Week 1 Plant Physio

PLANT CELLS
week 1 Plant Physiology
Thursday, October 6, 2016

What is a Cells?
structural and functional unit of living organisms
unicellular and multicellular
bring nutrients in
change nutrients to energy
specific functions
reproduce
store information to carry out all activities

History of cell discovery
In 1663 an English scien-st, Robert Hooke, discovered cells in a piece
of cork, which he examined under his primi3ve microscope
The word cell is derived from the La3n word 'cellula' which means
small compartment
Hooke published his findings in his famous work, Micrographia:

Physiological Descrip-ons of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying
Glasses (1665).
Ten years later Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-‐1723), a Dutch

businessman used his own (single lens) monocular microscopes and
was the first person to observe bacteria and protozoa.

Characteristic of Cells
Size & shape
Fig 1: © Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

Fig 2: © David B. Fankhauser, University of Cincinnati, http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/
Fig 3: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited
Fig 4: © Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited

Compartmentaliza3on
Cells comprise of many membrane-‐bound structures called organelles.

The membranes surrounding these organelles serve as barriers that
divide the cell into compartments.
This helps cells perform specific func3ons in dis-nct regions of the cell
Allows eukaryo-c cells to perform incompa-ble chemical reac3ons

simultaneously
Sustains the concentra3on of materials & catalysts for cellular processes

Compartmentaliza-on is a means of increasing membrane area without increasing
the size of the cell, which are necessary for obtaining nutrients and excre-ng waste
Eucaryotes have organelles membranous internal compartment & specialized for

specific func3on

In general there are 4 main cellular compartments:
1.The nuclear compartment comprising the nucleus
2.The intercisternal space which comprises the space between the membranes of the
endoplasmic re-culum (which is con-nuous with the nuclear envelope)
3. Organelles
4.The cytosol (The cytosol is the soluble part of the cytoplasm, not included within
any of the subcellular organelles where a large number of metabolic reac-ons take
place.

cell specializa3on
an adapta3on to do a par3cular task in a cell
The life cycle of a cell consists of a growth phase (interphase) followed by a division
phase (either mitosis or meiosis)
A cell specializes while in interphase, the process in which a cell becomes specialized
is called differen3a3on and occurs when the cell selec-vely ac3vates or inac3vates
specific genes.

cell specializa3on
Melanocytes: specialized skin cell which

produce melanin, the pigment that gives
skin color and protects the DNA in skin
cells from UV radia-on
Red Blood Cells: specialized cell of

circulatory system. The most common
component of blood. RBCs carry oxygen
from the lungs to body cells.

cell specializa3on
Sperm cells: specialized cell of male

reproduc-ve system. The func-on of
sperm cells is to deliver the paternal
(father) contribu-on of chromosomes to
the ovum (egg)
Adipocytes: They are fat cells located under the

skin (subcutaneous fat), above the kidneys, and in
the liver and muscles. They insulate, provide
cushion, and most importantly store energy in the
form of triglycerides

Basic Structure of Cell
PLASMA MEMBRANE
cell border, regulates cellular
internal environment
CYTOPLASM
consists of semi-fluid medium
(cytosol) where organelles are
situated
NUCLEUS
consists of genetics materials of
the organism

General characteristics:
Prokaryotic Cell
Greek word Pro means “before” and karyon means
“nucleus”
They are the most abundant organisms on earth

and fall into two dis-nct groups, the bacteria (or
eubacteria) and the archaea (or archaebacteria).
A prokaryo-c cell does not contain a membrane-‐

bound nucleus and other membrane enclosed
structures.
Each prokaryo-c cell is surrounded by a plasma

membrane.

Prokaryotic Cell
The cell has no subcellular organelles, only
infoldings of the plasma membrane called
mesosomes.
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is condensed

within the cytosol to form the nucleoid
Size-‐ Smaller (1-‐10 um)
Do not undergo endocytosis and exocytosis

process

Eukaryotic Cell
Greek word Eu means “true” and karyon means
“nucleus”
They have a membrane-‐bound nucleus and a

number of other membrane-‐bound subcellular
(internal) organelles, each of which has a specific
func-on
The plasma membrane surrounds the cell,

separa-ng it from the external environment

Eukaryotic Cell
The nucleus stores the cell’s gene-c informa-on
as DNA in chromosomes.
The nucleolus within the nucleus is the site of

ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis
Besides, it also have specialized organelles such as

endoplasmic re-culum, golgi apparatus,
mitochondria, chloroplast (plant), lysosomes
(animal), peroxisomes, cell wall (plant), vacuole
(plant)
Size-‐ Bigger (10-‐100 um)

