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DECISION
PANGANIBAN , C.J : p
"Petitioners have maintained before the courts below that the DEAD
members should no longer be counted in computing quorum primarily on the
ground that members' rights are 'personal and non-transferable' as provided in
Sections 90 and 91 of the Corporation Code of the Philippines.
"The SEC ruled against the petitioners solely on the basis of a 1989 SEC
Opinion that did not even involve a non-stock corporation as petitioner GCHS.
"Petitioners humbly submit that the action of both the SEC and the Court of
Appeals are not in accord with law particularly the pronouncements of this
Honorable Court in Escorpizo v. University of Baguio (306 SCRA 497), Robern
Development Corporation v. Quitain (315 SCRA 150) and MC Engineering, Inc. v.
NLRC, (360 SCRA 183). Due course should have been given the petition below
and the merits of the case decided in petitioners' favor." 1 7
In sum, the issues may be stated simply in this wise: 1) whether the CA erred in
denying the Petition below, on the basis of a defective Veri cation and Certi cation;
and 2) whether dead members should still be counted in the determination of the
quorum, for purposes of conducting the annual members' meeting.
The Court's Ruling
The present Petition is partly meritorious.
Procedural Issue:
Verification and Certification
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of Non-Forum Shopping
The Petition before the CA was initially awed, because the Veri cation and
Certi cation of Non-Forum Shopping were signed by only one, not by all, of the
petitioners; further, it failed to show proof that the signatory was authorized to sign on
behalf of all of them. Subsequently, however, petitioners submitted a Special Power of
Attorney, attesting that Atty. Padilla was authorized to file the action on their behalf. 1 8
In the interest of substantial justice, this initial procedural lapse may be excused.
19 There appears to be no intention to circumvent the need for proper veri cation and
certi cation, which are aimed at assuring the truthfulness and correctness of the
allegations in the Petition for Review and at discouraging forum shopping. 2 0 More
important, the substantial merits of petitioners' case and the purely legal question
involved in the Petition should be considered special circumstances 2 1 or compelling
reasons that justify an exception to the strict requirements of the veri cation and the
certification of non-forum shopping. 2 2
Main Issue:
Basis for Quorum
Generally, stockholders' or members' meetings are called for the purpose of
electing directors or trustees 2 3 and transacting some other business calling for or
requiring the action or consent of the shareholders or members, 2 4 such as the
amendment of the articles of incorporation and bylaws, sale or disposition of all or
substantially all corporate assets, consolidation and merger and the like, or any other
business that may properly come before the meeting.
Under the Corporation Code, stockholders or members periodically elect the
board of directors or trustees, who are charged with the management of the
corporation. 2 5 The board, in turn, periodically elects o cers to carry out management
functions on a day-to-day basis. As owners, though, the stockholders or members have
residual powers over fundamental and major corporate changes.
While stockholders and members (in some instances) are entitled to receive
pro ts, the management and direction of the corporation are lodged with their
representatives and agents — the board of directors or trustees. 2 6 In other words, acts
of management pertain to the board; and those of ownership, to the stockholders or
members. In the latter case, the board cannot act alone, but must seek approval of the
stockholders or members. 2 7
Conformably with the foregoing principles, one of the most important rights of a
quali ed shareholder or member is the right to vote — either personally or by proxy —
for the directors or trustees who are to manage the corporate affairs. 2 8 The right to
choose the persons who will direct, manage and operate the corporation is signi cant,
because it is the main way in which a stockholder can have a voice in the management
of corporate affairs, or in which a member in a nonstock corporation can have a say on
how the purposes and goals of the corporation may be achieved. 2 9 Once the directors
or trustees are elected, the stockholders or members relinquish corporate powers to
the board in accordance with law.
In the absence of an express charter or statutory provision to the contrary, the
general rule is that every member of a nonstock corporation, and every legal owner of
shares in a stock corporation, has a right to be present and to vote in all corporate
meetings. Conversely, those who are not stockholders or members have no right to
vote. 3 0 Voting may be expressed personally, or through proxies who vote in their
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representative capacities. 3 1 Generally, the right to be present and to vote in a meeting
is determined by the time in which the meeting is held. 3 2
Section 52 of the Corporation Code states:
"Section 52. Quorum in Meetings. — Unless otherwise provided for in
this Code or in the by-laws, a quorum shall consist of the stockholders
representing a majority of the outstanding capital stock or a majority of the
members in the case of non-stock corporations."
Neither the stockholders nor the corporation can vote or represent shares that
have never passed to the ownership of stockholders; or, having so passed, have again
been purchased by the corporation. 3 6 These shares are not to be taken into
consideration in. determining majorities. When the law speaks of a given proportion of
the stock, it must be construed to mean the shares that have passed from the
corporation, and that may be voted. 3 7
Section 6 of the Corporation Code, in part, provides:
"Section 6. Classi cation of shares . — The shares of stock of stock
corporations may be divided into classes or series of shares, or both, any of which
classes or series of shares may have such rights, privileges or restrictions as may
be stated in the articles of incorporation: Provided, That no share may be deprived
of voting rights except those classi ed and issued as "preferred" or "redeemable"
shares, unless otherwise provided in this Code: Provided, further, that there shall
always be a class or series of shares which have complete voting rights.
