400KV HOODY 2023-2024

Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction

Introduction to KPTCL

Fig 1.1 Symbol of KPTCL

Fig 1.2 KPTCL Corporate Office

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Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company

under the Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-07- 1999 and is a
company wholly owned by the Government of Karnataka with an authorized
share capital of Rs 1000 crore. KPTCL was formed on 1-08-1999 by carving out
the Transmission and Distribution functions of the erstwhile Karnataka
Electricity Board.

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the

functions of Transmission and Distribution of power in the entire State of
Karnataka. It operates under a license issued by Karnataka Power Corporation
Limited, which generates and operates major power generating projects in the
state consisting of Hydel. Thermal and other sources. KPTCL purchases power
from KPTCL at the rate fixed by the State Govt. from time to time.

The State of Karnataka, with availability of cheap electric power, and other
infrastructure facilities, was conductive for increased tempo of industrial activity.
It became necessary therefore, to augment power generating capacity by
harnessing the entire potential of the Sharavathi Valley. The first unit of 89.1 MW
was commissioned in 1964 and completed in 1977.

The various wings of KPTCL are as follows:

 Corporate office Kaveri Bhavan, Bangalore.

 6 transmission zones, each headed by a Chief Engineer.
 State Load Dispatch Centre
 Planning and Commissioning
 SCADA

The flow of electrical power from the generating station to the consumer is
called an electrical power system and the electrical network compares of the
following components.

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 Generating station
 Transmission system
 Receiving station
 Distribution system
 Load points

1.3 400/220/32KV Receiving Substation KPTCL Hoody (Grid

map)

Fig 1.3 Grid map

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1.4 Single Line Diagram of KPTCL Hoody

Fig 1.4 Single line diagram

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CHAPTER 2

SUBSTATION
Why do we need a substation?

Substation forms an important link between transmission network anddistribution

network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service apart from ensuring
efficient Transmission and Distribution of power. The substation configuration
should be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum
interruptions in power supply.

RECEIVING STATION HOODY 400/220 KV

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2.1.1 Classification of substation

2.1.1.1 According to service requirement:

a) Transformers substation: Those substations which change the voltage level
of electrical supply is called Transformers substation.

b) Switching substation: This substation simply performs the switching

operation of power line.

c) Power factor collection substation: This substation which improves the

power factor of the system are called power factor correction substation these are
generally located at receiving end substation.

d) Frequency changes substation: Those substations which change the supply

frequency are known as frequencies frequency changer substation Such
substation may be required for industrial utilization.

e) Converting substation: That substation which changed ac power into DC

Power are called converting substation Ignition is Use to convert ac to dc power
for traction electroplating electrical welding etc

f) Industrial substation: Those substations, which supply power to individual

industrial concerns, known as industrial substation.

2.1.1.2 According to constructional features:

a) Outdoor substation: For voltage beyond 66KV, Equipment is invariable

installed outdoor. It is because of such voltage the clearance between the
conductor and the space required for the switches, C.B and other equipment
becomes so great that is not economical to install the equipment indoor.

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b) Indoor substation: For voltage up to 11KV, the equipment of the substation

is installed in door because of economic consideration. However, when the
atmosphere is contaminated with impurities, these substations can be erected for
the voltage up to 66KV.

c) Underground substation: In thickly populated areas, the space available for

equipment and building is limited and the cost of the land is high. Under such
situation the substation is created underground the design of underground
substation requires more careful consideration. _

 The size of the substation should be a small as possible.

 There should be a reasonable access for both equipment and personal.
 There should be a provision for emergency lightening and protection
against fire.
 There should be a good ventilation.

2.1.1.3 According to nature of duties

a) Primary substation: Where from power is transmitted to various load

centres in the system network and are generally associated with generating
station.

b) Secondary substation: Maybe located at generating points where from

power is fed directly to the loads and balance power generated is transmitted to
the network for transmission to other load centres.

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c) Distribution substation: Receives power from secondary substation at

extra high voltage (above 66KV) and step down its voltage for secondary
distribution.

2.1.1.4 According to operating voltage

a) High voltage substation (HV substation) – Involving voltages

between 11KV and 66KV.

b) Extra high voltage substation (EHV substation) – involving

voltages between 132KV and 400KV.

c) Ultra-high voltage substation (UHV substation) – involving voltages

above 400 KV.

