ECEG 4123 Electrical Machines: Types of Synchronous Machines

09-05-2021
Types of Synchronous Machines
ECEG 4123 According to the arrangement of the field and armature
Electrical Machines windings, synchronous machines may be classified as
(a) Stationary Armature - Rotating Field (Above 5 kVA)

Chapter 5: Synchronous Machines & Fractional Horse Power Motors
(b) Stationary Field – Rotating Armature (Below 5 kVA)
Dr.M.Karthikeyan
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 1 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 3
Advantages of stationary armature - rotating field:

Synchronous Machines i) The High Voltage ac winding and its insulation not
subjected to centrifugal forces.(11kV - 33 kV)
(BETTER INSULATION)
AC Machines ii) Easier to collect large currents from a stationary
member.
iii)Rotating field makes overall construction simple.
Synchronous Machines Asynchronous Machines iv)Problem of sparking at the slip ring can be avoided.
(Induction Machine) v) Ventilation arrangement for HV can be Improved.
vi)The LV(110 V – 220V) dc excitation easily supplied
Induction
Synchronous Synchronous
Generator
Induction through slip rings and brushes to the rotor field
Generator Motor Motor
Due to lack of a
Most widely
winding.
A primary Used as motors as separate field
source of well as power factor excitation, these
used electrical vii) Noiseless running is possible.
motors in both
electrical compensators machines are
domestic and
viii)Air gap length is uniform
energy (synchronous rarely used as
condensers) generators.
Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU industrial 2 ix)Better mechanical
Presentedbalancing of rotor
by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 4
applications
1
09-05-2021
Construction Of Alternator
Stationary Armature - Rotating Field
An alternator has 3 phase winding on the stator and
DC field winding on the rotor.
STATOR
Stationary part of the machine.
It is built up of Sheet-Steel Lamination Core (Stampings) with slots
to hold the armature Conductor
Armature winding is connected in STAR
ROTOR:
There are two types of rotor
i) Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}
ii) Non - Salient Pole type {Non – Projected Poles}

Smooth Cylindrical Type
2
09-05-2021
Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}

It is also called Projected Poles.
Poles are mounted on the larger
circular frame.
Made up of Thick Steel Laminations.
Field Winding are connected in series.
Ends of the field winding are connected
to the DC Supply through Slip Rings
Features
Large Diameter and short Axial Length.
Poles are Laminated to reduced
Eddy Current Losses
Employed for Low and Medium Speed

120 RMP to 500 RPM
(Diesel & Hydraulic Turbines)
This cannot be used for Large speed

II) NON SALIENT POLE TYPE

Smooth cylindrical rotor or TURBO ALTERNATOR
field winding used in high speed alternators driven by steam turbines .
Features
Smaller diameter and larger axial length compared to salient pole type machines, of
DAMPER WINDING the same rating.
Less Windage loss.
Pole faces are provided with damper winding Speed 1200 RPM to 3000 RPM.. Better Balancing..
Damper winding is useful in preventing Hunting

Noiseless Operation
EMF generated will be sinusoidal
Flux distribution nearly sine wave
Copper Bar
Frequency 50 Hz
Ns = 120 F / P
Poles 2 4 6
Speed 3000 1500 1000
3
09-05-2021
4
09-05-2021
ARMATURE WINDING POLE – PITCH
3 Phase alternator carry 3 sets of winding arranged in slots It is the distance between the centres of pole
Open circuited faces of two adjacent poles is called pole pitch.
6 terminals
Can be connected in Star or Delta

Pole pitch = 180 Phase angle
COIL :
A coil consists of two coil sides.
Placed in two separate slots
Armature Winding Classification
1. Single Layer and Double Layer Winding
SLOT PITCH:
2. Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding
It is the phase angle between two adjustment slots
3. Concentrated and Distributed Winding
COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH

It is the distance between two coil sides of a coil
Single Layer and Double Layer Winding Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding
Single- layer winding Full Pitch Winding
• One coil-side occupies the total slot area If the coil span is equal to pole pitch then the winding is called Full Pitch Winding
• Used only in small ac machines Coil Span = Pole Pitch
Double- layer winding
• Coil-sides in two layers

e1 V e2 V
• Double-layer winding is more common used
above about 5kW machines
Short Pitch Winding

The advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding:
a. Easier to manufacture and lower cost of the coils
If the coil span is less than Pole
b. Fractional-slot winding can be used
Pitch is called Short pitch
c. Chorded-winding is possible
winding
d. Lower-leakage reactance and therefore , better performance of the machine
e. Better emf waveform in case of generators e2 V

e1 V
e2 V
5
09-05-2021
Advantages of Short Chorded winding or Chorded Pitch Winding DISTRIBUTION FACTOR OR BREATH FACTOR (Kd)
1. Copper is saved
2. Mechanical strength of the coil is increased
3. Induced EMF in improved
Slot Angle : The angular displacement between any two

adjacent poles in electrical degree
E in coil 1
Slot angle (β) = 180 β
(Number of slots / Pole) β
E in coil 2
E in coil 3
CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED WINDING
PITCH FACTOR OR COIL SPAN FACTOR OR SHORT CHORDED FACTOR

Kp OR Kc
Pitch factor is defined as the ratio EMF induced in the Short pitch
winding to the EMF induced in the full pitch winding
Vector Sum EMF = AB

= AC + CB
Kp = AC + CB
AD + DB
B
C α/2 EV AD = BD
α/2 α
A
EV D EV
2E
Kp = Cos (α / 2)
6
09-05-2021
Arithmetic Sum of EMF = AB + BC + CD

From Vector diagram AB = Ax + xB
= r Sin (β/2) + r Sin (β/2)
AB = 2 r Sin (β/2) AB = BC = CD = 2 r Sin (β/2)
Arithmetic Sum of EMF = 3 x (2 r Sin (β/2) )
If there are ‘m’ slots for distribution, then
Arithmetic Sum /phase of the EMF = m x (2 r Sin (β/2) )
Vector Sum of EMF AD = AE + ED
Vector Sum of EMF AE = ED = r Sin (mβ/2)
Vector Sum of EMF = 2r x (Sin (mβ/2))
B C
e2 β
r
x e1 e3
Causes of Voltage drop in Alternator
m(β/2)
A E D
Armature Effective Resistance (Reff )
β β
β/2
β/2 Armature Leakage Reactance (XL )
r β
β/2 Vector Sum
mβ
Armature Reactance
O
7
09-05-2021
UPF (Pure Resistive Load)

Armature Leakage Reactance(XL) cross magnetizing
Main Flux Φf Armature Flux Φa
Three major components -Slot leakage reactance, end winding leakage
reactance and tooth tip leakage reactance. N S
Synchronous reactance / phase

Xs = XL + Xa
Main Flux
Φf
where
Xa is the fictitious armature reaction reactance. Iaph
Φa
Synchronous impedance/phase
Zs = (Ra + jXs).
Eph
Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 29 Induced EMF due
Presented to Main FluxAP/ECE,
by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, Φf WSU 31
Lagging PF (Purely Inductive Load)

Demagnetizing
Armature Reaction Main Flux Φf Armature Flux Φa
Effect of the armature flux on the main field flux. N S
Armature Reaction effect depends upon the PF of the Load Armature Flux
Main Flux
Φa
Ia Φf
UPF - cross magnetizing. Load current

Lag the Voltage by
Lag PF - demagnetizing. 90
Main Flux
Lead PF - magnetizing Decreases
DC excitation Eph
Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 30 Induced
Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, EMF
AP/ECE, WSU due to Main Flux Φf 32
8
09-05-2021
Lead PF (Purely Capacitive Load)

Magnetizing
Synchronizing and Parallel operation
Main Flux Φf
Necessary Condition for Synchronization
The process of switching of an alternator to another alternator or
with a common Bus bar without any interruption is called
N S
Armature Flux Φa Synchronization
CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION
1. The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be same

Armature Flux
Main Flux as that of bus bar Voltage.
Φa
Φf
Ia 2. The frequency of the generated voltage of the incoming
Load current
Lead the Voltage by machine must be same as that of bus bar frequency.
90
Main Flux 3. The phase Sequence voltage of the incoming machine must be
Increases same as that of bus bar.(R Y B).
DC excitation
Eph
Induced
Presented byEMF due to Main
Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE,Flux
WSU Φ
f
33 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 35
Voltage Regulation Advantages of Parallel operation

