A REPORT ON CLOUD COMPUTING

PREPARED BY

(GROUP 14)

SUBMITTED TO:

THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY P.M.B 4000, OGBOMOSO, OYO STATE, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH) HONOUR IN COMPUTER

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING.

SUPERVISOR: PROF. OMIDIORA

FEBRARY, 2021
 GROUP MEMBER DETAILS

NAMES MATRIC NO

SANNI ABDULQUADRI 145295

OLAPADE BABATUNDE PAUL 142405

BANKOLE AYODELE 140960

OGUNSINA PELUMI 144075

SOJE O. VICTOR 146077

ADERIBIGBE OLUWASEGUN 140351

ADELEKE ADEBIMPE 145148

OLUSOLA TAYO 145238

AKINYEYE O. ROSELINE 146910

AJIBOYE OLUDARE 141079

ADEMOLA PAUL 144140

ADEBISI ABDUS- SAMAD 142943

OKE PETER A. 141331

USUFF WAHEED 150363

OLAOBAJU BABATUNDE 143470

ADIGUN HAMMED 143758

ABASS OLAYEMI 146367

ADEEYO ABDULHAKEEM 146286

ADEKUNLE PRECIOUS PAUL 141550

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report titled “Cloud Computing” was carried out by Group 14

of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering under the supervision of PROF. E.O

OMIDIORA in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology in

the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology

Ogbomoso. Oyo state, Nigeria.

-------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------

PROF. E.O. MIDIORA Date

(Supervisor)

-------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

DR. (MRS.) F. A. AJALA Date

DR (MRS) O.A. OKE

(Head of Departments)

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 DEDICATION
This term paper report is dedicated to GOD almighty

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

List of figures vii

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background to the study 1

1.2 Statement of problem 2

1.3 Aim and objectives of the study 2

1.4 Significance of study 3

1.5 Scope of the study 3

1.6 Definition of Terms 3

CHAPTER TWO 7

2.0 Literature Review 4

2.1 Cloud Computing and Its Framework 4

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2.2 History of Cloud Computing 4

2.3 Types of Cloud 6

2.4 Cloud Architecture 6

2.5 Cloud Security Challenges 8

2.6 Characteristics of Cloud Computing 9

2.7 Benefits of Cloud Computing 10

CHAPTER THREE 12

3.1 Impact of Cloud Computing on IT industry and revenue 12

3.2 Impacts of Cloud Computing on Business Organization 12

CHAPTER FOUR 15

Conclusion 15

Reference

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Titles Pages

Fig 1: Cloud delivery model 8

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 ABSTRACT

The report focuses on cloud computing as a better means of it outsourcing. It provides an

analytical framework in the nature of cloud computing, Characteristics and source models. It also

provides a detail study in cloud computing as a better means of it outsource.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This success accomplished in this report would not be have been possible but for the

timely help and guidance by many people. We wish to express our sincere and heartfelt gratitude

to all those who have helped us in one-way or the other for completion of this research work.

We sincerely acknowledge the guidance of role of our supervisor, Prof. Omidiora whose

contribution and constructive criticism has pushed us to expend the kind of efforts we have exerted

to make this work as original as it can be. Thanks to him, we have experienced true research and

knowledge on the subject matter has been broadened. Thank you sir.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Cloud computing is an internet-based computing technology, where shared resources such

as software, platform, storage and information are provided to customers on demand. It is a virtual

pool of computing resources that provides computing resources in the pool for users through

internet. Cloud computing, as an emerging computing paradigm aiming to share storage,

computation, and services transparently among a massive users. Cloud computing is driven by

economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically scalable, managed

computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers

over the Internet. (Xiao et al., 2013)

Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the customers on-

demand, utility based computing services. Cloud users can provide more reliable, available and

updated services to their clients in turn. Cloud itself consists of physical machines in the data

centers of cloud providers. Virtualization is provided on top of these physical machines. These

virtual machines are provided to the cloud users. Different cloud provider provides cloud services

of different abstraction level. E.g. Amazon EC2 enables the users to handle very low level details

where Google App-Engine provides a development platform for the developers to develop their

applications. So the cloud services are divided into many types like Software as a Service, Platform

as a Service or Infrastructure as a Service. These services are available over the Internet in the

whole world where the cloud acts as the single point of access for serving all customers. Cloud

computing architecture addresses difficulties of large scale data processing.

