluetooth e¨envi K‡i- Radio Technology.
 GKwU A¨v‡›Ubv Ges GKwU †QvU Awdm wb‡q †h †mj 
(Cell) MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j- †em †÷kb (Base
station)
 ‡mj wmMb¨vj Gb‡KvwWs n‡jv- Gb‡KvwWs c×wZi
mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ UªvÝwgUvi †_‡K †cÖwiZ wmMb¨vj mg~n‡K 
c„_K Kivi cÖwµqv (wewfbœ UªvÝwgUvi †_‡K †cÖwiZ
wmMb¨vj mg~n‡K c„_K Ki‡Z FDMA (Frequency
Division Multiple Access) Ges CDMA 
(Code Division Multiple Access) cÖhyw³ 
e¨envi Kiv nq)|
 Base station ‡_‡K- Kj ms‡hvM, Kj Bbdi‡gkb
†iKwW©s, wewjs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUvivBRW c×wZ‡Z wbqš¿Y 
Kiv nq|
 ‡gvevBj †dv‡bi µgea©gvb e¨envi I Dbœq‡bi ch©vq ev
avc‡K e‡j- †gvevBj †dv‡bi cÖRb¥ (‡gvevBj cÖhyw³i
cÖRb¥ PviwU)|
 cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡j wjsK (Link) P¨v‡bj¸‡jv
Avjv`v Kiv nq- FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access) c×wZ‡Z|
 cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (1G = First Generation) ‡gvevBj
†dvb evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Pvjy nq- 1983 mv‡j (DËi
Av‡gwiKvq)|
 cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi bvg wQj- AMPS
(Advanced Mobile Phone System), NMT
(Nordic Mobile Telephone), TACS (Total
Access Communication System).
 cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi †iwWI wmMb¨vj e¨eüZ 
nq- GbvjM c×wZ‡Z|
 me©cÖ_g 1G Pvjy n‡qwQj- Rvcv‡b|
 me©cÖ_g 2G Pvjy n‡qwQj- wdbj¨v‡Û (1991 mv‡j)|
 wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji Avwef©ve N‡U- f‡qm‡K
Noise gy³ Kivi gva¨‡g|
 2G ‡gvevB‡j ‡iwWI wmMb¨vj e¨eüZ nq- wWwRUvj
c×wZ‡Z|
 wcÖ‡cBW c×wZ me©cÖ_g Pvjy K‡i- 2G ‡gvevBj|
16
wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji D`vniY- wRGmGg 900,
wRGmGmAvi, wRGmGg 1800, wRGmGg 1900,
wRGmGg 400, D-AMPS, CDMA, PDA.
 Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i (3G = Third Generation)
‡gvevBj †dv‡bi aviYv ïiæ nq- 1992 mvj †_‡K|
WCDMA c×wZ-eZ©gv‡b cwiwPZ UMTS
(Unversal Mobile Tele-communication
System) bv‡g|
 3G ‡gvevBj †dvb e¨envi ïiæ nq- 2001 mv‡j
(Rvcv‡b)|
3G Gi e¨envi- Global Positioning System
(GPS), Location Based Services, Mobile
TV, Telemedicine, Video Conferencing
High Speed Internet.
Z„Zxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj- UMTS (Unversal
Mobile Telecommunication System), IMT-
200, MCCDMA, EDGE, HSPA.
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g 3G Pvjy nq- 14 A‡±vei, 2012|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g 4G Pvjy nq- 19 †deªæqvwi, 2018|
 me©cÖ_g 4G ‡mev Pvjy nq- 2006 mv‡j (`wÿY
†Kvwiqv)|
PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji •ewkó¨- mvwK©U myBwPs ev
c¨v‡KU myBwPs‡qi cwi‡eZ© B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj (IP)
wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi|
 5G B›Uvi‡bU †mev Pvjy Ki‡Z hv‡”Q- `wÿY †Kvwiqv|
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
n‡jv- GSM c×wZi 2G Ges 3G ‡gvevBj
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK© e¨env‡ii c×wZ|
 LTE (Long Term Evolution) n‡jv- †mjyjvi
÷¨vÛvW©wfwËK GKwU 3G ‡gvevBj|
 `ªæZ Pjbkxj wWfvB‡mi †ÿ‡Î Gi ‡WUv ¯’vbvšÍi MwZ-
100 †gMvevBU/‡m‡KÛ Ges w¯’i wWfvB‡mi †ÿ‡Î Gi
†WUv ¯’vbvšÍi MwZ- 1 wMMvevBU/‡m‡KÛ|
 Hotspot- GK ai‡Yi Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvK© hvi
mvnv‡h¨ †gvevBj, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw`‡Z B›Uvi‡bU
ms‡hvM ‡`Iqv nq|
Hotspot cÖhyw³- 3wU (WiMAX, Wi-fi,
Bluetooth).
 WiMAX Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access.
 WiMAX Gi †P‡q A‡cÿvK…Z axiMwZi Zviwenxb
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvRb n‡jv- Wi-fi.
 Wi-fi (IqvBdvB) Gi c~Y©iƒc- Wireless Fidelity.
 eøyUz_ (Bluetooth) n‡jv- Zviwenxbcv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv
†bUIqvK© (PAN- Personal Area Network).
 Bluetooth cÖhyw³‡Z e¨eüZ nq- †eZvi Zi½|
 WiMAX Gi ÷¨vÛvW©- IEEE 802.15.
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³)
 Wi-fi Gi ÷¨vÛvW©- IEEE 802.11.
 Bluetooth Gi ÷¨vÛvW©- IEEE 802.15.
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj †dvb cÖ_g Pvjy nq- 1993 mv‡ji 
GwcÖj gv‡m|
 ‡gvevBj †dv‡bi e¨envimg~n n‡jv- Email. SMS,
MMS Gi gva¨‡g evZ©v‡cÖiY Ges MÖnY, K¨vjKz‡jUi,
B›Uvi‡bU, †Mg †Ljv, Qwe †Zvjv Ges wfwWI Kiv, 
Nwoi mgq †`Lv, K_v †iKW© Kiv, †Uª‡bi wU‡KU eywKs
Kiv, we`y¨r M¨vm wej †`qv, †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kiv
BZ¨vw`|
 ‡dv‡bi kw³i Drm- Zwor †Kvl ev e¨vUvwi|
 ¯§vU©‡dvb (Smart Phone) n‡jv- we‡kl ai‡bi
†gvevBj †dvb hv †gvevBj Kw¤úDwUs cøvUd‡g©i Dci 
cÖwZwôZ|
 ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi hvÎv ïiæ nq 1994 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m
cÖhyw³cY¨ wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb B›Uvib¨vkbvj weR‡bm †gwkb
(IBM) K‡c©v‡ik‡bi •Zwi wmgb (Simon) bv‡gi
†dv‡bi gva¨‡g|
 cvg I Gm PvwjZ Uªv‡qv Ges eøvK‡ewi †KvqvK© wmwi‡Ri
¯§vU©‡dvb evRv‡i Av‡m- 2002 mv‡j|
 KZ¸‡jv Smart Phone Gi bvg- Apple, Black
Berry, HTC, LG, Motorola, Nokia,
Samsung, Sony BZ¨vw`|
 ¯úvU©‡dv‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g- ¸M‡ji Android,
A¨vc‡ji iOS, gvB‡µvmd‡Ui (Windows, 
Firefox OS, Sailfish OS, Tizen), wimvU© Bb
†gvk‡bi Black Berry.
