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Ultrasound Transducer: Ultrasonik & Aplikasinya
Ultrasound Transducer: Ultrasonik & Aplikasinya
The echoes are analyzed regard to (time– distance principle), and their
intensity
Basic component of US machines
1. Pulser – electronic device that
produce high amplitude
voltage electrical pulses to
energize crystals
2. Transducer - converts energy 3
from one form to another
3. Receiver -detects and
amplifies signals
Ultrasonic Transducer
The ultrasonic transducer is the one responsible for generating
ultrasound and recording the echoes generated by the medium.
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Ultrasound in the MHz range (high-frequency) can
be emitted as a directional beam, comparable to a
light beam, from transducers of practical size.
What is ultrasonic transducer?
An ultrasonic transducer converts electrical
energy to mechanical energy, in the form of
sound, and vice versa.
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At equilibrium there is no net
charge on ceramic surfaces
Piezoelectricity
The piezo electric effect present in certain ceramic ferroelectric
materials. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) used in nearly all medical
ultrasound.
The backing is usually a highly attenuative, high density material that is used
to control the vibration of the transducer by absorbing the energy radiating
from the back face of the active element.
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It should be made of a material which
transmits ultrasound poorly, such as rubber.
The Operating Frequency
1. The operating frequency is determined from the speed of sound in and the
thickness of the piezoelectric material.
3. The size (diameter) and shape of the crystal have an effect on the shape of
the ultrasound beam as it travels outwards from the transducer
Resonance Transducers
Transducers for pulse echo ultrasound imaging are manufactured to operate
in a “resonance” mode whereby a voltage (commonly 150 V) of very short
duration ( a voltage spike of ≈1 μs ) is applied, causing the piezoelectric
material to initially contract and subsequently vibrate at a natural resonance
frequency. 13
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The beam sweep is achieved through physical movement of some part of the
transducer, usually the crystal element(s). The crystal elements are excited one
at a time to provide the ultrasound beam.
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Beam Pattern of Transducer
Since the ultrasound transducer - or the piezoelectric crystal - has a size
comparable to or larger than the wavelength, the field generated
becomes very complex
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Collecting the Echo
The echo returning to the disk makes it vibrate, creating a small electrical
potential across the same two electrodes that can be amplified and
recorded.
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