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 Cloud computing recently received considerable attention, as a promising approach for

delivering Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) services. With the fast

development of processing, storage technologies, the sensation of the Internet, and computing

resources have become cheaper, more powerful and more universally available than ever before.

(Bechtolsheim, 2008).This technological trend has enabled the realization of a new computing

model called cloud computing. The traditional cloud computing service provider is divided as the

infrastructure providers who supervise cloud platforms and lease resources according to a pay-per-

use based model, and service providers, who rent resources from more infrastructure providers to

serve the end users. From the past few years, the cloud computing has made a tremendous impact

on the Information Technology (IT) industry, where large companies such as Google, IBM,

Amazon and Microsoft struggle to provide more powerful, reliable and cost-efficient cloud

platforms, and business enterprises seek to find new paradigm in their business models. (Reddy et

al., 2011).

1.2 Statement of problem

The problem confronting this research is to investigate cloud computing as a better means of IT

outsourcing

1.3 Aim and objectives of the study

The aim of the research work is to highlight the role of cloud computing as a better means of IT

outsourcing

This research study has the following objectives:

i. To determine the nature and characteristics of cloud computing

ii. To determine the nature of IT outsourcing

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 iii. To highlight the role of cloud computing as a better means of IT outsourcing

1.4 Significance of the study

i. The study shall be of immense importance to IT companies and IT professionals

ii. The study shall provide a structural framework on the application of cloud computing as a

better means of IT outsourcing

iii. It shall serve as a reference point that of information on cloud computing as a better means

of IT outsourcing

1.5 Scope of the study

The study focuses on cloud computing as a better means of IT outsourcing

1.6 Definition of Terms

Server: It is any combination of hardware or software designed to provide services to clients.

Client: It requests and consumes the services provided by another having the role of server.

Virtualization: It is the process of running a virtual instance of a computer system in a layer

abstracted from the actual hardware. Most commonly, it refers to running multiple operating

systems on a computer system simultaneously.

Cloud computing: It is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data

storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Cloud Computing and Its Framework

The cloud computing is the term that aim to move the services, computation, information

and data from in-house servers to an external public storage that will be called as cloud. The main

goal of this process is to minimise the total cost of using a software systems that the business

requires and replace it by using a public service that is available in the cloud by some other

companies and pay per use. At the same time my data can be stored at the cloud to make it available

all the time and ready for use, it can be accessed in more simple way and universally which offer

much lower cost, maximizing the data value by enabling opportunities for enhanced collaboration,

integration and analysis on a shared common platform. The cloud computing can be seen as

internet-based systems that offers remote data access to manage the data, information and

applications. Basically, cloud computing considered as the technology that facilitates more

efficient and practical use of resources such as storage space, processors, memory and bandwidth.

2.2 History of Cloud Computing

Computing started off with the mainframe era. There were big mainframes and everyone

connected to them via dumb terminals. This old model of business computing was frustrating for

the people sitting at the dumb terminals because they could do only what they were authorized to

do. They were dependent on the computer administrators to give them permission or to fix their

problems. They had no way of staying up to the latest innovations. The personal computer was a

revolution against the dictatorship of centralized computing operations. There was a kind of

freedom in the use of personal computers. But this was later replaced by server architectures with

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enterprise servers and others showing up in the industry. This made sure that the computing was

done and it did not eat up any of the resources that one had with him. All the computing was

performed at servers. Internet grew in the lap of these servers. With cloud computing we have

come a full circle. We come back to the centralized computing infrastructure. But this time it is

something which can easily be accessed via the internet and something over which we have all the

control.