 AvaywbK †gvevBj †dvb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi 
mv‡eK fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U gvwU©b Kzcvi 1973 mv‡j (Zvu‡K
†gvevBj †dv‡bi RbK ejv nq)|
 Smartphone Gi e¨envi- Kj I wfwWI Kj Kiv, 
B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs, B-‡gBj Av`vb-cÖ`vb, AwWI Ges
wfwWI dvBj msiÿY Kiv, wUwf †`Lv, wewfbœ ai‡bi
App e¨envi Kiv|
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g ¯§vU©‡dvb n‡jv- AvBweGg mvBgb|
 A¨vcj cÖ_g AvB‡dvb evRv‡i wb‡q Av‡m- 2007
mv‡j|
 ‡ivwgs n‡jv- †gvevBj mvwf©m †cÖvfvBWvi‡`i g‡a¨
†`kxq I AvšÍt‡`kxqfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ AvšÍtms‡hvM
e¨e¯’v|
 ‡gvevBj †dv‡bi aib- †ewmK †dvb, K¨v‡giv †dvb,
wgDwRK/MP3 ‡dvb, wfwWI †dvb, ¯§vU©‡dvb, wcwWG
†dvb|
 ‡gvevBj ev †mjyjvi †dv‡bi g~j Ask- 3wU (GKwU
K‡›Uªvj BDwbU, GKwU BbcyU UªvwÝfvi, GKwU G‡›Ubv
wm‡÷g)|
 ‡gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³‡K fvM Kiv nq- `yfv‡M (GSM-
Global System for Mobile Communication
17
Ges CDMA- Code Division Multiple
Access).
GSM ‡gvevBj †dv‡b e¨envi Kiv nq SIM
(Subscriber Indentity Module) Ges CDMA
‡gvevBj †dv‡b e¨envi Kiv nq RUIM
(Removable User Identity Module)|
GSM n‡”Q- FDMA (Rrequency Division
Multiple Access) Ges TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access) Gi mw¤§wjZ P¨v‡bj
A¨vK‡mm c×wZ|
 GSM cÖhyw³i †gvevBj †dv‡bi e¨envi ïiæ nq- 1991
mv‡j GSM Kb‡mvwU©qv‡gi gva¨‡g|
GSM Gi KvR- DuPz gv‡bi wWwRUvj f‡qm UªvÝwgkb
wbwðZ Kiv(GSM Gi gva¨‡g SMS ev Short
Message Service cvVv‡bv nq)|
 evsjv‡`‡k GSM cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡K- MÖvgxb‡dvb,
evsjvwjsK, †UwjUK I Gqvi‡Uj|
 GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) Gi myweav n‡jv- A‡bK †ewk
†`‡k e¨eüZ nIqvq AvšÍRv©vwZK †ivwgs myweav †ewk,
wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ nwcs myweav, D”P ¸bMZ gvbm¤úbœ Awew”Qbœ
UªvÝwgkb|
 GSM ‡gvevBj †dv‡b _v‡K- GKwU SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module).
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
n‡jv- GWfvÝW wWwRUvj Iq¨vi‡jm cÖhyw³ (Gi
Avwe®‥viK †KvqvjKg)|
CDMA ‡Z †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv nq- †¯úªW
†¯úKUªvg c×wZ‡Z|
 evsjv‡`‡k CDMA cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i- wmwU‡mj|
CDMA Gi myweav n‡jv-UªvÝwgkb cvIqvi Kg nIqvq
†iwW‡qkb Kg, GWfvÝW mdU myBwPs cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ
nq, A‡cÿvK…Z fvj Kj gvb|
 CDMA Gi Amyweav n‡jv- AvšÍR©vwZK †ivwgs myweav
AcÖZzj, me ai‡bi ‡gvevBj †m‡U e¨envi Kiv hvq bv,
e¨enviKvix evo‡j UªvÝwgk‡bi ¸YMZ gvb K‡g|
 cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (1G) ‡gvevB‡ji •ewkó¨ n‡jv- GbvjM
wm‡÷g, AvKv‡i Zzjbvg~jK eo, `vg †ewk, cwiPvjbv
KwVb|
 wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i (2G) ‡gvevBj evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ_g
D™¢vweZ nq- 1991 mv‡j wdbj¨v‡Û (G ai‡bi
†gvevB‡j GSM ÷¨vÛvW© e¨eüZ nq)|
 wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji •ewkó¨- wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj,
`v‡g Zzjbvg~jK m¯Ív, AvKv‡i †QvU|
 2G ‡gvevB‡j- GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service) myweav _v‡K|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 18
 PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i •ewkó¨- Avëªv eªWe¨vÛ myweav, 3D TV, 
WiMAX myweav, USB Iq¨vi‡jm g‡Wg|
 wmw¤^qvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨eüZ cÖ_g ¯§vU©‡dvb- 
GwiKmb Avi 380|
 A¨vÛª‡qW n‡jv- ¯§vU©‡dvb I U¨ve‡jU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ 
wjbvKvª wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
 A¨vÛª‡qW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g D™¢veb K‡i- I‡cb
n¨vÛ‡mU A¨vwj‡qÝ|
 A¨vÛª‡qW e¨eüZ cÖ_g †dvb HTC Dream hv T 
Mobile G1 bv‡g cwiwPZ)|
 ‡gvevBj †dv‡b RbK- gvwU©b Kzcvi|
 SIM- Subscriber IdentiFication Module.
 GSM (Global System for Mobile 
Communications) cÖhyw³i †gvevBj †dv‡bi e¨envi
ïiæ nq- 1991 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †gvevBj †Kv¤úvwb- wmwU‡mj|
 evsjv‡`k 3G (Third Generation) Pvjy nq- 14 
A‡±vei, 2012 mv‡j|
 we‡k¦ cÖ_g ¯§vU©‡dvb evRv‡i Av‡m- 16 AvM÷, 1994 
mv‡j| ‡gvevBj wWfvB‡mi cÖvY ejv nq- A¨vc‡K|
 we‡k¦ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq ¯§vU©‡dvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡jv- 
A¨vÛª‡qW|
UvP ¯…xb cÖhyw³i RbK- W. m¨vgy‡qj nv÷©|
 ‡gvevBj cÖRb¥‡K fvM Kiv nq- 4 fv‡M|
¸M‡ji Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g A¨vÛª‡q‡Wi cÂg ms¯‥i‡Yi
bvg- jwjcc (me©‡kl- cvB)|
¯§vU©‡dv‡bi hvÎv ïiæ nq- AvBweGg †Kv¤úvbxi gva¨‡g|
 cÖ_g mvBgb ¯§vU©‡dvbwU †h †`‡ki weÁvb Rv`yN‡i ivKv
n‡q‡Q- hy³ivR¨|
 Windows Phone D™¢veb K‡i- gvB‡µvmdU|
Tizen n‡jv- wjbvKvª wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
 Black Berry cÖ_g evRv‡i Qv‡o- RIM (1999).
 Bada Operating System D™¢veb K‡i-
Samsung.