Factor Group of 400KV/220KV Hoody Receiving Station

YNa0d11: Start Delta connected

220 KV (MV) side Details:

220KV five outgoing line (Control from 400 KV R/S hoody)

1) HAL-1
2) HAL-2
3) Shobha Dreams
4) EPIP (Overhead)

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5) ITPL (Underground)
Another 6 no’s numbers 220KV line control from 220/66/11KV Hoody R/S

1) ITI line
2) Begur
3) Malur
4) HBR
5) Rly-1(EHT Consumer)
6) Rly-2(EHT Consumer) & 150MVA Tr 100MVA Tr-2no’s

 220KV South and North Bus are Rigid Buses along with PT’s through
double break isolators and extended towards 220KB hoody receiving
station through sectionalize isolator circuit breaker.
 There are totally 10 bays.
 For 220KV outgoing lines: Circuit breaker connected to bus through
center break isolator, CT, Line (center) isolator with provision of earth
isolator, wave trap, CVT, lightning arrester as same as 400 KV lines with
lower capacity.
 33 KV tertiary winding delta connected to suppress 3rd harmonic current.
 The 220KV and above 5 core CTs are installed.
CT ratio on 400KV side: 1000A/1A for lines

CT ratio for ICT on HV side: 800A/1A

CT ratio on 220KV side: 800A/1A for lines

CT ratio for ICT on 220KV (MV) side: 1400A/1A

CVT Ratio: 230√3KV/110√3V(3core)

 ICT on 220KV side (sources) are connected to 220 KV buses through

CT, Circuit breaker and center break isolators

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NUMERICAL RELAYS

Numerical relay (intelligent electronic devices) is a computer-based system

with software-based protection algorithms for the detection of electrical
faults. [1] Such relays are also termed as microprocessor type protective
relays. They are functional replacements for electro-mechanical protective
relays and may include many protection functions in one unit, as well as
providing metering, communication and self-test functions.

 Main 1&2 distance relay for lines

Differential relay restricted earth fault relay, over current relay for
Transformer protection.
 Auxiliary AC supply-11KV F12 & F2 feeders taken from 220 KV R/S
Hoody 1000KVA Dist.Tr-2 no’s 11KV/415V
 Auxiliary AC supply 3ph (415V) for isolator operation. CB mechanism,
lightning etc.
 220V DC for relay protection, annunciation, indication etc.
 There are 2 main set batteries along with 2 sets float and boost charges
for 220V DC supply SAS-Substation automation system.

2.1.2 Substation site selection

The necessary aspects to be considered for site selection are

 Fairly level ground.

 Right of way around the substation yard for incoming and outgoing
transmission and distribution lines.
 Easy approach and accessibility from main roads for heavy equipment
transportation and routine OM of substation.
 Economy/cost.

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2.2 400KV RECEIVING STATION

400/220/33 KV Receiving Station Hoody

 Capacity: 500 MVA*3 =1500 MVA

 100% loading capacity: 420MW*3 =1260MW (720A*3=2160A)
(@ICT’s tap position 8))
 ICT (Interconnected single face Auto Transformer)
Total 11 no’s single face Auto Transformer
Each ph. Capacity:167 MVA
Hence each ICT(3ph) Bank:167*3= 500 MVA
 4 incoming 400 KV (source) lines
1. Kolar lines 1&2
2. Devanahalli lines 1&2
Double bus bar along with transfer bus arrangement

At 400KV site total 10 bays

1) Devanahalli Line 2 Bay:

Lightening arrestor:390KV connected in parallel
CVT:3 core (Metering & protection purpose) connected in parallel
Ratio :400√3KV/110√3V
Wave trap for PLCC (power line carrier communication) center break
line isolator along with open end earth isolator
CT:5 core (Metering & protection) connected in series
Centre brake isolator
Circuit breaker connected in series
Pantograph isolator connected to Bus
Similar pattern to other 3 incoming lines also
2) Devanahalli line 1 bay,
3) ICT1 bay: Pantograph isolator, Circuit breaker, Single break isolator,

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CT Tr’s isolators to HV side bushings of ICT along with open end

earth Isolator
4) 400KV bus coupler bay: connected to Bus 1&2 through CB, CT’s,
CVT & Pantograph isolator along with open end Earth isolator
5) Transfer bus bay: connected to bus 1 & 2 and transfer bus through CT,
single break isolator along with openend Earth isolator
6) ICT2 bay: similar to ICT1 bay
7) ICT3 bay: similar to ICT1&2 bays
8) Kolar line2: similar to Devanahalli Line 1&2 bays (only one single
break insulator for both line & circuit breaker)
9) Kolar line1: similar to Kolar Line2 bay
10) Bus reactor Bay: CT, CB, Centre break isolator along with open
end Earth isolator 1