In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and their

associates. They applied many technologies developed by companies such as Google and Yahoo!

to business applications. They also provided the concepts of "on demand" or SaaS with their real

business and successful customers. The key for SaaS is that it is customizable by customers with

limited technical support required. Business users have enthusiastically welcomed the resulting

flexibility and speed. In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the

development of web services. IBM detailed these concepts in 2001 in the Autonomic Computing

Program, which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing,

self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with various

storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that can

be virtualized across an enterprise.

Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their

data centers. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal

efficiency improvements whereby, small, fast - moving teams could add new features faster and

easier, Amazon started providing access to their systems through Amazon Web Services on a

utility computing basis in 2005. In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on

a large scale cloud computing research project. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud

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computing to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services

and those who sell them, and observed that" organizations are switching from company-owned

hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models so that the projected shift to cloud

computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions

in other areas.

2.3 Types of Cloud

Cloud can be of three types

Private Cloud: – This type of cloud is maintained within an organization and used solely for their

internal purpose. So the utility model is not a big term in this scenario. Many companies are

moving towards this setting and experts consider this is the 1st step for an organization to move

into cloud. Security, network bandwidth are not critical issues for private cloud. (Bhaskar et al.,

2009).

Public Cloud: – In this type an organization rents cloud services from cloud provider’s on-demand

basis. Services provided to the users using utility computing model.

Hybrid Cloud: – This type of cloud is composed of multiple internal or external cloud. This is the

scenario when an organization moves to public cloud computing domain from its internal private

cloud.

2.4 Cloud Architecture

The architecture of cloud involves multiple cloud components communicating with each

other over the application programming interfaces (APIs), usually web services. The two most

significant components of cloud computing architecture are known as the front end and the back

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end. The front end is the part seen by the client, i.e. the customer. This includes the client’s network

or computer, and the applications used to access the cloud via a user interface such as a web

browser. The back end of the cloud computing architecture is the cloud itself, which comprises of

various computers, servers and data storage devices. (Xiao et al., 2013)

The general architecture of cloud platform is also known as cloud stack Cloud services

may be offered in various forms from the bottom layer to top layer in which each layer represent

one service model. The three key cloud delivery models are software as a service (SaaS), platform

as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS). Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is

offered in the bottom layer, where resources are aggregated and managed physically (e.g., Emulab)

or virtually (e.g., Amazon EC2), and services are delivered in forms of storage (e.g., GoogleFS),

network (e.g., Openflow), or computational capability (e.g., Hadoop MapReduce). The middle

layer delivers Platform-as a-Service (PaaS), in which services are provided as an environment for

programming (e.g., Django) or software execution (e.g., Google App Engine). Software- as-a

Service (SaaS) locates in the top layer, in which a cloud provider further confines client flexibility

by merely offering software applications as a service. Apart from the service provisioning, the

cloud provider maintains a suite of management tools and facilities (e.g., service instance life-

cycle management, metering and billing, dynamic configuration) in order to manage a large cloud

system. Cloud deployment models include public, private, community, and hybrid, clouds Public

clouds are external or publicly available cloud environments that are accessible to multiple tenants,

whereas private clouds are typically tailored environments with dedicated virtualized resources for

particular organizations. Similarly, community clouds are tailored for particular groups of

customers. (Takabi, et al., 2010).

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Figure 1: Cloud delivery model

2.5 Cloud Security Challenges

Traditional security issues are still present in cloud computing environments. But as

enterprise boundaries have been extended to the cloud, traditional security mechanisms are no

longer suitable for applications and data in cloud. Traditional concerns involve computer and

network intrusions or attacks that will be made possible or at least easier by moving to the cloud.