Voltage Regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in
terminal voltage from NO load to full load divided by full-load Continuity of supply is possible when Breakdown or Shut down
voltage. for maintenance of alternator in generating station
Repair and Maintenance of individual machine can be carried out

% Voltage Regulation = E0 – V x 100 one after the other without effecting the normal routine work
V
Depending upon the load requirement any number of alternator
There are different methods available to determine the voltage can be operated and the remaining can be put off
regulation of an alternator,
It is economical and improves the efficiency of the generating
1.Direct loading method station
2. Synchronous impedance method or E.M.F. method New alternator can be connected in parallel, when the demand
3. Ampere-turns method or M.M.F. method increases. This reduces the capital cost of the system.
4. Zero power factor method or Potier triangle method
5. ASA modified from of M.M.F. method
9
09-05-2021
Methods of Synchronization of alternator Two Reaction Theory

According to this theory Armature MMF can be divided into two components
Three Methods 1. Components acting along the pole axis is called Direct axis Id
1. Dark lamp method. 2. Components acting at right angle to the pole axis is called Quadrature axis Iq
2. Bright Lamp Method Components acting along Direct axis Id can be magnetizing or demagnetizing
Components acting along Quadrature axis Iq is Cross Magnetization
3. Synchroscope Method
Direct Axis Id Direct Axis Id
Conditions Should Satisfy Quadrature Axis Iq
1. Voltage Quadrature Axis Iq
2. Frequency
3. Phase Sequence
Two Reaction Theory

Quadrature Axis Iq Direct Axis Id
Non Salient pole alternator Air gap is uniform Quadrature Axis Iq
Uniform air gap Field flux and Armature flux vary sinusoidally
Air gap length is constant and reactance is also constant
Field MMF and Armature MMF act upon the
same magnetic circuit can be added vectorially
Direct Axis Id Direct Axis Id

Salient pole alternator Air gap is NOT uniform
Air gap length is NOT constant and
Reactance is also NOT constant
Field flux and Armature flux cannot vary sinusoidally
Quadrature Axis Iq
MMF act are different Quadrature Axis Iq
Direct Axis Id
10
09-05-2021
The reluctance offered to the mmf is lowest when Single Phase Induction Motor
it is aligned with the field pole flux. Direct axis d-axis
The reluctance offered to the mmf is highest when
it is 90 to the field pole flux. Quadrature axis q-axis • It is more convenient to use single phase ac motors instead of d.c. motors.
Ff mmf wave produced by field winding along Direct axis
Practically single phase a.c. motors are used in most of the applications.
• Construction:
A single phase induction motor has two main parts namely stator (the one
which is stationary) and rotor (the one which is rotating).
The stator winding is connected across a single phase a.c. supply. The ac
supply produces a rotating magnetic field in the airgap between the stator
and rotor.
Single Phase Induction Motor

The field rotates at a speed called synchronous speed and it is denoted by
Fractional Horse Ns.
The induction motor actually rotates at a speed which is slightly less than
Power Motors the synchronous speed.
As shown in fig.(1), the rotor consists of copper or aluminium bars which
are permanently short circuited at both the ends using the conducting rings
called end rings.
11
09-05-2021
Single Phase Induction Motor Single Phase Induction Motor

The rotor flux gets produced due to the principle of induction hence it is called as
induction motor.
But single phase induction motor are not self starting, like DC motors.
• Types of single phase induction motor:

Some of the methods used to make an induction motor self starting. Based on
these techniques, the single phase induction motor are classified as follows:
1. Split phase induction motor
2. Capacitor start induction motor
Fig.(1): construction of a squirrel cage rotor 3. Capacitor start, capacitor run induction motor
4. Shaded pole induction motor.
Single Phase Induction Motor Split Phase Induction Motor

• Principle of operation:
• The construction of split phase induction motor is as shown in fig.(1).
A single phase ac supply is connected to the stator winding. This forces an
alternating current through the stator winding. This current produces an • This motor consists of two winding namely the main winding and the
alternating flux in the air gap between stator and rotor.
The alternating flux passes over the rotor conductors and induces an emf auxillary (starting) winding.
into it due to transformer action.
Due to this induced voltage, a current starts flowing through the rotor • The main winding is highly inductive while starting winding is
conductors. This current will then produces its own flux called as rotor flux resistive.
The main flux produced by the stator winding interacts with the rotor flux
to produce the torque.
12
09-05-2021
Split Phase Induction Motor