UvPwµb cÖhyw³i RbK- W. m¨vgy‡qj nv÷ (D™¢veb
K‡ib 1971 mv‡j Elograph bv‡g)|
 m¨vgy‡qj nv÷ ¯^”Q UvPw¯…b D™¢veb K‡ib- 1974 mv‡j|
 eZ©gv‡b ¯§vU©‡db e¨env‡i kxl© †`k- Pxb|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †gvevBj †Kv¤úvwb- wmwU‡mj|
 ‡gvevBj wWfvB‡mi cÖvY ejv nq- A¨vc‡K|
¸M‡ji Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g A¨vÛª‡q‡Wi cÂg ms¯‥i‡Yi
bvg- jwjcc|
cÖ_g mvBgb ¯§vU©‡dvbwU ivLv n‡q‡Q- hy³iv‡R¨i
Rv`yN‡i|

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© (LAN, MAN, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi

g¨v‡bR‡g›U, K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs)
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ 06. ওয়োআ- ফোআ (Wi-Fi) কিিওয়োচ ি ঴ংচযোচগর ন্য ঴ংনিষ্ট
নিভোআ঴নির ঴ংচযোগ মোধযম ক োিনি? (৩৭ তম নবন঴এ঴)
01. WiMAX Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access K. তোমোর তোর খ. তোচরর ঴ংচযোগ DËi : M
গ. তোর঵ীি ঴ংচযোগ ঘ. ঄পনি যো঱ ফোআবোর
L. Worldwide Internet for Microwave Access
07. Wi-Fi ক োি েযোটিোিি- এর উপর নভনি চর ো চর?
M. Worldwide Interconnection for Microwave Access
(৩৬ তম নবন঴এ঴)
N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
02. নিচের ক োিনি তোর নব঵ীি দ্রুতগনতর আটিোরচিি ঴ংচযোচগর K. IEEE 802.11 L. IEEE 804.11
ন্য উপচযোগী? (৩২তম নবন঴এ঴) M. IEEE 803.11 N. IEEE 806.11 DËi:K
K. wm-gm L. IqvB-g¨v· 08. নমউনিচ লি ন঴চেচম কগিওচয় ন োচ বযব঵োর ঵য়?
M. eªWe¨vÛ N. eøy-Uz_ DËi : L (৩৬ তম নবন঴এ঴)
03. পোরচ঴োিো঱ নিউিোর যুি চর নিচের ক োিনি ততনর রো K. নবনভন্ন কিিওয়ো ি নিভোআ঴ ঴ংযি রোর োচ
খ. রৃআ বো তোর ঄নধ নভন্ন ধরচির কিিওয়ো িচ ঴ংযুি রোর োচ
঵য়? (৩৫ তম নবন঴এ঴)
গ. এনি কিিওয়ো ি ঵োব ন ংবো ুযআচের মতআ ো চর
K. Enterprise L. Network DËi : L
ঘ. ক োিনিআ িয় DËi : L
M. Server N. Super Computer
09. নিচের ক োিনিচত ঴োধোরিত আিফ্রোচরি নিভোআ঴ বযব঵োর
04. TCP নিচয় ক োিনি কবোঝোচিো ঵য়? (৩৭ তম নবন঴এ঴)
রো ঵য়? (৩৬ তম নবন঴এ঴)
K. †cÖvMÖvg L. †cÖv‡UvKj
M. †cÖvMÖvwgs N. †d¬vPvU© DËi : L K. WAN L. MAN
05. নিউিোর কিিওয়োচ ি OSI মচিচ঱র স্তর তনি? (৩৮ তম M. Satellite Communication
নবন঴এ঴) N. TV wi‡gvU K‡›Uªv‡j DËi : N
K. 7 layers L. 5 layers 10. ক োি মোধযচম অচ঱োর পো঱঴ বযবর৅ত ঵য়? (৩৮তম নবন঴এ঴)
M. 9 layers N. 8 layers DËi : K K. Zvgvi Zvi L. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 19
M. †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej N. Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv DËi: L 
11. Bluetooth wK‡mi D`vniY? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. Personal Area Network  ‡Uwj‡dvb jvBb I dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji ga¨w`‡q
L. Local Area Network
M. Virtual Private Network  ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb e¨e¯’vq e¨eüZ nq †gvU- 2wU g‡Wg
N. ‡KvbwUB bq DËi K
12. লোউি ঴োভিোর নিচের ক োিনিচত ঴বচেচয় ভো঱ বিিিো রো
঴ম্ভব? (৩৭তম নবন঴এ঴)
K. †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g hy³ GKvwaK Kw¤úDUvi mvf©vi
L. GKwU wekvj ÿgZvm¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi mvf©vi
M. e¨enviKvixi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Kw¤úDwUs †mev †`qv
N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
13. এ নি প্রনতষ্ঠোচি নিভোআ঴ ভোগোভোনগ চর কিয়োর ুযনবধো
঵চ঱ো – (৩৫তম নবন঴এ঴)
K. A_© mvkÖq L. ¯’v‡bi mvkÖq
M. mgq mvkÖq N. Dc‡ii meKwU DËi : N
mv‡Rkb
 wewfbœ Kw¤úDUvi †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v Øviv GKm‡½
hy³ n‡j Zv‡K e‡j- Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©|
 ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †g․wjK Dcv`vb- 5wU (Drm,
†cÖiK, gva¨g, cÖvcK I MšÍe¨)|
 Data Transmission Mode- 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
i) wmg‡cøKvª- wUwf, †iwWI,
ii) nvd Wz‡cøKvª- IqvwKUwK I
iii) dzj Wz‡cøKvª- †gvevBj, †Uwj‡dvb|
 ‡bUIqvK© Kv‡W©i BDwbK µwgK b¤^i‡K e‡j- g¨vK
A¨v‡Wªm| ‡bUIqvK©fz³ Kw¤úDUvi mg~‡ni Ae¯’vbMZ
Ges ms‡hvM web¨vm KvVv‡gv- †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR|
 ‡bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR- 6 cÖKvi| h_v: evm msMVb, ÷vi
msMVb, wis msMVb, msKi msMVb, wUª msMVb I †gm
msMVb|
 cÖevwnZ wmMb¨vj‡K cybivq kw³kvjx K‡i Av‡iv `~iZ¡
AwZµ‡gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq- wiwcUvi|
 `y‡qi AwaK †cvU©hy³ wiwcUvi‡K e‡j- nve|
 GKB ai‡bi †bUIqvK© ms‡hvM e¨eüZ nq- weªR|
 `ywU wfbœ †bUIqvK© ms‡hv‡M e¨eüZ nq- †MUI‡q|
 OSI- Open Systems Interconnection.
 OSI g‡W‡ji ¯Íi- 7wU| h_v:
i)PHYSICAL LAYER ii) DATA LINK LAYER,
iii) NETWORK LAYER iv) TRANSPORT LAYER
v) SESSION LAYERvi) PRESENTATION LAYER
vii) APPLICATION LAYER.
 mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q †h ‡mev MÖnY K‡i-
IqvK©‡÷kb| Wv¤^ Uvwg©bv‡j _v‡K- Kx-‡evW© I gwbUi|
 ¯§vU© Uvwg©bv‡j _v‡K- Kx-‡evW©, gwbUi I ‡cÖv‡mwms
BDwbU|
 KL‡bvB WvUv cÖ‡mm K‡i bv- Wv¤^ Uvwg©bvj|
GK wjsK †_‡K Ab¨ wjs‡K Mgb Kiv‡K e‡j-
†bwf‡Mkb|
Av`vb cÖ`vb nq- A¨vbvjM ms‡KZ|
(GKwU wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K A¨vbvjM AciwU A¨vbvjM
ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj K‡i)|
 mywbw`©ó AvDUcyU ev djvdj cvIqvi Rb¨ †cÖ‡mwms‡q
e¨eüZ KvuPvgvjmg~n‡K e‡j- DcvË (Data)
(Bbdi‡gkb ev Z‡_¨i ÿz`ªZg GKK n‡”Q †WUv)|
 GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b wKsev GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii nvi‡K e‡j- Data
transmission speed (G‡K A‡bK mgq e‡j
Bandwidth/Band speed)|
 AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii Ask- 3wU (‡Kvi, K¬vwWs I
R¨v‡KU)| dvBevi AcwU‡Ki •ewkó¨- GwU
B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji cwi‡e‡Z© Av‡jvK jvBU
wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi †WUv
cwienY K‡i- evievi Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdj‡bi
gva¨‡g| dvBevi •Zwii AšÍiK c`v_©mg~n- wmwjKv Ges
†mvWv †ev‡iv wmwj‡KU, †mvWv jvBg wmwj‡KU, †mvWv
A¨vjywgbv wmwj‡KU bvgK gvwë K‡¤úv‡b›U KvuP|
 mvaviY KvuP dvBevi •Zwii Rb¨ †gv‡UB Dchy³ bq
KviY- Gi ga¨w`‡q Av‡jvKiwk¥ wKQz`~i †h‡Z bv †h‡ZB
wbt‡kl n‡q hvq Ges ¯^”QZv Kg AšÍiK c`v_© e¨env‡ii
KviY- AwZ ¯^”QZv, ivmvqwbK myw¯’iZv evwbw¯…qZv,
mnR cÖwµqvKiY‡hvM¨Zv|
 dvBev‡ii MvVwbK Dcv`v‡bi cÖwZmiv‡¼i Dci wfwË
K‡i dvBevi- wZb cÖKvi (step index fiber,
granded index fiber, monomode fiber).