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CHAPTER 3
RECEIVING STATION MAIN EQUIPMENTS

EQUIPMENTS FUNCTIONS
i) Bus Bar Incoming and outgoing circuits
connected to the buses
ii) Circuit Breaker Automatic switching during normal and
abnormal conditions
iii) Earthing Switch To discharge the voltage on deadline to
earth
iv) Current Transformer To step down the current
measurement control and protection
v) Voltage Transformer To step down the voltage measurement
control and protection
vi) Lightning Arrester Discharge the lightning over voltage of
and releases to the earth
vii) Reactors To provide the reactive power
compensation during low loads
viii) Neutral grounding resistors To limit the earth fault current
ix) Capacitive voltage transformer To step down the extra high voltage
signals provide a low voltage signal for
metering
x) Wave trap To prevent the high frequency signals
entering substation
xi) Bus reactor 400 KV To maintain the bus voltage at the 400
KV side
xii) Interconnecting autotransformer To step down or step up the voltage and
transfer the power from one AC voltage
to another at same frequency
xiii) Bus coupler To couple Bus 1 and Bus 2
xiv) Line reactor To compensate for the reactive power
to maintain voltage at high voltage lines

xv) Pantograph double break and Disconnection under no load condition

center break isolator for safety, isolation and maintenance

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3.1 TRANSFORMER
This is the costliest equipment of substation. Interconnected single phase auto
transformer is used to step down the EHV transmission voltage (400KV) to HV
transmission voltage (220KV). Normally 500 MVA auto-transformers are being
used. The secondary winding provides 220KV voltages and other 33KV voltage
(tertiary winding). Usually, tertiary winding is connected in closed in delta
formation and can be used for auxiliary station supply purpose. In practice, it is
preferred to installed three phase ICT as far as possible however in case of hilly
terrain, where due to transportation limitations, three single phase units are
installed. A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one
circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors - the transformer's
coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field
through the secondary winding.

With transformers, however, the high cost of repair or replacement, and the
possibility of a violent or fire involving adjacent equipment, may make limiting
the damage a major objective. The protection aspects of relays should be
considered carefully when protecting transformers. Faults internal to the
transformer quite often involve a few turns. While the currents in the shorted
turns are large in magnitude, the changes of the currents at the terminals of the
transformer are low compared to the rating of the transformer.

Fig 4.3.1 Interconnected Transformer

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These are different parts of a transformer given below:

1) Bushing: This maintains the incoming and outgoing connection of a
transformer.

2)Silica gel: It works like breathing. There has a little amount oil under the
silica gel which suck the moisture of air and further sends this air to silica gel
which further sucks the rest of the moisture of the air.

3) Exchanger: Regulate voltage through winding selection between primary

and secondary side.

4) Buchholz Relay: The Buchholz relay is a protective device container housed

over the connecting pipe from the main tank to the Conservator tank it is used to
sense the faults occurring inside the transformer, it is a simple relay that is
operated by the gases emitted during the decomposition of transformer oil
during internal faults it helps in sensing and protecting the transformer from
internal faults.

5) Oil Surge Relay (OSR) of Transformer: Oil Surge Relay is one of the
auxiliary equipment of oil immersed type transformer. It is mainly used to limit
the damage to the on-load tap changer in case of failure. It is placed in between
OLTC (On Load Tap Changer) tank and OLTC conservator. It responds only by
rate of rise pressure resulting from internal arcing When rate of rise pressure oil
cross certain value then alarms and trip contacts operate.

6) Explosion Vent: The explosion vent is used to expel boiling oil in the
transformer during heavy internal faults in order to avoid the explosion of the
transformer. During heavy faults, the oil rushes out of the vent. The level of the
explosion vent is normally maintained above the level of the conservatory tank.

7) Pressure Relief Valve: Sudden and violent short circuits inside the oil-cooled
transformer's metal tanks instantly generate an enormous amount of gas, which
causes a substantial increase in internal pressure. If the pressure cannot be

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externally discharged, there is a danger that the transformer could explode and
potentially cause harm and damage. In case of a sudden and uncontrolled
increase in pressure inside the transformer, the pressure relief device allows the
insulating fluid to be discharged in milliseconds. Pressure relief devices
significantly improve transformer reliability and safety.

8) Oil Temperature Indicator & Winding Temperature Indicator: The WII

mean winding temperature Indicator and OTI means Oil Temperature Indicator
which indicates the winding temperature & o temperature of the transformer
and operates the alarm, trip, and cooler control contact. This instrument operates
on the principle of thermal imaging and it is not an actual measurement.

9) Conservator: This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on

the roof the transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of
transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the
transformer. When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises,
the volume of oil inside transformer increases in order to hold the over spilling
of the transformer oil, the transformer is provided with air cell inside a
conservator to store the increased oil

10) Magnetic Oil Gauge: It is also known as oil level indicator. The MOG
(Magnetic Oil Gauge) is a device by which we can supervise the level of
liquid/oil inside the tank or conservator of power transformer and also gives us
an alert of low oil level indication with making mercury switch. It is connected
at the bottom of the conservator tank.

 PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS

Conditional for parallel operation of transformers:

1. Same vector group and polarity.

2. Same phase sequence 2

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3. Same rated primary & secondary voltages 9001 JAT.