The direction of rotation of split phase motor can be reversed by reversing the
•. terminals of either main winding or starting winding. The direction of rotation
changes due to the reversal in direction of rotating magnetic field.
• Applications:
The starting torque of this motor is poor. So it is used in following applications:
1. Fans and blowers
2. Washing machines
Fig.(1): Split Phase Type Induction Motor
3. Centrifugal pumps

Capacitor Start Induction Motor
• Principle of operation:
The current flowing through the main winding (Im) lags behind the • The construction of this motor is as shown in fig.(1a).
V by 900 since the main winding is highly inductive. • As shown in fig, the starting winding connected in series with the capacitor
The current flowing through the starting winding (Ist) is almost in draws a leading current while the main winding continues to draw the
phase with the supply voltage V as this winding is resistive. lagging current.
The fluxes produced due to these currents will be placed 900 with • Due to this the fluxes produce a rotating magnetic field which result in the
respect each other. And the resultant of these fluxes will be a rotation of the motor.
rotating magnetic field. Due to the RMF a non-zero starting torque
acting in one direction will be produced. • The current (Im) through the main winding will lag behi9nd the source
The centrifugal switch connected in series with the starting voltage as the main winding is inductive. But the angle (Ist) through the
winding gets automatically open circuited when the motor speed starting winding leads the supply voltage by some angle due to the presence
reaches about 70% to 80% of the synchronous speed. of capacitor. Hence the angle between the fluxes produced by Im and Ist will
After that the motor rotate only on the main winding. Thus under be large as shown in fig.(1b).
the running condition the auxillary winding remains out of the
circuit. Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 50 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 52
13
09-05-2021
Capacitor Start Induction Motor Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor

• Due to this large angle, the starting torque produced by the capacitor start • Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor:
Fig.(2) shows the construction of capacitor start capacitor run motor.
motor produces a larger starting torque as compared to that produced by It shows that there is no centrifugal switch, hence the capacitor will
not go out of the circuit at all.
the split phase induction motor.
The direction reversal for capacitor type motors can be achieved by
• As soon as the speed reaches 75% to 80% of the maximum speed, the interchanging the connection of main and auxiliary windings.
This will interchange the fields produced by the two winding. The
centrifugal switch is automatically open circuited and the starting winding interchanged phase shifted fields will reverse the direction of the
motor.
along with the capacitor goes out of the circuit.
The main advantage of these motors is the high starting torque that
they can produce. The starting torque can be as high as 300 to 400% of
• The induction motor will then be running only on the flux produced by the the full load torque.
main winding.
Capacitor Start Induction Motor Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
Fig.(2): Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
Fig.(1): Capacitor Start Motor
14
09-05-2021
Shaded Pole Induction Motor

Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor • At instant t1 current is increasing. The induced emf tries to oppose it. Thus flux øs
opposes it and resultant flux is in unshaded part.
• Applications: • At instant t2 current is almost constant. Induced emf and flux øs are negligible.
Due to high starting torque, the capacitor start or capacitor start
Resultant flux is almost at the center of the pole. Thus it has shifted its position.
capacitor run motors are used in the following applications:
1. Grinders • At instant t3 current is decreasing. The induced current and flux øs try to oppose this
2. Compressors decrease. Resultant flux lies in shaded part.
3. Conveyers • This action continues and the resultant field rotates from unshaded part to shaded part.
4. Fans and air conditioners
Hence rotor also rotates in the same direction.
5. Refrigerators
• The direction of rotation cannot be reversed unless position of shaded ring is changed
Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 57 from one part of pole to anotherPresented
part.by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 59

• Fig.(1), shows the construction of a shaded pole induction motor.
• Every stator pole is divided into two parts by keeping a small slit in the • Such motor develops low starting torque and it has a low power
factor..
pole face and the smaller portion is covered with a thick short circuited
copper wire called shading band. • Applications:
• When stator winding carries current, the main pole produces a flux øm. 1. Table fans
2. Blowers
• This flux links with the shading band and this band cats as a shorted
3. Washing machines
secondary winding, stator winding being its primary. Circulating 4. refrigerators
currents induced tn the band produced another flux øs.
15
09-05-2021
Shaded Pole Induction Motor Universal Motor