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej
cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôv‡bi bvg- evsjv‡`k K¨vej wkí
wjwg‡UW (Lyjbv)|
 mve‡gwib K¨vej n‡jv- mvM‡ii Zj‡`‡k ¯’vwcZ GK
ai‡bi dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej hvi mvnv‡h¨ B›Uvi‡bU
ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`k mve‡gwib K¨ve‡j mshy³ nq- 2006 mv‡ji
†g gv‡m South East Asia- Middle East-
Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE4)
Kb‡mvwU©qv‡gi gva¨‡g|
 evsjv‡`‡ki mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷kb Aew¯’Z-
KKvªvevRv‡ii wSjsSvq|
 c„w_exi e„nËg Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© n‡jv- wek¦e¨vcx
we¯Í…Z (Internet).
 Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©- 3 cÖKvi (LAN- Local Area
Network, MAN- Metropolitan Area
Network Ges WAN- Wide Area Network).
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³)
 LAN, MAN, WAN Gi cÖavb cv_©K¨- AvIZvaxb
`~iZ¡ (Distance coverage).
 mvaviYZ 10km ev Zvi Kg GjvKvi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz
Kw¤úDUvi Uvwg©bvj ev Ab¨‡Kv‡bv †cwi‡divj wWfvBm 
mshy³ K‡i †h †bUIqvK© •Zwi Kiv nq ZvB- LAN.
 LAN Gi ÷¨vÛvW© n‡jv- IEEE-802. LAN-G
e¨eüZ U‡cvjwR- ÷vi wis wKsev eªWKv÷ P¨v‡bj
†g_W| LAN-G e¨eüZ UªvÝwgkb wgwWqv- †KvGwKvªqvj 
K¨vej ev AcwUK¨vj dvBevi|
 LAN Ges WAN Gi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv- 
`M~iZ¡MZ cv_©K¨| c„w_exi e„nËg †bUIqvK©- B›Uvi‡bU|
 Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©- 3 cÖKvi, h_v: LAN, MAN 
& WAN. GQvovI PAN bv‡g Av‡iv GK ai‡bi
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© cvIqv hvq, †hwU cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
LAN Gi AšÍfz©³| ‡Kv‡bv wek¦we`¨vj‡q kZvwaK
Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ mshyw³ mvab K‡i- LAN.
 GKB kn‡i wewfbœ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wKQz Kw¤úDUvi ev 
wWfvBm wb‡q †h †bUIqvK© MwVZ nq Zv‡K e‡j-
MAN. MAN n‡jv- LAN ‡_‡K eo Area
‡bUIqvK©| MAN Gi D`vniY K¨vej wUwf 
†bUIqvK©| MAN-G e¨eüZ UªvÝwgkb wgwWqv-
†Uwj‡dvb jvBb, g‡Wg ev gvB‡µvI‡qf|
 wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUvimg~n‡K wb‡q †h 
†bUIqvK© MwVZ ZvB- WAN.
 WAN G e¨eüZ UªvÝwgkb wgwWqv- †Uwj‡dvb jvBb ev
gvB‡µvI‡qf| WAN, Internet I 100 wK. wg. Gi 
AwaK `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z †h †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©|
 `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bviƒc wdwRK¨vj
Kv‡bKkb ev µvej ms‡hvM QvovB †WUv UªvÝdvi Kivi 
c×wZ‡K e‡j- Wireles communication.
 me©cÖ_g Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM 
¯’vcb K‡ib- BZvwjq c`v_©we` gvK©wb|
 Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡g- ¯^í e¨‡q `ªæZ Z_¨
†cÖiY Kiv hvq| Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î 
e¨eüZ nq- `yB ai‡bi A¨v‡·m c‡q›U|
 nU¯úU n‡jv- GK ai‡bi Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvK© hv 
†gvevBj Kw¤úDUvi I wWfvB‡m B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM
mieivn K‡i|
 eZ©gv‡b RbwcÖq 3wU nU¯úU cÖhyw³ n‡jv- WiMAX,
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
 Wi-Fi n‡jv- GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm cÖhyw³ hvi mvnv‡h¨
†iwWI I‡qf e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBm 
Gi gva¨‡g D”P MwZm¤úbœ B›Uvi‡bU e¨envimn
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K© mshy³ n‡q †WUv 
Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i|
 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) n‡jv- `ªæZMwZi †hvMv‡hvM 
20
cÖhyw³ hv cÖPwjZ DSL (Digital Subscriber
Line) Ges Iq¨vihy³ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cwi‡eZ© Iq¨vi‡jm
B›Uvi‡bU myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
WiMAX wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb Ask- `ywU (GKwU †em
†÷kb hv Bb‡Wvi I AvDU‡Wvi UvIqvi wb‡q MwVZ Ges
AciwU A¨v‡›Ubvhy³ WiMAX wiwmfvi hv †Kv‡bv
Kw¤úDUv‡i mshy³ K‡i)|
D”PMwZi Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU eªÛe¨vÛ ms‡hvM †c‡Z
e¨envi Kiv nq- WiMAX.
‡gvevBj KwgDwb‡Kk‡b 4G Gi †ÿ‡Î 3G Gi Zzjbvq
AwZwi³ myweav- eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU †mev|
eøyUz_ (Bluetooth) n‡jv- ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ (10 †_‡K 100
wgUvi) †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ GKwU I‡cb
Iq¨vi‡jm ‡cÖv‡UvKj| Bluetooth Gi ÷¨vÛW© n‡jv-
IEEE-802.156| eøyUz_ D™¢veb K‡ib- †UwjKg
†fÛvi GwiKmb| eøyUz‡_i gva¨‡g •Zwi Kiv hvq- PAN.