4. Same steps of voltage.

5. Same percentage impedance.

TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS
𝟒𝟎𝟎 /
𝟐𝟐𝟎
KV167 MVA transformers [Bank No. I]
√𝟑 √𝟑

Make: Crompton Greaves Ltd

Voltage (at normal tap): HV-400/3, IV-220/3, LV-33 kV

Current: HV-723.1A, IV 1314.8A, LV= 1487.8A

Vector group: YNa0d11 (as 3 phase bank)

Impedance: HV-IV Tap 1=12.96% HV-LVI=41.07%

9=12.02% 9=44.08%

17=13.69% 17=45.45%

Year of manufacture

Rated MVA ONAN ONAF OFAF

HV 100 133 167

IV 100 133 167

LV 55.7 55.7 55.7

Guaranteed temperature oil 50° Raise over 45° max amb temp winding 55° C

Total oil: 36400 kgs/31850 kg

Oil in cooling plant: 4620 kgs/4040 kg

Oil in diverter switch: 190 kgs/160 kg

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Total weight: 142.2 MT

Heaviest package with oil: 115300 kg

Heaviest package without oil: 90000 kg

Insulation level: SI1050 L11300-AC38/L1950-AC38/L1250AC

OLTC make: BHET

No of Taps: 17

Weight of core and windings: 78MT

Weight of Bell tank: 7260 kg

Diagram drawing No: T62B176Sf

Makers W. O. No: T8386

P. O. No: 8044

3.2 Breather

The purpose of these silica gel breathers is to absorb the moisture in the air
sucked in by the transformer during the breathing process. When load on
transformer increases or when the transformer under full load, the insulating oil
of the transformer gets heated up, expands and gets expel out in to the
conservator tank present at the top of the power transformer and subsequently
pushes the dry air out of the conservator tank through the silica gel breather.
This process is called breathing out of the transformer. When the oil cools
down, air from the atmosphere is drawn in to the transformer. This is called
breathing in of the transformer.

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Fig. 3.2 Breather

3.3 Radiator
When transformer is in the loaded condition, the hot oil comes up in the main
tank, and enters into the radiator tank through upper valve. As the heat transfer
surface of the radiator is quite large, the oil gets cooled and enters into the
transformer tank via lower value of radiator units. The convectional flow of oil
in the tank and radiator of transformer continues.

Fig. 3.3 Radiator

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3.4 LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

It is the first equipment in a substation. Substation design involves more than

one installing apparatus, protective devices and equipment, The significant
momentary investment and required reliable continuous operation of the facility
requires detailed attention to preventing surges for monitoring the substation
facility. The effects of disturbances with limiting in a power system, which if
allowed to persist, may damage plant and interrupt the supply of electrical
energy. Lightning is one of the most serious causes of over voltage. If the power
equipment especially at outdoor substation is not protected, the over-voltage
will cause burning of insulation.

Thus, it results into complete shutdown of the

power and the loss may run into cores of kyat.
Electrical equipment can be damaged due to
over- voltage such as switching surge over-
voltage, Lightning surge over- voltage,
transient recovery voltage and power
frequency temporary over- voltage in
transmission line and receiving end of
substation. It is important to protect power
equipment against them wherever possible. Fig 3.4 Lightning Arrestor
Lightning Arrester can protect the damages of electrical equipment's. So,
Lightning Arrester must be installed at the terminal end of the transmission line,
substation, high voltage transformers and low voltage transformer.

The analysis of electromagnetic transient is depended on operating voltage,

lengths of the lines and contactor configuration. So, it can be chosen correctly
the technical specifications of the apparatus of Lightning Arrester base on the

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amounts of receiving overvoltage. Generally, arresters are connected in parallel

with the equipment to be protected, typically between phase and earth for three
phase installations. Lightning arresters are the most effective means of
protecting an electrical apparatus against traveling voltage waves caused by
lightning and switching. Lightning arresters are connected across and apparatus
to provide a Low resistance path to ground, thus limiting the transient voltages
below the Basic Impulse Level of the apparatus.
There are four different classes of arrester.
1. Station
2. Intermediate
3. Distribution
4. Secondary
The functions of a lightning arrester are:
 To act like an open circuit during the normal operation of the
system i.e., to hold off the system voltage
 To limit the transient voltage to a safe level with the minimum delay and
fitter.
 To bring the system back to its normal operation mode as soon as the
transient voltage is suppressed, i.e., to interrupt the power follow current
and to reseal itself.
The normal operation or operational mode includes the system under faulted
condition. Under several types of system faults, such as the single line-to-
ground faults, the voltage to ground across the healthy phases will rise above
the normal voltage level. The arrester must not go into conduction during this
fault condition. It should also be able to interrupt the power-follow current and
reseal itself under system fault conditions when the power- frequency voltage
across it rises. The active elements (blocks) of surge arresters are manufactured
using a highly non-linear ceramic resistor material composed for the most part
of ZnO mixed with other metal oxide. The resistor blocks in the surge arrester

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offers low resistance to high voltage surge to ground. Surge Arrester discharges
current impulse surge to earth and dissipates energy in the form of heat.