Taken in conjunction with Section 137, the last paragraph of Section 6 shows
that the intention of the lawmakers was to base the quorum mentioned in Section 52
on. the number of outstanding voting stocks. 3 8
The Right to Vote in
Nonstock Corporations
In nonstock corporations, the voting rights attach to membership. 3 9 Members
vote as persons, in accordance with the law and the bylaws of the corporation. Each
member shall be entitled to one vote unless so limited, broadened, or denied in the
articles of incorporation or bylaws. 4 0 We hold that when the principle for determining
the quorum for stock corporations is applied by analogy to nonstock corporations, only
those who are actual members with voting rights should be counted.
Under Section 52 of the Corporation Code, the majority of the members
representing the actual number of voting rights, not the number or numerical constant
that may originally be speci ed in the articles of incorporation, constitutes the quorum.
41
The March 3, 1986 SEC Opinion 4 2 cited by the hearing o cer uses the phrase
"majority vote of the members"; likewise Section 48 of the Corporation Code refers to
50 percent of 94 (the number of registered members of the association mentioned
therein) plus one. The best evidence of who are the present members of the
corporation is the "membership book"; in the case of stock corporations, it is the stock
and transfer book. 4 3
Section 25 of the Code speci cally provides that a majority of the directors or
trustees, as xed in the articles of incorporation , shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of corporate business (unless the articles of incorporation or the bylaws
provide for a greater majority). If the intention of the lawmakers was to base the
quorum in the meetings of stockholders or members on their absolute number as xed
in the articles of incorporation, it would have expressly speci ed so. Otherwise, the only
logical conclusion is that the legislature did not have that intention.
Effect of the Death
of a Member or Shareholder
Having thus determined that the quorum in a members' meeting is to be
reckoned as the actual number of members of the corporation, the next question to
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resolve is what happens in the event of the death of one of them.
In stock corporations, shareholders may generally transfer their shares. Thus, on
the death of a shareholder, the executor or administrator duly appointed by the Court is
vested with the legal title to the stock and entitled to vote it. Until a settlement and
division of the estate is effected, the stocks of the decedent are held by the
administrator or executor. 4 4
On the other hand, membership in and all rights arising from a nonstock
corporation are personal and non-transferable, unless the articles of incorporation or
the bylaws of the corporation provide otherwise. 4 5 In other words, the determination
of whether or not "dead members" are entitled to exercise their voting rights (through
their executor or administrator), depends on those articles of incorporation or bylaws.
Under the By-Laws of GCHS, membership in the corporation shall, among others,
be terminated by the death of the member. 4 6 Section 91 of the Corporation Code
further provides that termination extinguishes all the rights of a member of the
corporation, unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the bylaws.
Applying Section 91 to the present case, we hold that dead members who are
dropped from the membership roster in the manner and for the cause provided for in
the By-Laws of GCHS are not to be counted in determining the requisite vote in
corporate matters or the requisite quorum for the annual members' meeting. With 11
remaining members, the quorum in the present case should be 6. Therefore, there being
a quorum, the annual members' meeting, conducted with six 4 7 members present, was
valid. CDScaT
Vacancy in the
Board of Trustees
As regards the lling of vacancies in the board of trustees, Section 29 of the
Corporation Code provides:
"SECTION 29. Vacancies in the o ce of director or trustee . — Any
vacancy occurring in the board of directors or trustees other than by removal by
the stockholders or members or by expiration of term, may be lled by the vote of
at least a majority of the remaining directors or trustees, if still constituting a
quorum; otherwise, said vacancies must be lled by the stockholders in a regular
or special meeting called for that purpose. A director or trustee so elected to ll a
vacancy shall be elected only for the unexpired term of his predecessor in office."
"1. Number — The regular members of the Corporation shall be fteen (15) in
number and they shall constitute the Board of Trustees. Associate, non-voting; members
may be admitted upon such terms as the Board of Trustees may determine."
(Memorandum for petitioners, p. 2; rollo, p. 92.)
5. Petitioners James Tan, Paul Lee Tan, Andrew Liuson, Esther Wong, Stephen Co;
Respondents Paul Sycip and Merritto Lim and four others not parties in this Petition —
John Tan, Claro Ben Lim, Wang Ta Peng and Anita So. (Memorandum for petitioners, p.
2; rollo, p. 92.)