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell







General characteristics: Plant Cell

General characteristics: Plant Cell
Tissue System Component

and Functions Tissues
Dermal Tissue System

-Protection Epidermis
-Prevent water loss
Ground Tissue System

-Photosynthesis Paranchyma
-Food storage Collenchyma
-Regeneration Sclerenchyma
-Protection
Vascular Tissue System

-Transport of water and Xylem
mineral
-Transport of nutrient
Phloem

Plant Cell - Cell Wall Membrane
Cell wall Chemical composition
Biological membranes of Plant cell are phospholipid

bilayer that contain proteins

Plant Cell - Nucleus
diameter 5 um, nucleus is bounded by two membranes, the inner and outer
nuclear membranes. Semifluid in nucleus-‐nucleoplasm
These two membranes fuse together at the nuclear pores
The outer nuclear membrane is oên con-nuous with the rough

endoplasmic re-culum (RER)

Plant Cell - Nucleus
Within the nucleus the DNA is 3ghtly coiled around histone proteins and organized
into coiled complexes called chromosomes -‐helps in Cell division & cell replica-on
nucleolus, a subregion of the nucleus which is the site of ribosomal ribonucleic acid
(rRNA) synthesis.
Synthesized molecules [messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), proteins, ribosomes,

etc.] can move between the nucleus and the cytosol through nuclear pores
(transport regulatory factor & gene products)

Plant Cell - Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic re3culum (ER) is an interconnected
network of membrane vesicles.
a network of tubules & membranous sack called cisternae
There are 2 types of ER:

Rough ER -‐ studded with ribosomes; sites of membrane
and secretory protein biosynthesis,
Lumen of the RER have enzymes involved in the
posWransla3onal modifica-on (glycosyla-on, proteolysis,
etc.) of membrane and secretory proteins
Smooth ER -‐ without ribosomes; site of phospholipid

biosynthesis & metabolisms, carbohydrates metabolism,
& detoxifica3on reac-on

Plant Cell - Golgi apparatus
a stack of flaWened membranous sacs (cisternae)

center for produc-on, storage, sor-ng & transport of
ER products
vesicles from the ER, containing membrane and

secretory proteins, fuse with the Golgi apparatus
and release their contents into it through Cis face
(reciever), further posWransla3onal modifica3ons to
these proteins take place and they are then sorted
and packaged into different vesicles

Plant Cell - Golgi apparatus
Aêr modifica-on, these vesicles bud off from the
Golgi apparatus through trans face and are
transported through the cytosol
eventually fusing either with the plasma membrane
to release their contents into the extracellular space
(a by exocytosis) or with other internal organelles
(e.g. lysosomes).
Golgi apparatus helps in forma3on of plasma

membrane and lysosome membrane

Plant Cell - Mitocondria
Called as “Power house of the cell” 1-‐10 um
in length (site of cellular respira-on) and
Semiautonomous organelle -‐ own DNA,
ribosome, enzyme
Has intermembrane space between the

inner and an outer membrane. The outer
membrane contains porin proteins which
make it permeable to molecules of up to 10
kDa

The inner membrane, less permeable, has large
infoldings called cristae which protrude into the
central matrix (fluid filled)
In the matrix, the mitochondrial DNA encodes

some of the mitochondrial proteins
The inner membrane is the site of oxida-ve

phosphoryla-on and electron transport
involved in ATP produc3on
The central matrix is the site of numerous

metabolic reac3ons including the citric acid
cycle and fafy acid breakdown

The inner membrane, less permeable, has large
infoldings called cristae which protrude into the
central matrix (fluid filled)
In the matrix, the mitochondrial DNA encodes

some of the mitochondrial proteins
The inner membrane is the site of oxida-ve

phosphoryla-on and electron transport
involved in ATP produc3on
The central matrix is the site of numerous

metabolic reac3ons including the citric acid
cycle and fafy acid breakdown

Plant Cell - Chloroplast
5-‐10 um in length, Chloroplast-‐green plas3d (for photosynthesis). The Chromoplast-‐
colored plas3d (for pigment produc-on-‐yellowish autumn colour, young leaves)
have inner and outer membranes, They have separate internal membrane
(interconnected vesicles flafened to form discs) called thylakoid.
The thylakoid vesicles stacked upon each other to form grana. The space surrounding the
thylakoid vesicles called stroma