After discharging the impulse wave to earth, the resistor blocks in the surge
arrester offers a very high resistance to the normal power frequency voltage and
acts as offers a very high resistance to the normal power frequency voltage and
acts as open circuit.

3.5 ISOLATOR
In electrical systems, an isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical
circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are
often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where
machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or
repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow
isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and
transmission lines, for maintenance.

As isolator can open or close the circuit when either a negligible current has to
be broken or made or when no significant voltage change across the terminals
of each pole of isolator occurs. It can carry current under normal conditions and
can carry short circuits for a specified time. They can transfer load from one bus
to another and also isolate equipment's for maintenance. Isolators guarantee
safety for the people working on the high voltage network, providing visible
and reliable air gap isolation of line sections and equipment. They are isolators
are distinguished as "off-load" and "on-load isolator". Isolators depend upon the
requirement and application and based on the placement in the system. Isolators
based on the application can be classified into four types:
 Single Break Isolator
 Double Breaker Isolator
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 . Pantograph Isolator
 MCB Isolator

Applications of Isolator:

 High voltage devices

 Isolator in substation
 Signal isolation

Details of Isolator:
Make: ELPRO International Ltd
P.O. No: 140005377
Year of manufacture: 2002
Rated voltage: 420kV
BIL[KVp]:1425/1665kV
Switching impulse voltage: 1050/1245kV
P.F. V[kV]: 530/610
Short time current KA/sec: 40/3
Frequency: 50Hz
Type of drive: motor
Weight of drive: 100kg

400kV isolators (pantograph-> center break)

Make: switch gears and structural (India) Pvt. Ltd
Specifications:
Voltage: 420kV
STC (KA-Sec -KAp): 40-1-100 DC voltage (V): 220
Year of manufacturing: 2012
Operating drive: Motor/Manual

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Type: HCB/PG
Current (Amps): 3150
Impulse (KVp): 1425(+240)
p.f. voltage: 520 V
Frequency: 50HZ
D.W.A. No: CEE/T-P/Hoody/55-443/1894-9
Order No: CEE(TVP)/SEE/EE(P)/AEEP-1/2016-17-13496-97/2-3-17

3.6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to detect a fault condition and by interrupting continuity, to
immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be rest (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal condition. Circuit breakers are made in varying
sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to
large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
The type of the circuit breaker is usually identified according to the medium of
are extinction. The classification of the circuit breakers based on the medium of
are extinction is as follows:

 Air break circuit breaker

 Oil circuit breaker
 Minimum oil circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker
 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker

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1) Air Circuit Breaker

This circuit breaker will operate in the air; the quenching medium is an Arc at
atmospheric pressure. In many countries, the air circuit breaker is replaced by an
oil circuit breaker. About the oil circuit breaker, we will discuss later in the article.
Thus, the importance of ACB is still a preferable choice to use an Air circuit
breaker up to 15KV. This is because oil circuit breaker may catch fire when used
at 15V.
The two types of air circuit breakers are:

 Plain air circuit breaker

 Air blast Circuit Breaker

Plain Air Circuit Breaker: A plain air circuit breaker is also called a Cross-Blast
Circuit Breaker. In this, the circuit breaker is fitted with a chamber that surrounds
the contacts. This chamber is known as the are chute.
This are is made to drive in it. In achieving the cooling of the air circuit breaker,
an arc chute will help. From the refractory material, an arc chute is made. The
internal walls of the are chute are shaped in such a way that the arc is not forced
into proximity. It will drive into the winding channel projected on an are chute
wall.
The arc chute will have many small compartments and has many divisions which
are metallic separated plates. Here each of the small compartments behaves as a
mini-are chute and the metallic separation plate act like are splitters. All are
voltages will be higher than the system voltage when the arc will split into a series
of arcs. It is only preferable for low voltage applications.

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Air Blast Circuit Breaker: Air blast circuit breakers are used for a system
voltage of 245 kV, 420 kV, and also even more. Air blast circuit breakers are of
two types:

 Axial blast break

 Axial blast with sliding moving contact.
In the axial blaster breaker, the moving contact of the axial blast breaker will
be in contact. The nozzle orifice is fixed to the contact of a breaker at a
normally closed condition. A fault occurs when high pressure is introduced
into the chamber. Voltage is sufficient to sustain high-pressure air when
flowed through the nozzle orifice.
Advantages of Air-Blast Circuit Beaker:

 It is used where frequent operation is required because of lesser are

energy.
 It is risk-free from fire.
 Small in size.
 It requires less maintenance.
 Arc quenching is much faster
 The speed of the circuit breaker is much higher.
 The time duration of the arc is the same for all values of the current.
Disadvantages of Air-Blast Circuit Breaker:

 . It requires additional maintenance.