1. Uncompensated universal motor:
• The operating principle is same as that of dc series motor.
• Field winding produces flux. It is stationary winding. Armature is a
rotary winding.
• These motors produces high starting torque but their speed decreases
with increase in load. Their speed regulation is not very good.
• These motors having low capacity. Normally it is designed for two
pole structure.
Fig.(1): shaded pole induction motor
Universal Motor
The motors which can be operated satisfactorily on ac as well dc supply Universal Motor
is universal motor.
• Types of universal motors:
1. Uncompensated type universal motor
2. Compensated universal motor
• Windings:
 There are three windings used namely armature, main field and
compensating winding.
 Out of which compensating winding is used only for the compensated
universal motor.
 All the windings are connected in series with each other since this is
basically a series motor.
Fig.(1): Uncompensated Universal Motor
16
09-05-2021
Universal Motor Universal Motor

2. Compensated universal motor: • Applications:
• In this motor, main winding and compensating winding are distributed 1. Washing machine
over entire stator. 2. Mixers and grinders
• Fig.(2) shows the schematic diagram of compensated universal motor. 3. Food processors
• This type of motor is better for higher speeds. 4. Small drilling machines
• These motors are more expensive due to complicated construction. 5. Vaccum cleaners
Hence they are preferred for higher capacity loads. 6. Sewing machine
7. Hair driers
8. Electric shavers
Universal Motor Universal Motor

• Specifications and ratings of a universal motor:
Sr. No. Specifications/rating Value
1. Type Compensated
2. Rated voltage 230 V
3. Number of phases 1
4. Power 0.5kW
Fig.(2):compensated Universal Motor
5. Speed 5000 RPM
17

ECEG 4123 Electrical Machines: Types of Synchronous Machines

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ECEG 4123 Electrical Machines: Types of Synchronous Machines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

09-05-2021

Types of Synchronous Machines

ECEG 4123 According to the arrangement of the field and armature

Electrical Machines windings, synchronous machines may be classified as

(a) Stationary Armature - Rotating Field (Above 5 kVA)

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 1 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 3

Advantages of stationary armature - rotating field:

Armature winding is connected in STAR

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 5 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 7

i) Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}

ii) Non - Salient Pole type {Non – Projected Poles}

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 6 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 8

Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}

Employed for Low and Medium Speed

This cannot be used for Large speed

II) NON SALIENT POLE TYPE

Damper winding is useful in preventing Hunting

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 10 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 12

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 13 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 15

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 14 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 16

ARMATURE WINDING POLE – PITCH

Can be connected in Star or Delta

COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 17 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 19

Single- layer winding Full Pitch Winding

• Used only in small ac machines Coil Span = Pole Pitch

Double- layer winding

• Coil-sides in two layers

Short Pitch Winding

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 18 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 20

Slot Angle : The angular displacement between any two

CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED WINDING

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 21 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 23

PITCH FACTOR OR COIL SPAN FACTOR OR SHORT CHORDED FACTOR

Vector Sum EMF = AB

Arithmetic Sum of EMF = AB + BC + CD

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 25 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 27

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 26 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 28

UPF (Pure Resistive Load)

Synchronous reactance / phase

Lagging PF (Purely Inductive Load)

Effect of the armature flux on the main field flux. N S

UPF - cross magnetizing. Load current

Lead PF (Purely Capacitive Load)

1. The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be same

Voltage Regulation Advantages of Parallel operation

Repair and Maintenance of individual machine can be carried out

Methods of Synchronization of alternator Two Reaction Theory

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 37 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 39

Two Reaction Theory

Direct Axis Id Direct Axis Id

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 38 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 40

Single Phase Induction Motor

Fractional Horse Ns.

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 42 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 44

Single Phase Induction Motor Single Phase Induction Motor

• Types of single phase induction motor:

Single Phase Induction Motor Split Phase Induction Motor

Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 46 Presented by Dr.M.Karthikeyan, AP/ECE, WSU 48

Split Phase Induction Motor

The starting torque of this motor is poor. So it is used in following applications:

1. Fans and blowers

Split Phase Induction Motor