Cloud providers respond to these concerns by arguing that their security measures and processes

are more mature and tested than those of the average company. It could be easier to lock down

information if it’s administered by a third party rather than in-house, if companies are worried

about insider threats In addition, it may be easier to enforce security via contracts with online

services providers than via internal controls. Due to the openness and multitenant characteristic of

the cloud, cloud computing is bringing tremendous impact on information security field. (Chen et

al., 2012)

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 Availability concerns center on critical applications and data being available. Well

publicized incidents of cloud outages include Gmail. As with the Traditional Security concerns,

cloud providers argue that their server uptime compares well with the availability of the cloud

users own data centers. Cloud services are thought of as providing more availability, but perhaps

not there are more single points of failure and attack. Third-party data control the legal implications

of data and applications being held by a third party are complex and not well understood. There is

also a potential lack of control and transparency when a third party holds the data. Part of the hype

of cloud computing is that the cloud can be implementation independent, but in reality regulatory

compliance requires transparency into the cloud. (Xiao et al., 2013).

2.6 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Cloud services exhibit five essential characteristics that demonstrate their relation to, and

differences from, traditional computing approaches:

On-demand self-service:- A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities such as

server time and network storage as needed automatically, without requiring human interaction with

a service provider.

Broad network access: - Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through

standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile

phones, laptops, and PDAs) as well as other traditional or cloud based software services

Resource pooling: - The providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers

using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and

reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a degree of location independence in that the

customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources,

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but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or

datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and

virtual machines. Even private clouds tend to pool resources between different parts of the same

organization.

Rapid elasticity: - Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned in some cases

automatically to quickly scale out; and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the

capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any

quantity at any time.

Measured service: - Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource usage by

leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service

(e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, or active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored,

controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the service.

2.7 Benefits of Cloud Computing

Cost Saving: The most important benefit one can get by using cloud computing is cost saving and

especially this has work really well for small sized companies. Companies can reduce their capital

expenditures and use operational expenditures for increasing their computing capabilities. This is

a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in -house IT resources to provide system support.

Reduced time for implementation: Cloud computing provides the processing power and data

storage as needed at the capacity required. This can be obtained in real time instead of weeks or

months that occur when a new business initiative is brought online in a traditional way

Dynamic scalability: Many enterprises include a reasonably large buffer from their avera ge

computing requirement, just to ensure that capacity is in place to satisfy peak demand. Cloud

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computing provides an extra processing buffer as needed at a low cost and without the capital

investment or contingency fees to users.

Shortened development life cycle: Cloud computing adopts the shorter development life cycle

that required by the traditional development approach. Any new business application can be

developed online, connecting proven functional application building blocks together.

Reliability: Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity and disaster

recovery.

Maintenance: Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and access is through

application programming interfaces that do not require application installations onto PCs, thus

further reducing maintenance requirements.

Mobile Accessible: Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems accessible in an

infrastructure available from anywhere.

Monitor projects more effectively: Stay within budget and ahead of completion cycle times. This

option is really helpful for small companies or individual as they use the resources according to

their requirement and keeping in mind their projected budget.

Less personnel training is needed: It takes fewer people to do more work on a cloud, with a

minimal learning curve on hardware and software issues. This result in less spending on

infrastructure and company would spend more on their projects.

Minimize licensing new software: Stretch and grow without the need to buy expensive software

licenses or programs. Cloud does not require you to buy hardware and software because all the

maintenance will be look after by the venders.

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 CHAPTER THREE

ANALYSIS

3.1 Impact of Cloud Computing on IT industry and revenue

As all data is stored on a server, the security and administration of the data is ensured by

the service provider and the users have a better and easier access to the data. The fact that cloud

computing is a good way for company to get a better flow of information between his employees,

because if a company decides to use a cloud computing that is offering services like storage,

transfer and create of data, they can decide which employee has access to specific part of the data

that is stored on the server. Furthermore, company doesn’t have to take care of the security of the

data that they store in the cloud, because the provider will do this for them. (Eisner, 2014)

As Facebook is taken about 500 million people today keep their photo albums in the Cloud.