 The air has relatively lower are extinguishing properties.
 It contains a high-capacity air compressor.
 From the air pipe junction, there may be a chance of air pressure
leakage
 There is the chance of a high rate rise of re-striking current and voltage
chopping.

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Application and Uses of Air Circuit Breaker

 It is used for the protection of plants, electrical machines, transformers,

capacitors, and generators
 An air circuit breaker is also used in the Electricity sharing system and
GND about 15KV
 Also used in Low as well as High Currents and voltage applications.

2) Oil Circuit Breaker

In this type of circuit, breaker oil is used, but mineral oil is preferable. It acts
better insulating property than air. The moving contact and fixed contact are
immersed inside the insulating oil. When the separation of current takes place,
then carrier contacts in the oil, the arc in the circuit breaker is initialized at
the moment of separation of contacts, and because of this are in the oil is
vaporized and decomposed in hydrogen gas and finally creates a hydrogen
bubble around the arc.
This highly compressed gas bubble around and are prevents re-striking of the
arc after the current reaches zero crossings of the cycle. The OCB is the oldest
type of circuit breaker.
Different Types of Circuit Breakers in Oil Type:

 Bulk oil circuit breaker

 Minimum oil circuit breaker
 Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB): In the BOCB, oil is used to are the
quenching media and also for insulating media in between earth parts
of circuit breaker and current-carrying contacts. The same transformer
insulating oil is used.
The working principle of the BOCB says when the current-carrying contacts in
the oil are separated, then an arc is generated between the separated contacts. The
arc which is established will produce a rapidly growing gas bubble around the
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area. The moving contacts will move away from the fixed contact of the arc and
this results in the resistance of the are get increased. Here the increased resistance
will cause lowering the temperature. Hence the reduced formations of gasses
surround the arc.
When the current passes through zero-crossing the arc quenching in the BOCB
takes place. In the totally airtight vessel, the gas bubble is enclosed inside the oil.
The oil will surround with high pressure on the bubble, this results in highly
compressed gas around the arc. When the pressure is increased the deionization
of the gas also increases, which results in are quenching. The hydrogen gas will
help in cooling the quenching in the oil circuit breaker.
Advantages:

 Good cooling property because of decomposition.

 Oil has high dielectric strength.
 It acts as an insulator between the earth and the live parts.
 The oil used here will absorb arc energy while decomposing.

Disadvantages:

 It will not permit high speed of interruption.

 It takes a long arcing time.

o Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker: It is a circuit breaker that utilizes oil as

the interrupting media. The minimum oil circuit breaker will place the
interrupting unit in an insulating chamber at the live potential. But
insulating material is available in the interrupting chamber. It requires less
amount of oil so it is called a minimum oil circuit breaker.

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Advantages:

 It requires less maintenance

 It is suitable for both automatic operation and manual.
 It requires a smaller space.
 The cost of breaking capacity in MVA is also less.

Disadvantages:

 Oil deteriorates because of carbonization.

 There is a possibility of explosion and fire.
 As it has a smaller quantity of oil, so carbonization increases.
 It is very difficult to remove gases from the space between the contacts.

3) Vacuum Circuit Breaker

A Vacuum circuit breaker is a circuit in which a vacuum is used to extinct the
area. It has dielectric recovery character, excellent interruption, and can interrupt
the high-frequency current which results from are instability. superimposed on
the line frequency current.
The principle of operation of VCB will have two contacts called electrodes will
remain closed under normal operating conditions. Suppose when a fault occurs in
any part of the system, then the trip coil of the circuit breaker gets energized and
finally, the contact gets separated. The moment contacts of the breaker are opened
in a vacuum, i.e 10-7 to 10-5 Torr an Arc is produced between the contactsby the
ionization of metal vapours of contacts:
Here these are quickly gets extinguished, this happens because the electrons,
metallic vapours, and ions produced during the arc, condense quickly on the
surface of the CB contacts, resulting in quick recovery of dielectric strength.

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Advantages:

 VCBS are reliable, compact, and long life.

 They can interrupt any fault current.
 There will be no fire hazards.
 No noise is produced.
 It has a higher dielectric strength.
 It requires less power for control operation.