The func-ons of chloroplast include conduc-ng photosynthesis, faWy acid synthesis
and lipid synthesis (in some algae) and involved in a plant's immune response.
Within the thylakoid vesicles is the green pigment chlorophyll along with the
enzymes that trap light energy and convert & store it into chemical energy in the
form of ATP + NADPH + release O2 from water
Stroma is the site of carbon dioxide (CO2) fixa-on – the conversion of CO2 into
organic compounds-‐Calvin cycle
Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, semiautonomous contain own DNA which encodes

some of the chloroplast proteins

The func-ons of chloroplast include conduc-ng photosynthesis, faWy acid synthesis
and lipid synthesis (in some algae) and involved in a plant's immune response.
Within the thylakoid vesicles is the green pigment chlorophyll along with the
enzymes that trap light energy and convert & store it into chemical energy in the
form of ATP + NADPH + release O2 from water
Stroma is the site of carbon dioxide (CO2) fixa-on – the conversion of CO2 into
organic compounds-‐Calvin cycle
Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, semiautonomous contain own DNA which encodes

some of the chloroplast proteins

Plant Cell - Ribosome
without membrane, 30 nm in diameter (in procaryotes it
is much smaller)
In eukaryotes ribosome is 60% RNA and 40% protein.

Each ribosome has 2 subunits which differs in size, shape
& composi-on
eukaryotes -‐ 80S (big subunit-‐60S & small subunit-‐40S)
prokaryotes -‐ 70S (big subunit-‐50S & small subunit-‐30S)
Ribosomes are assembled in nucleoli of nucleus, and all

ribosomes provide sites for protein synthesis called
Transla3on (protein processing factory)

Plant Cell - Vacuole
A single layered membrane (tonoplast) enclosing fluid in
a sack.
Func-on: temporary stores materials such as starch,

glycogen, or fat for energy produc-on & transport
Plant cell also contains vacuole to store water -‐ produces
hydrosta3c pressure (turgor pressure) against cell wall
for rigidity & support
Plant vacuole store nutrients (e.g. sucrose), ions and

waste products (especially excess nitrogen-‐containing
compounds)
Loss of this water causes wil-ng of plant stuctures

Plant Cell - Cytoskeleton
fibrous network in cytoplasm that controls the shape and movement of the cell and the
organelles within it.
The cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.

Plant Cell - Plasmodesmata
40 to 50 nm in diameter, are tubular extensions of the plasma membrane.
Material traverse the cell wall and connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells.
Intercellular transport of solutes through plasmodesmata is thus called symplas3c

transport

Plant Cell - Cell cycle regulation

Thank you
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Week 1 Plant Physio

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PLANT CELLS

week 1 Plant Physiology

Thursday, October 6, 2016

unicellular and multicellular

change nutrients to energy

store information to carry out all activities

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Hooke published his ﬁndings in his famous work, Micrographia:

Ten years later Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-­‐1723), a Dutch

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Fig 1: © Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Cells comprise of many membrane-­‐bound structures called organelles.

Allows eukaryo-c cells to perform incompa-ble chemical reac3ons

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Eucaryotes have organelles membranous internal compartment & specialized for

Thursday, October 6, 2016

1.The nuclear compartment comprising the nucleus

Thursday, October 6, 2016

an adapta3on to do a par3cular task in a cell

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Melanocytes: specialized skin cell which

Red Blood Cells: specialized cell of

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Sperm cells: specialized cell of male

Adipocytes: They are fat cells located under the

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

They are the most abundant organisms on earth

A prokaryo-c cell does not contain a membrane-­‐

Each prokaryo-c cell is surrounded by a plasma

Thursday, October 6, 2016

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is condensed

Size-­‐ Smaller (1-­‐10 um)

Do not undergo endocytosis and exocytosis

Thursday, October 6, 2016

They have a membrane-­‐bound nucleus and a

The plasma membrane surrounds the cell,

Thursday, October 6, 2016

The nucleolus within the nucleus is the site of

Besides, it also have specialized organelles such as

Size-­‐ Bigger (10-­‐100 um)

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Tissue System Component

Dermal Tissue System

Ground Tissue System

Vascular Tissue System

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Cell wall Chemical composition

Biological membranes of Plant cell are phospholipid

Thursday, October 6, 2016

These two membranes fuse together at the nuclear pores

The outer nuclear membrane is o^en con-nuous with the rough

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Synthesized molecules [messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), proteins, ribosomes,

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Ten years later Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-‐1723), a Dutch

Cells comprise of many membrane-‐bound structures called organelles.

A prokaryo-c cell does not contain a membrane-‐

Size-‐ Smaller (1-‐10 um)

They have a membrane-‐bound nucleus and a

Size-‐ Bigger (10-‐100 um)

Smooth ER -‐ without ribosomes; site of phospholipid