6. Wang Ta Peng, Esther Wong, Stephen Co and James L. Tan, represented by Atty. Sabino
Padilla; Paul Lee Tan and Andrew Liuson, represented by Atty. Eduardo P. Lizares; and
Anita So, represented by Atty. Antonio C. Pacis. (Id.; id. at 92-93)
7. See Decision dated June 21, 2000, SEC Case No. 08-98-6065, p. 2; rollo, p. 40.
8. Id. at 4-6; id. at 42-43.
9. "Section 24. Election of directors or trustees. — At all elections of directors or trustees,
there must be present, either in person or by representative authorized to act by written
proxy, the owners of a majority of the outstanding capital stock, or if there be no capital
stock, a majority of the members entitled to vote. . . . . Any meeting of the stockholders or
members called for an election may adjourn from day to day or from time to time but not
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sine die or inde nitely if, for any reason, no election is held, or if there are not present or
represented by proxy, at the meeting, the owners of a majority of the outstanding capital
stock, or if there be no capital stock, a majority of the member entitled to vote."
(Underscoring supplied)
10. "Section 89. Right to vote. — The right of the members of any class or classes to vote
may be limited, broadened or denied to the extent speci ed in the articles of
incorporation or the by-laws. Unless so limited, broadened or denied, each member,
regardless of class, shall be entitled to one vote."
"Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws, a member
may vote by proxy in accordance with the provisions of this Code.
"Voting by mail or other similar means by members of non-stock corporations may be
authorized by the by-laws of non-stock corporations with the approval of, and under
such conditions which may be prescribed by, the Securities and Exchange Commission."
11. "Article III (2). Vacancies — Any vacancy in the Board of Trustees shall be lled by a
majority vote of the remaining members of the Board." (Cited in Decision, SEC Case No.
08-98-6065, p. 6; rollo, p. 43.)
12. "Section 29. Vacancies in the o ce of director or trustee . — Any vacancy occurring in
the board of directors or trustees other than by removal by the stockholders or members
or by expiration of term, may be lled by the vote of at least a majority of the remaining
directors or trustees, if still constituting a quorum; otherwise, said vacancies must be
lled by the stockholders in a regular or special meeting called for that purpose. . . . ."
(Underscoring supplied)
13. See SEC Order dated July 6, 2001, Annex "D" of Petition; rollo, pp. 46-51.
14. "Section 52. Quorum in meetings. — Unless otherwise provided for in this Code or in the
by-laws, a quorum shall consist of the stockholders representing a majority of the
outstanding capital stock or a majority of the members in the case of non-stock
corporations." (Underscoring supplied)
"Sec. 23. The board of directors or trustees. — Unless otherwise provided in this Code,
the corporate powers of all corporations formed under this Code shall be exercised, all
business conducted and all property of such corporations controlled and held by the
board of directors or trustees to be elected from among the holders of stocks, or where
there is no stock, from among the members of the corporation . . . ."
26. J. CAMPOS, JR. AND M.C. CAMPOS, THE CORPORATION CODE 341, Vol. I (1990); see
also Ramirez v. Orientalist Co., 38 Phil. 634 (1918).
31. Id.
32. Id.
33. R. LOPEZ, THE CORPORATION CODE OF THE PHILS. 396, Vol. I (1994).
34. 5 FLETCHER CYCLOPEDIA OF THE LAW OF PRIVATE CORPORATIONS 77 (1976).
35. "Section 71. Effect of delinquency . — No delinquent stock shall be voted for or be
entitled to vote or to representation at any stockholders' meeting. . . . ."
36. "Section 9. Treasury shares . — Treasury shares are shares of stock which have been
issued and fully paid for but subsequently reacquired by the issuing corporation by
purchase, redemption, donation or through some other lawful means. . . . ."
"Section 57. Voting right for treasury shares. — Treasury shares shall have no voting
right as long as such stock remains in the Treasury."
37. 90 ALR 316.
38. J. CAMPOS, JR. AND M.C. CAMPOS, supra note 26 at 423.
39. R. LOPEZ, supra note 33 at 965.
In this case, the law refers to the "majority of the members" and not the "majority of all
the members." 'Thus, we can use the same reasoning that the "majority of the members"
requires a lesser number than the "majority of all the members."
42. See the Decision dated Jurte 21, 2000, SEC Case No. 08-98-6065, pp. 3-4; rollo, pp. 41-
42.
43. R. LOPEZ, supra note 33 at 973.
44. SEC Letter-Opinion to Ms. Rosevelinda E. Calingasan, et al., (R. Lopez) May 14, 1993;
CORPORATION CODE, Sec. 55.
45. CORPORATION CODE, Sec. 90.
46. See Petition, p. 11 (citing Art. III, Amended By-Laws of GCHS on Termination of
Membership); rollo, p. 20.
47. Excluding Atty. Antonio C. Pacis (proxy for Anita So), who left the meeting in protest of
the alleged lack of quorum.
48. SEC Letter-Opinion to Mr. Noe S. Andaya (R. Lopez) September 20, 1990.