4) SF6 Circuit Breaker

SF6 is inert gas the property of this gas the higher pressure and temperature its
dielectric strength will be SF6 has two gas chambers when contract is close the
pressure is two chambers have the same pressure but when the contract is open
then one of the chambers get totally close and other remain open, there is a narrow
channel between two chamber and when contact open the SF6 flow a plane of
high-pressure region the low- pressure region there will be turbulence of SF6. At
zero current the turbulence of SF6 absorb all the ions and since it is flowing from
a narrow region hence it provides high dielectric strength but there is problem
that the pressure of SF6 is not always remain fixed due to leakage in the cylinder
of SF6 so there is pressure gauge as well as alarm attached with it. Whenever
pressure decreases the alarm ringing and the gas is refilled to increase pressure.
In the SF6 circuit breaker, the current-carrying contacts operate in Sulphur
hexafluoride gas is known as an SF6 circuit breaker.

It is an excellent insulating property and high electro-negativity. It can be

understood that, the high affinity of absorbing free electrons. The negative ion is
formed when a free electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule, it is absorbed by
that gas molecule. The two different ways of attachment of electron with SF6 gas
molecules are

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SF6+e=SF6
SF6+e SF5-+F
The negative ions which are formed will be much heavier than a free electron.
Therefore, when compared with other common gases overall mobility of the
charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less. The negative ions which are formed
will be much heavier than a free electron. Therefore, when compared with other
common gases overall mobility of the charged particle in the SF6 gas is much
less.

SF6 Circuit Breaker Nameplate details of SF6 CB

Fig 3.6

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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

Make: GE T&D SF6 circuit breaker type GL316

Sl. No: 253899, 253900, 253898, 253901
ICR-1 Dev-1 Dev-2 B/C
Rated voltage: 420 kV
Normal current: 3150A
Frequency: 50Hz
Power frequency withstand V/g across open contacts: 610 kV rms
Power frequency withstand V/g to earth: 520 kV rms
Lightning impulse withstand V/g:1425 kVp
Switching surge withstand V/g: 1050 kVp
First pole to clear factor: 1.3
Short time withstand current: 50 KA
Duration of short circuit: IP
Short circuit breaking circuit
Symmetrical: 50 KA
Asymmetrical: 61.2 KA
Short circuit making current: 125 kA,
Out of phase breaking current: 12.5 kA rms
Line charging breaking current: 600A
Operating sequence: 0-0.35-(0-3min-
SF6 gas pressure @ 20° 1013hPa
Filling gas pressure: 0.70 MPa
Alarm gas pressure[P1): 0.67 MPa
Safe trip and alarm gas pressure [P2]: 0.64 MP
Lockout gas pressure [P3]: 0.61 MPa
The total mass of SF6 gas: 38 kg
Mass of circuit breaker: 5160kg

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Reference standard: IEC 62271-100

YOM: 2017
Classification C2-M2

The mobility of charged particles is majorly responsible for conducting current

through a gas. Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it
acquires very high dielectric strength. This gas good heat transfer property
because of low gaseous viscosity. SF6 is 100 times more effective in are
quenching media than an air circuit breaker. It is used for both medium and high
voltage electrical power system from 33KV to 800KV.

Types of Circuit Breakers in SF6

 Single interrupter SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 220kv

 Two interrupters SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 400kv
 Four interrupters SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 715kv

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3.7 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

Current transformer is similar in construction to single phase power transformer

and obeys the same fundamental laws but primary current of CT is not
controlled by the connected load in secondary circuit. In the fact it is governed
by the current in the main circuit viz. Line/transformer To Which is connected.
A typical 400/220 KV CT Has five quotes which is used for following
functions:

 Core 1: Main 1 Protection

 Core 2: Main 2 Protection
 Core 3: Metering
 Core 4: Busbar 1 Protection
 Core 5: Busbar 2 Protection

Fig 3.7 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

The metering core of C T is of accuracy class of 0.5 whereas the other course
having the accuracy of PS class which is a special protection class for which
knee point voltage and Max. Exciting Current is Specified.

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Specifications-

Line CT:

Make: W.S. Industries Ltd Bangalore

Short Time Current Rating: 40KA

Short Time Current Duration: 0.3 Seconds

Voltage rating: 420KV

Type: IT-400

Insulation level:630/1425KVp

P.O.NO: IBRD/KEB/55-10/8332

Ratio:

Core1: 3000-2000-1000/1Amps

Core2: 3000-2000-1000/1Amps

Core3: 3000-2000-1000/1Amps

Core4: 3000/1Amps 400V 30ma

Core5: 3000/1Amps 400V 30ma

Purpose:

Core 1: PS Class [Main 1 Distance Scheme]

Core 2: PS Class [Main 2 Distance Scheme ]

Core 3: 1.0 20VA Metering

Core 4: PS Class [Bus Bar Protection]

Core 5: PS Class [Bus Bar Protection]

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Interconnected Auto Transformer-1