Over 87,000 companies in the world use the Cloud. Some of them are tiny little start-ups, others

are some of the largest organizations in the world. Dell, for instance has deployed our collaboration

tool across 100,000 employees in recent days. Accordingly, it could be said that Cloud computing

means, the technology being used at the other end is invisible and irrelevant as far as the customer's

concerned. The Cloud is not about technology, it is the abstraction of technology for delivering

pure services. The Cloud has finally led to the civilization of services because, in the case of Cloud

computing, what you pay for is what you get.

3.2 Impacts of Cloud Computing on Business Organization

Cloud computing have positive impact on the business organizations as it increases their

revenue and helps them to achieve the business goals. Companies prefer to use the services offered

by the cloud rather than building their own infrastructure. Following are the benefits of cloud

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computing technology which motivates the business organizations to migrate from local

infrastructure to cloud. (Ankey 2011).

Reduced cost: Cloud computing reduces the expenses of the company as the resources are only

acquired when needed and only paid for when used as the billing model works as per usage and

there is no up-front cost. The infrastructure is not purchased and thus lowering the initial expenses

and maintenance cost as well. The clients are not the owners of the infrastructure but can use the

cloud services online

Unlimited scalability: This is the major benefit of cloud technology as the client has the flexibility

to scale up or scale down as per the needs of the organization. The companies do not need to worry

about the future demands as they can easily acquire the additional services anytime. Also, if a

business grows over time, the cloud can scale effortlessly to meet the increased demand over time

Flexibility: Cloud computing provides lot of flexibility to its clients. There is an easy testing and

deployment of the services over cloud. The customers are free to decide which services they need

and pay for accordingly. The cloud services can better meet the changing business demands by

providing various services. If any application provided by the cloud is not getting our job done,

we have the flexibility to switch to another cloud.

Better mobility: The users of the cloud can access the services of the cloud anytime anywhere

from a variety of devices. Whenever they have the working internet connection, they can login and

use the services. This benefit of cloud computing provides a flexible work culture to the employees

and they can perform their duties from anywhere without the need to be physically present at the

business headquarter.

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Improved communication: Cloud computing improves communication and collaboration among

employees by having access to instant messaging, conferencing and video conferencing options.

They can jointly work on documents and projects ensuring higher cohesion and team work. This

is possible because of data centralization and updation of cloud servers in real time

Reliability: As the services of cloud is available all the time and can be accessed anywhere. Also,

the backup and recovery management make this technology more reliable. (Holland, 2011).

Increased storage: Some cloud providers offer the Storage as service to its customers. Companies

can store lot more data on cloud than their local devices. If business grows and demands more

storage, companies effortlessly scale up and get more storage from the cloud provider (Georgiou,

2017).

Easier upgrades: It is the responsibility of the cloud providers to upgrade the infrastructure and

services for their customers. The new business trends and solutions are made available to the

clients by cloud providers to compete in the business market by adopting latest technologies. The

cloud providers maintain the system by doing different software and security updates. (Agostino

et al., 2011).

Disaster recovery: Companies using cloud services need not to frame the complex disaster or

failure recovery plans as the service providers take care of such issues and put the clients out of

the trouble in a fast manner.

Security: The most important factor while choosing a cloud provider is the security and privacy

they provide to our data. This is the main reason that these providers invest large amount on their

services and infrastructure to offer better security.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

4.1 CONCLUSION

Cloud computing is a newly developing paradigm of distributed computing. Virtualization

in combination with utility computing model can make a difference in the IT industry and as well

as in social perspective. Though cloud computing is still in its infancy but it’s clearly gaining

momentum. Organizations like Google, Yahoo, and Amazon are already providing cloud services.

The products like Google App-Engine, Amazon EC2, and Windows Azure are capturing the

market with their ease of use, availability aspects and utility computing model. Users don’t have

to be worried about the hinges of distributed programming as they are taken care of by the cloud

providers. They can devote more on their own domain work rather than these administrative works.

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