eøyUz‡_i bvgKiY Kiv nq- †Wbgv‡K©i ivRv †nivì eøyUz_
Gi bvgvbymv‡i| eøyUz_ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb
Kiv nq ZvB- wc‡Kv‡bU|
EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM
Evolution) c×wZ- GPRS Gi †P‡q `ªæZ KvR
K‡i| GKvwaK wc‡Kv‡bU‡K GK‡Î ejv nq- ¯‥viv‡bU|
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Kw¤úDwUs
wi‡mvm©, †hgb nvW©Iq¨vi Ges mdUIq¨vi e¨envi
Kiv‡K e‡j- K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs|
K¬vDW ej‡Z †evSvq- `~ieZ©x †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx mvf©vi
Kw¤úDUvi (we‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ †_‡K B›Uvi‡bUhy³
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g K¬vDW †mev †fvM Kiv hvq)|
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs †mev †`Iqv ïiæ nq- 2006 mvj
†_‡K|
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs †mev †`Iqv cÖ_g ïiæ K‡i- AvgvRb
WU K‡gi Bjvw÷K Kw¤úDU K¬vDW (EC2) (eZ©gv‡b
GB †mev cÖ`vb K‡i IBM, Microsoft, Google)|
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi •ewkó¨- 3wU (wi‡mve© †¯‥‡jwewjwU,
Ab wWgvÛ Ges †c A¨vW BD †Mv)|
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi •ewkó¨ n‡jv- mvejxjfv‡e Kv‡Ri
DbœwZ mvab K‡i, wi‡mvm© ‡kqvi K‡i LiP Kgv‡bv hvq,
fvPz©qvj cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kivmn wewfbœ wWfvBm I RvqMvq
GwU e¨envi Kiv hvq| (GwUi aviYÿgZv AwaK I GwU
wbqš¿Y ev cwiPvjbv Kiv mnR, AwaK wbf©i‡hvM¨ I
wi‡mvm© Aw`K wbivc`)|
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs mvwf©m w`‡q _v‡K- 5 ai‡bi (Laas,
Saas, Paas, Naas, Cuas).
K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi †WUv‡eR n‡jv- †K›`ªxqfv‡e wbqš¿YKvix
mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g m¤úK©hy³ GKwU
†÷v‡iR wm‡÷g|
‡WUv‡eR e¨enviKix‡`i e‡j- K¬v‡q›U ev Uvwg©bvj|
 K¬v‡q›U‡K cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i- mvf©vi|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 21

B›Uvi‡bU, B-‡gBj I WWW

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ 1969 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi cÖwZiÿv wefvM GKwU M‡elYv
01. cÖ_g web browser ‡KvbwU? (40Zg wewmGm) cÖK‡íi AvIZvq †`‡ki PviwU wek¦we`¨vjq‡K cixÿvg~jK
K. Nescape Navigator L. World wide web Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g hy³ K‡i, GB †bUIqvK©‡K
e‡j- Avicv‡bU|
M. Internet Explorer N. Safari DËi L
eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡i kxl©‡`k- Pxb| 1990 mv‡j
02. নিউিোর কেচ নিউিোচর তেয অিোি- প্রিোচির প্রযুনিচ B›Uvi‡bU Kvh©µg ïiæ Ki‡jI 1994 mvj †_‡K e¨vcK
ব঱ো ঵য় (২৪, ৩০ ও ৩১ তম নবন঴এ঴)
cwiwPwZ cvq|
K. B›UviKg L. B›Uvi‡bU KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ges wewfbœ wWfvBm ev
M. B-‡gBj N. B›UviwmW DËi : L Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ †WUv UªvÝwgU c×wZ mdUIq¨v‡ii
03. আটিোরচিি চব েো঱ু ঵য়? (৩৩ তম নবন঴এ঴) gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y Kivi c×wZ n‡jv- ‡cÖv‡UvKj|
K. ১৯৮১ ঴োচ঱ L. 1970 mv‡j K‡qKwU †cÖv‡UvKj- TCP/IP, FTP (File Transfer
M. 1960 mv‡j N. 1969 mv‡j DËi : N
Protocol), 1PX/SPX, NETBEUI, Appletalk,
04. IP-V6 এচে঴ ত নবচির? (৩৭ তম নবন঴এ঴)
EtherNET.
K. 128 L. 32 M. 12 N. 6 DËi : K
05. ক োি কপ্রোচিো ঱নি আটিোরচিি ঴ংচযোচগর কক্ষচে ঴বিোনধ WWW (World Wide Web) n‡jv- c„w_exi wewfbœ
বযবর৅ত ঵য়? (৩৮ তম নবন঴এ঴) †`‡ki mvf©v‡i ivLv ci¯ú‡ii ms‡hvM web page.
K. TCP/IP L. Net BEUI DËi : K WWW Gi m~Pbv nq- 1989 mv‡j (myBRvij¨v‡Ûi
M. Linux N. Novel Network CERN Gi weÁvbxMY Zvu‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq M‡elYvKg©
06. নিচের ক োিনি িোিো Internet এ প্রচবল রো ঴঵ িয়? Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g mn‡R cvIqvi GKwU c×wZ
K. Task bar L. Menu bar DËi : N Avwe®‥vi K‡ib ZvB WWW (World Wide Web).
G‡K I‡qe‡cR ev I‡qe ejv nq|
M. Notification bar N. Web browser
07. TCP নিচয় ক োিনি কবোঝোচিো ঵য়? (৩৭তম নবন঴এ঴) B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gvwëwgwWqv ejv nq- WWW ‡K|
K. †cÖvMÖvg L. †cÖv‡UvKj IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) n‡jv-
M. †cÖvMÖvwgs N. †d¬vPvU© DËi : L B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU AvB‡Ww›UwU|
08. মচিচমর মচধয যো েোচ তো ঵চ঱ো – Av‡gwiKvi IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers
K. এ নি মিুচ঱ির L. GKwU †Kv‡WK Authority) bvgK cÖwZôvb GwU cÖ`vb K‡i|
M. GKwU gWz‡jUi I GKwU wWgWz‡jUi eZ©gv‡b Pvjy Av‡Q- B›Uvi‡bU ‡cÖv‡UvKj fvm©b 4 ev
N. GKwU Gb‡KvWvi DËi : M IPV4. IPV4 wm‡÷‡g cÖwZwU AvBwc A¨v‡Wªm‡K cÖKv‡ki
09. নিচের ক োিনি তোর নব঵ীি দ্রুতগনতর আটিোরচিি ঴ংচযোচগর ন্য Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb- PviwU AK‡UU msL¨v (8we‡Ui evBbvwi)|
উপচযোগী? (৩২ তম নবন঴এ঴) IPV4 n‡”Q- 32 we‡Ui AvBwc A¨v‡Wªm|
K. wm-gm L. IqvB-g¨v· IPV6 n‡”Q- 128 we‡Ui AvBwc A¨v‡Wªm|
M. eªWe¨vÛ N. eøy-Uz_ DËi : L Modem n‡jv- modulator Ges Demodulator
10. আ- কমআ঱ গ্র঵ি রোর ঄নধ বযবর৅ত কপ্রোিো ঱ ক োিনি? kã؇qi mswÿß iƒc|
(৩৮তম নবন঴এ঴) ISP- Internet Service Provider n‡jv- B›Uvi‡bU
K. POP3 L. POP9 †mev cÖ`vbKvix ms¯’v| ISP cÖwZôvb¸‡jv- wbw`©ó wd Gi
M. HTML N. SMTP DËi : K wewbg‡q †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K wVKvbv cÖ`vb K‡i|
11. ক োি নেহ্ননি আ- কমআ঱ নি োিোয় ঄বশ্যআ েো চব? (৩৮তম নবন঴এ঴) evsjv‡`‡ki wKQz ISP- MÖvgxY mvBevi †bU, AvBGmGb,
K. $ L. # M. & N. @ DËi : N cÖwkKv †bU, eªvK †bU, wewW †gBj, cÖ‡Póv †bU, AwMœ
12. আ- কমআ঱ অিোি- প্রিোচি বযবর৅ত STPT এর পূিরূ ি প ন ? wm‡÷gm, dv÷‡bU, weIGj Kv‡id †bU BZ¨vw`|
(৩৭ তম নবন঴এ঴) DNS (Domain Name System) n‡”Q- IP
K. Simple Message Transmission Protocol Address Gi GKwU AvjdvwbD‡gwiK wVKvbv|
L. Strategic Mail Transfer Protocol mviv we‡k¦i †Wv‡gBb †bBg ev IP Address ‡h cÖwZôvbwU
M. Strategic Mail Transmission Protocol wbqš¿Y K‡i Zvi bvg- Inter NICS (The Internet
N. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol DËi : N Network Information Center).
mv‡Rkb mKj †Wv‡gBb †bBg‡K GKwU WvUv‡eR dvB‡j msiÿY
mKj †bUIhv‡K©i †bUIqvK© ejv nq- B›Uvi‡bU‡K| K‡i- Inter NICS.
