Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Heidy Johana Castañeda Moreno

Group 58
1049618854

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open propagation medium?

• A propagation medium is open when it does not find any obstacle that reflects the wave
towards the source that emits it.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “Loss Tangent”?

• The loss tangent is the relationship between the conduction current and the
displacement current in a specific medium, this is constant and its value depends on the
parameters of the medium and the frequency of the applied signal.

3. How the propagation medium is classified according to the value of the “Loss Tangent”?

• Good insulators: they have conduction current and have losses by Joule effect, but this
effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they are also called "low loss
dielectrics". 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 0.01 𝛿 ≥ 0.6°
• Good conductors: they have polarization current, therefore they have capacitive or load-
accumulating effects, but driving current and Joule effect losses are much more
significant. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≥ 10 𝛿 ≥ 84°
• Dissipative dielectrics: they have both effects and neither is negligible compared to the
other. 0.01 < 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 10 0.6° < 𝛿 < 84°

4. Define the propagation parameters for waves traveling through a medium (they are
different from the wave parameters).

• Propagation constant  (gamma): It is the orthogonal relation of the attenuation

constant and the phase constant.
• Attenuation constant  (Alpha): It is the attenuation of the amplitude of the wave in
function of the distance, its units are Np/m.
• Phase constant  (Beta): It is the constant that accompanies the phase displacement of
the wave with respect to the distance, given in units of Rad/m.
• Intricate impedance 𝛈 (Eta): Es the relationship between the magnitude of the electric
field and the magnitude of magnetic field, it is represented by the Greek letter eta (η)
and has units of Ohmio.
Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an electromagnetic wave
when propagating in an open environment, for which, each student must choose 1 propagation
media of the proposed in Table 1 and announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.
Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea wáter 4 80
3. Air 5.5𝑥10−15 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
6. Sweet wáter 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟖𝟎
7. Vacuum 0 1
𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium chosen in
Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧.
Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of your identification number.

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
Identification number: 1049618854, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 854
Then: 𝑓 = ( 854 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 864 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 864 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧
Selected propagation medium: Sweet water
Conductivity: 𝛔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑆/𝑚
Electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 𝟖𝟎

𝜎 𝜎 1.00 ∗ 10−3 𝑆/𝑚

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2𝜋 ∗ 864𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜
 Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0.00026

To find angle of loss, the following equation is used:

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝛿 = tan−1 0.00026 = 0.014°

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen medium
according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

• The tangent of losses allows me to identify that fresh water acts as a good insulation
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 0.01 𝛿 ≥ 0.6°
3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown below, calculate
the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen medium:

a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Parameter Not dissipative Lost low dielectric Dielectrics with losses Good conductors

𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝒋𝝎√𝝁𝜺 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝝈𝜼⁄𝟐 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝝎√𝝁𝜺 𝐼𝑚() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜼 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝝁⁄𝜺 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

𝜸 = 𝒋𝝎√𝝁𝜺 = 𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇√𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒐 = ⋯

m
𝜸 = 𝒋𝝎√𝝁𝜺 = 𝒋2𝜋864 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧√(𝟏 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T ) ∗ (𝟖𝟎 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 )
A
Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜇 = μr μ𝑜 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

 𝜸 = 𝟎 + 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟔𝒋
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

𝜶 = 𝝈𝜼/𝟐
1.00 ∗ 10−3 𝑠⁄𝑚 ∗ 42.120Ω
α=
2

Figure 4: operation 4 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵𝒑/𝒎

c. Phase constant  (Beta).

𝜷 = 𝝎√𝝁𝜺

m
𝜷 = 2𝜋864 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ √(𝟏 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T ) ∗ (𝟖𝟎 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 )
A
 Figure 5: operation 5 on a virtual scientific calculator.
𝜷 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎

d. Intricate impedance 𝜼
𝝁
𝜼=√
𝜺
m
𝟏 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T
𝜼=√ A
𝟖𝟎 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
 Figure 6: operation 6 on a virtual scientific calculator.
𝜼 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝛀

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations, calculate the
propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:

a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the operation on
the report, then write the final result including the units.
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
2𝜋 ∗ 864 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
𝑉𝑝 =
161.9653 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

Figure 7: operation 7 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝑉𝑝 = 3.351750 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠

b. Wavelength 𝝀.
 2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝜆=
161.9653 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

Figure 8: operation 8 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝜆 = 0.03879 𝑚

c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

1
𝛿𝑝 =
|𝛼|
1
𝛿𝑝 =
|0.02106𝑁𝑝/𝑚|

Figure 9: operation 9 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝛿𝑝 = 47.48 𝑚
 Interpretation
• The tangent of losses tan(δ) allows to establish the behavior of the chosen medium, for
this case the chosen medium was fresh water, which behaves like a good insulator
(dielectric with low losses).
• VP is the rate at which the wave propagates in the chosen medium, in the case of fresh
water the rate of propagation of the wave is lower than the rate of propagation in the
vacuum.
• The wavelength is the distance between two points from which the wave repeats.
• The penetration depth, δ-p. is inversely proportional to the attenuation constant α;
because the more a signal is dimmed, the lower the depth of penetration.

Application example

Disinfection of water by means of ultra violet waves:

Water purifiers by ultraviolet light are composed of two or more pure quartz lamps, which emit
an artificial UV light radiation generated by a gas found in quartz, which by increasing
temperature generates the excitation of electrons, achieving the creation of said light with
wavelengths of 200 to 300 nanometers , these do not influence the flow of water inside
purifiers, managing to kill or inactivate some microorganisms by destroying their genetic
material (DNA or RNA), making them unable to reproduce and infect.

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/ZBVcaxgiv4s

References

Paz, A (2013). Electrodinamica y ondas. Electromagnetismo para ingenieria electronica.

Capitulo 6 pag 196-247. Retrieved from
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1pBH6Ktnt4DfKwNmG01TbaaE44KHC0nBK?usp=sharing

Leyton, L. (Febrero 27 2021). Teoria Electromagnetica Unidad 1 Parte 1 [Video]. Retrieved

from https://drive.google.com/file/d/12yr85IZB_PNk9DQeqnB4SuOlGGl-oJJA/view