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cÖv_wgK Kvh©µg ïiæ nq- Avicv‡bU w`‡q| Search Engine n‡jv- Ggb wKQz I‡qe‡cR hvi gva¨‡g
ARPANET- Advance Research Project e¨enviKvix Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq welqwU Lyu‡R †ei K‡i
Agency Network. (gvB‡µvmd‡Ui bZzb mvP© BwÄb bing.com ).
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mvP© BwÄPb- wccxwjKv|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 22
evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq mvP© BwÄb- PiwK| B›Uvi‡bU BKvD›U MÖnYKvix‡`i e‡j- †bwU‡Rb
HTML Gi c~Y©iƒc- Hyper Text Markup (B›Uvi‡bU we‡k¦i bvMwiK)|
Language. G·Uªv‡bU n‡jv- GK cÖwZôv‡bi B›Uªv‡bU Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡bi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© I‡qe eªvDRvi Ges mvP© BwÄb mg~n B›Uªv‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ nIqv|
Web browser Search Engine B›Uªv‡bU n‡jv- GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Internet Google Yahoo.com Rb¨ e¨eüZ I‡qemvBU hv †Kej mswkó cÖwZôv‡bi
Explorer Kg©xivB e¨envi K‡i|
Maxthon Lycas wccxwjKv B-‡gBj n‡jv- Ggb GKwU B‡jKUªwbK †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v
hvi gva¨‡g c„w_exe¨vcx wekvj †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g‡K Kg
Safari Opera Bing Li‡P Aí mg‡q mevB e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AOL Web crawler Ask B-‡gBj A_©- B‡jKUªwbK †gBj ev B‡jKUªwbK wPwV|
Mozilla Firefox Netscape MSN E-mail wVKvbvq me©cÖ_g @ wPý e¨eüZ nq- 1972 mv‡j
Navigator Mail- mvf©vi †_‡K BbKvwgs Mail MÖnY Kivi Rb¨
Baidu Yandex AOL me©vwaK RbwcÖq cÖ‡UvKj- POP3|
World Wide Web- cÖ_g I‡qe eªvDRvi| AvDU‡Mvwqs E-mail- ejv nq- SMTP ‡K|
nvBcvi‡U·U n‡jv- Ggb GKwU Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi c×wZ hv E-mail e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv
wKbv Ab¨ Z‡_¨i mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| GK Link n‡jv- Netscape messenger, Mozilla,
‡_‡K Ab¨ Link G Mgb Kivi bvg Navigation. Thunderbird, Eudora, IBM Lotusnotes BZ¨vw`|
B›Uvi‡b‡U †h †cÖv‡UvK‡ji Aax‡b mg¯Í nvBcvi‡UKvªU Z_¨ E-mail Gi wVKvbvq @ Gi c‡ii AskwUi bvg- Domain
Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K e‡j- http. name| c~‡e©i AskwU‡K ejv nq User name.
I‡q‡e cÖ_g XzK‡j †h †cRwU cÖ`wk©Z nq ZvB- †nvg †cR| B-‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g- †h‡Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U dvBj ev G‡Kvªj
URL(Uniform Resource Locator)- I‡qemvB‡Ui dvBj ev Qwe A¨vUvP‡g›U w`‡q cvVv‡bv hvq|
GKK wVKvbv| Bookmark GKwU- Web. B-‡gBj Lyj‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq - Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU hš¿,
Cookie n‡jv- I‡qemvBU n‡Z cÖvß ÿz`ª Z_¨c~Y© †UKvªU| B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM|
VOIP n‡jv- B›Uvi‡bU †UK‡bvjRx Ges gvwëwgwWqv E-mail Gi wVKvbvq _v‡K- 2wU Ask| f~qv I AhvwPZ
A¨vwcø‡Kkb e¨envi K‡i f‡qm, WvUv Ges wfwWI Av`vb- Mail Rgv nq- Spam-G|
cÖ`vb Kivi c×wZ| POP Ges SMTP Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv h_vµ‡g- Post
VOIP Gi A¨vwcø‡Kkb n‡jv- †bU Uz †dvb (Net to Office Protocol Ges Simple Mail Transfer
phone) ¯‥vBwc (Skype) GgGmGb g¨v‡mÄvi (MSN Protocol.
messenger) ‡bUwgwUs (Net meeting), Kzj UK
(Cool talk).

‡mvm¨vj †bUIqvwK©s
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ mv‡Rkb
01. Social Networking Site –G †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Kvb → ১৯৯৪ ঴োচ঱ ন ও঴োআি (Geocities) ও ১৯৯৫ ঴োচ঱ নি
media e¨eüZ nq? (40Zg wewmGm) কলোব িি ম (Theglobe.com) এর মোধযচম খুব স্বল্প
K. Image/video L. Audio DËi N পনর঴চর রৄরু ঵চয়নিচ঱ো এআ ঴োমোন কিিওয়োন িং বযবস্থো।
M. Text N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv → ক঴ো঴ো঱ কিিওউয়োন িং এর ুযচযোগচ োচ ঱োনগচয় নবনভন্ন
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq? (38Zg wewmGm) ঄পরোধ ও ঄প মি ঴ংগনিত ঵চে। Cyber Bullying,
K. ‡dmeyK L. UzBUvi ভোেুিয়ো঱ অআচিনটিনি ুযআ঴োআি঴঵ নবনভন্ন ঴োমোন বযোনধর ঴ৃনষ্ট
M. wjsKW Bb N. DBwKwcwWqv DËi : N ঵চে এআ ক঴োশ্যো঱ কিিওয়োন িং বযবস্থোর মোধযচম।
03. LinkedIn Gi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? (36Zg wewmGm)
. এনি এ নি নব চি঴ ঄নরচয়চটিি ক঴োশ্যো঱ কিিওয়োন িং ঴োনভি঴
☼ ‡dmeyK (Facebook)
খ. এনি ২০০২ ঴োচ঱ প্রনতনষ্ঠত → কফ঴বু (Facebook) নবে- ঴োমোন অন্তঃচযোগোচযোগ বযবস্থোর
গ. ২০০৬ ঴োচ঱ এনির ঴িস্য঴ংখযো ২০ নমন঱য়চির ঄নধ ঵য় এ নি ওচয়ব঴োআি, যো ২০০৪ ঴োচ঱ প্রনতনষ্ঠত ঵য়।
ঘ. উপচরর ঴বগুচ঱োআ DËi : N → কফ঴বুচ র পূবি িোম নি঱ thefacebook.com. অরও পূচবি
04. ক঴োশ্যো঱ কিিওয়োন িং িুআিোর ত ঴োচ঱ ততনর ঵য়? (৩৫ তম এর িোম নি঱ facemash.
নবন঴এ঴) → মো ি ু োরবোগি, এিওয়োচিিো ক঴ভোনরি, িোনেি মচস্কোনভত্঴
K. 2004 mv‡j L. 2006 mv‡j এবং নি঴ ন঵উচ চ঴র কযৌে প্রচেষ্টোয় কফ঴বু নিমিোি চরি।
M. 2003 mv‡j N. 2008 mv‡j DËi : L ২০০৬ ঴োচ঱র ক঴চটম্বর কেচ ঴বি঴োধোরচির ন্য কফ঴বু
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 23
উন্মুি চর কিয়ো ঵য়। কপ্রোগ্রোম ন঱নখত C++, PHP এবং D → fvlv- Java, Javascript.
language.
☼ Zoom App
→ m`i `ßi : †gb‡jv cvK©, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv, hy³ivóª| → Ryg wfwWI KwgDwb‡Kkb : Av‡gwiKvb †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
☼ UzBUvi (Twitter) ms¯’v| m`i `ßi : mvb †Rv‡m, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv|
→ িুআিোর নবচের নিতীয় বি ঴োমোন কযোগোচযোগ মোধযম। → K¬vDW wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi mdUIq¨vi cøvUd‡g©i gva¨‡g wfwWI
→ িুআিোচরর (Twitter) মূ঱ োযিো঱য় মোন িি যুিরোচের †Uwj‡dvwb Ges AbjvBb P¨vU cwi‡lev cÖ`vb K‡i|
K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi ঴োি ফ্রোনিচস্কো ল঵চর। → cÖwZôvZv : GwiK BDqvb| cÖwZwôZ nq : 2011 mv‡j|
→ ক োচিো ঴িচস্যর িুআি পিোর ন্য যোরো নিবন্ধি চরচি তোচির mdUIq¨vi Pvjy nq : 2013 mv‡j|
ব঱ো ঵য় follower. → 2020 mv‡ji ïiæi w`‡K COVID-19 gnvgvixi mgq
→ িুআিোরচ ব঱ো ঵য় ‘আটিোরচিচির এ঴এমএ঴’।
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi weKí wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cvq|
RbwcÖq mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g:
☼ BÝUvMÖvg
D™¢veK mvB‡Ui bvg cÖwZôvKvj
→ আিিোগ্রোম এ নি AbjvB‡b ফচিো কলয়োনরং, নভনিও কলয়োনরং
¸Mj Google 28 Ryb, 2011
এবং ঴োমোন কিিওয়োন িং পনরচ঴বো।
Plus+
→ 2010 mv‡ji A‡±vi gv‡m Gi hvÎv ïiæ nq| gvK© RvKvievM© Facebook 2004
☼ wjsKW Bb (LinkedIn) R¨vK Wwm© Twitter 21 gvP©, 2006
→ Kvh©µg ïiæ nq- 5 †g, 2003 wLª÷v‡ã| ‡iBW ndg¨vb Lindedln 2002
→ m`i `ßi- gvD‡›Ub wfD, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv, hy³ivóª| ‡Kwfb wm‡÷ªvg I gvBK Instagram A‡±vei, 2010
wµ‡qRvi
☼ ‡nvqvUm A¨vm (WhatsApp) Vkintakte VK 2006
→ 2009 mv‡j AvbyôvwbK fv‡e hvÎv ïiæ nq| Meetup Inc Meetup 12 Ryb, 2012
→ m`i `ßi- gvD‡›UBb wfD, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv, hy³ivóª| eZ©gvb mg‡qi AvaywbK mKj †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úªPvi e¨e¯’vB
☼ ¯‹vBwc (Skype) g~jZ wbf©i K‡i- m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui Dci|
→ ¯‥vBwc-Gi cÖ_g Beta Version evRv‡i Av‡m- 2003 UzBUvi‡K ejv nq- B›Uvi‡b‡Ui GmGgGm|
mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m| GwU g~jZ wfwWI K‡_vcK‡_v‡bi You Tube- wfwWI Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kivi I‡qemvBU|
mdUIq¨vi| ¯‥vBwc GKwU VoIP ‡mev| cÖwZwôZ nq- 2005 mv‡ji 14 †deªæqvwi| BDwUDe-
B›Uvi‡bU RM‡Zi RbwcÖq wfwWI †kqvwis mvBU|
☼ ¸¸j cøvm (Google + ) B›Uvi‡b‡U wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v mgvav‡bi `ÿZv •Zwi K‡i-
→ GwU ¸Mj BbK‡cv©‡ik‡bi GKwU ‡mvk¨vj †bUIqvwK©s B›Uvi‡bU mvP© BÄb| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Z_¨ †LvuRvi
mvBU| GwU 2011 mv‡j cixÿvg~jKfv‡e Pvjy nq| mvB‡Ui Ab¨Zg n‡jv- Google.

Z_¨cÖhyw³ welqK Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨

w÷f
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ IRwbqvK
01. Oracle Corporation Gi cÖwZôvZv †K? (35Zg wewmGm) IivKj Lary Ellison, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi 16 Ryb 1977
K. Bill Gates L. Andrew S Grove K‡c©v‡ikb
Bob Miner
Ges Edoates †iWDW wmwU
M. Tim Cook Bqvû WUKg ‡WwfW wd‡jv K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi 1994
N. Lawrence J. Elison DËi : N I †Rwi Bqvs mvwb‡fj kni
02. নিউিোর গচতর িোম রো প্রনতষ্ঠোি ক োিনি? (১৯তম নবন঴এ঴) ¸Mj j¨vwi †cBR K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi 1998
K. Awj‡fwU L. AvBweGg BbK‡c©v‡i‡UW I †m‡MB weªb gvD‡›UBb wfD
M. A¨v‡cj g¨vwKb‡Uvk N. gvB‡µvmdU DËi : N gvB‡µvmdU e¨vcK cwiwPwZ cvq- 1980 mv‡j MS
DOS Gi gva¨‡g| wej †MU‡mi cÖ_g Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg-
mv‡Rkb TIC-TAC-TOE.
cÖwZôvb cÖwZôvZv m`i `ßi Mvj IBM- Kw¤úDUv‡ii nW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨vi †Kv¤úvwb|
AvBweGg nig¨vb wbDBqK© 1911 cÖwZôvb wZbwU n‡jv- †Uey‡jwUs †gwkb †Kv¤úvwb,
nwjwi_
Bb‡Uj ievU© b‡qm K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi 18 RyjvB
B›Uvib¨vkbvj UvBg †iKwW©s †Kv¤úvwb, Kw¤úDwUs
K‡c©v‡ikb MW©b gyi mv›Uv K¬viv 1968 †Uey‡jwUs †iKwW©s †Kv¤úvwb)| AvBweGg †K ejv nq- weM
gvB‡µvmdU wej †MUm I IqvwksU‡bi 4 GwcÖj, eøy| IBM- International Business Machines
cj A¨v‡jb †iWgÛ 1975 n‡jv- gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cÖ_g e„n`vKvi cÖhyw³ welqK
A¨vcj w÷f Rem, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi 1 GwcÖj cÖwZôvb|
BbK‡c©v‡i‡UW †ivbvì KzcviwU‡bv 1976 ¸Mj (Google) cÖwZôv K‡ib- 1998 mv‡j j¨vwi †cR
I‡qBb I
Ges mv‡M©B weªb GKwU cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb wn‡m‡e|
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³)
¸Mj BbK‡c©v‡i‡UW n‡jv- gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GKwU cÖhyw³
†Kv¤úvwb| Gi cÖK…Z bvg- e¨vKive (Back Rub)|
Zviwenxb `ªæZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM n‡jv- IqvBg¨v·|
Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb N‡U- AcwUK¨vj dvBevi|
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi n‡jv- Lye miæ I bgbxq KvuPZš‘i
Av‡jvK bj| Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î †h gva¨gwU
me©v‡cÿv `ªæZ cwien‡b mÿg- dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej|
GKwU wewìs‡qi Kw¤úDUvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv
n‡j Zv‡K †h ai‡bi †bUIqvK© ejv nq- LAN.
mve‡gwib K¨vej e¨eüZ nq- B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡M|
evsjv‡`‡k mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷kb i‡q‡Q- 2wU |
KKvªevRv‡ii wSjsSvq I cUzqvLvjxi KzqvKvUvq|
Wi-Fi Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Wireless Fidelity|
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cÖhyw³‡K
ejv nq- B›Uvi‡bU| VSAT e¨envi Kiv nq- f~-c„ô
†_‡K m¨v‡UjvBU †hvMv‡hvM Kivi mgq|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g DbœZ wPwKrmv c×wZ- †Uwj‡gwWwmb|
eZ©gv‡b †h cÖ‡UvK‡ji gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i
†Uwj‡dvb Kiv hvq Zvi bvg- VOIP|
HTML- Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Hyper Text Markup
Language.
Kw¤úDUvi Ges †dvb jvB‡bi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡b e¨eüZ
nq- g‡Wg| g‡Wg Gi g‡a¨ hv _v‡K Zv n‡jv- GKwU
gWz‡jUi Ges GKwU wWgWz‡jUi|
‡gvevBj †dvb †_‡K Wvqvj Ki‡j m„ó †eZvi Zi½ †cÖwiZ
nq- †cÖiK-MÖvnK UvIqv‡i|
ATM Gi c~Y©iƒc- Automated Teller Machine.
Http-Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Hyper text transfer protocol.
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui RbK n‡jb- wfbUb wR Kvd©|
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) n‡jv-
I‡q‡ei wewfbœ WKz‡g›U I Ab¨vb¨ wi‡mvm© Gi wVKvbv|
‡nvg‡cR n‡jv- GK ai‡bi e¨w³MZ weÁvcb|
‡Kv‡bv B-‡gB‡j ÒCCÓ Gi A_©- Carbon Copy
HTML dvBj bv‡gi GKvª‡Ubkb n‡jv- html.
I‡qe‡c‡R mivmwi evsjv UvBc Kiv hvq- BDwb‡KvW
wfwËK evsjv d›U e¨envi K‡i|
HTML Gi D™¢veK- wUg evb©vm wj|
‡UwjKbdv‡iwÝs D™¢veK K‡ib- gwi Uvid (1975)|
‡Kv‡bv B-‡gBj wVKvbvq †h wPýwU Aek¨B _v‡K- @|
mvgvwRK †bUIqvwK©s UzBUvi Pvjy nq- 2006 mv‡j|
A¨vÛª‡qW D™¢veb K‡ib- A¨vwÛiæweb I wiP wgbvi|
E-Commerce k‡ã ÒEÓ Gi c~Y©iƒc- Electronic.
B-Kgvm© n‡jv- B-‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g e¨emv|
we‡k¦ cÖ_g †gvevBj e¨vswKs Pvjy nq- 1997 mv‡j|
evsjv‡`‡ki †h e¨vsK me©cÖ_g †gvevBj e¨vswKs †mev Pvjy
K‡i- WvP-evsjv e¨vsK (2011)|
wek¦ MÖvg Gi RbK- gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU g~jZ- Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ I wmgy‡jkb
Z‡Ë¡i Dci cÖwZwôZ|
eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ †gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³ 2 cÖKvi- GSM I
CDMA. CDMA cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq- wmwU‡m‡j|
24
GSM Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Global System for
Mobile Communication.
CDMA Gi c~Y©iƒc- Code Division Multiple
Access. ‡gvevBj cÖRb¥‡K fvM Kiv nq- 4 fv‡M|
Z„Zxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †UK‡bvjwRi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx K‡i
•Zwi Kiv nq- GSM cÖhyw³|
wØZwq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji •ewk󨸇jv n‡jv- wWwRUvj
wmMb¨vj, GSM e¨envi, SMS I MMS ‡mev Pvjy|
PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji •ewk󨸇jv n‡jv- B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
MwZ, WiMAX Gi myweav, Avëªv eªWe¨vÛ Gi myweav,
USB Iq¨vi‡jm g‡Wg|
¯§vU©‡dvb n‡jv- we‡kl ai‡bi †gvevBj †dvb hv †gvevBj
Kw¤úDwUs cøvUd‡g©i Dci cÖwZwôZ|
we‡k¦i cÖ_g ¯§vU©‡dvb n‡jv- AvBweGg mvBgb|
A¨vÛª‡qW e¨eüZ cÖ_g †dvb- HTC.
eZ©gv‡b ¯§vU©‡dvb e¨env‡i kxl©‡`k- Pxb|
OSI- Open Systems Interconnection Model
Gi ¯Íi- 7wU| mKj †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
my‡hvM‡K ejv nq- AvDU‡mvwm©s|
evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej cÖ¯‘ZKvix
cÖwZôv‡bi bvg- evsjv‡`k K¨vej wkí wjwg‡UW (Lyjbv)|
RbwcÖq 3wU nU¯úU n‡jv- IqvBg¨vKvª, IqvBdvB I eøyUz_|
Bluetooth Gi GKwU ÷¨vÛvW© n‡jv- IEEE 802.15
WvUv‡eR e¨enviKvix‡`i ejv nq- K¬v‡q›U ev Uvwg©bvj|
A‣eafv‡e hviv n¨vwKs K‡i Zv‡`i e‡j- †µKvi|‣eafv‡e
hviv n¨vwKs K‡i Zv‡`i ejv nq- †nvqvBU n¨vU n¨vKvi|
‡Ljvi gv‡V AvNvZRwbZ AvnZ †L‡jvqvo‡K my¯’ Kivi
Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq- µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
GK ai‡bi †K․kj ev cÖhyw³ hvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li kvixwiK
KvVv‡gv, AvPvi-AvPiY, •ewkó¨, ¸Yv¸Y cÖf…wZ Øviv wbw`©ó
e¨w³‡K mbv³ Kiv nq- ev‡qv‡gwUª·|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui D™¢e nq- 1969 mv‡j (hy³iv‡óª)|
eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui c~e©m~ix ejv nq- ARPANET-‡K|
‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †bUIqv‡K©i
gva¨‡g mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb nq- †bUIqvK©
B›Uvi‡dm KvW© (NIC)|
mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Kw¤úDUvi‡K ejv nq- IqvK©
†÷kb| ARPANET Gi c~Y©iƒc- Advanced
Research Project Administration Network.
eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi kxl©‡`k- Pxb|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq- 4 Ryb, 1996 mv‡j|
we‡k¦ me©vwaK RbwcÖq/Av`k© †cÖv‡UvKj n‡jv- TCP/IP.
‡h e¨e¯’v cÖwZw`b wgwjqb wgwjqb gvbyl‡K WWW
e¨env‡ii my‡hvM K‡i †`q Zv‡K e‡j- Web Browser.
K‡qKwU RbwcÖq Web Search Engine n‡jv-
Google, Yahoo, Altavista, Bing, MSN BZ¨vw`|
gvB‡µvmd‡Ui mvP© BwÄb- Bing.
Web Browser- Internet Explorer, Opera,
Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari BZ¨vw`|
†gvevBj Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g- Android, iOS,
Windows phone, Firefox OS, Black Berry.
Bb‡mckb mv‡cvU© (Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cªhyw³) 25