Phases Single

S No R Phases T8386/A

Y Phase T8386/1

B Phase 9149/1

Stand By T3383/3

ICT-1B Phase

Make CGL PO No: P.T And P/PC-40/379 LTD 14/06/2005

Voltage (At Normal Tap): HV-400/√3,IV-200/√3,LV-33KV

Current: HV 723.1A,IV 1314.3A,LV 1697.7A

Vector Group: Yna0d11(as 3Φ Bank) Frequency-50Hz

%Z At Tap No 9: HV-IV-12.69%, HV-LV-48.66%, IV-LV

Phase: Single Phase

Rated MVA

HV= ONAN (100.2), ONAF 138.6, OFAF 167

LV= ONAN (34), ONAF 45, OFAF 56

LV= ONAN (1.67), ONAF 1.67,OFAF 1.67

Guaranteed rise over 45° Max Amb Temp Oil 50° winding

Total Oil: 34125 Kgs/39000 Liters

Oil In Cooling plant: 4040 kgs/4620 Liters

Total weight: 13700 Kgs (126.7 Tones)

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Heaviest package with oil 109800kg w/o Oil

Insulation level SI 105 OL1 1300-AC38/L1950-AC3

OLTC Make: EASUN-MR

SL NO: 14981

NO of Taps: 17

Weight of Core and windings: 70,000 Kg

Weight of bell tank: T62B3323F

Makers W .0.No: T9149

3.8 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Fig 3.8 Potential Transformer

A Potential transformer (P.T) Is an instrument transformer which is used for the

protection and measurement purposes in the power system. A Potential
transformer is mainly used to measure high alternating voltage in power system.

Potential transformer or step-down transformer, i.e., They have many terms in the
primary winding while the secondary has few turns. The figure shows a typical

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potential transformer for the measurement of high alternating voltage. From the
figure it is clear that A P.T is a well - designed step-down transformer.

3.9 Capacitive Voltage Transformer

A Capacitor Voltage transformer consist of capacitive voltage divider (CVD) And

An Inductive intermediate voltage Transform (IVT). The IVT voltage level of
capacitor Voltage Transformer Are About 22/3 KV And the rated voltage of
complete capacitor voltage transformer determines the ratio at the capacitor
voltage divider. It is more convenient to make an inductive voltage transformer
for lower voltage level and let the CVD take care of the high voltage the ratio of
capacitive divider is

K1= C1+C2/C1=E1/E2

The ratio of intermediate voltage transformer is the total factor is therefore

K= K1 K2

K1 He’s normally chosen to give

E2=22/sqrt(3)KV

Thus For different primary voltage only C1 differs and a standard intermediate
transformer can be used for all primary voltages. The intermediate voltage
transform also contains reactors for compensation of the capacity voltage
regulation. The capacitor voltage transformer has a double function, One four
metering/ protection and one for power line communication (PLC). The CVT has
three cores which are utilized as follows.

 Core 1 : Main 1 Protection

 Core 2 : Main 2 Protection
 Core 3 : Metering

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Fig 3.9 Capacitive Voltage Transformer

Specification of Line CVT

Make: W.S. Industries Ltd Bangalore

Type: CVEB/420/1425

Year of manufacture: 1993 300VA

Total output simultaneous: 750V A at 40°C

Output maximum: 400/√3KV

Rated voltage A-N:420/√3KV

Highest Voltage A-N: 630/1425 kvp

Insulation Level: 50Hz

Rated frequency: A1-N

Nominal Intermediated Voltage: A1-N22/√3kv

Voltage Factor: 1.2 Continuous 1.5/30 seconds

H.F Capacitance: 4400 pf + 10% - 5%

Primary Capacitance C1: 4656 pf + 10% -5%

Secondary Capacitance C2: 8000pf+10% - 5%

Voltage Ratio: (400/√3)/((110/√3)- (110/√3)-(110/√3)) volts

Winding: 1a-n 2a-n 3a-n

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Burden: 100VA 100VA 100VA

Accuracy Class : 0.5 3p 3p

P.O.No: IBRD/KEB/55-10/8332

Intermediate Voltage Transformer: Type B

Weight: 300Kg

No: 4672

CVT’S as Coupling Capacitor:

It is possible to combine the CVTS as coupling capacitor for a line carrier

transmission and as a voltage transformer. The ‘L’ Terminal In the Terminal Box
gives access to the CVTS capacitor voltage divider.

Power line carrier equipment and accessories including train call and spar gap
productions are available in the terminal box. For external connection of the
power line equipment the installation of the wire must withstand the 10Kv RMS
test voltage. Its Further described under PLCC.

3.10 Feeders

Feeders are used for transmission of electricity it is the power line in which
electricity is transmitted in power system. It does the transmission of power from
the generating session or substation to the distribution points. There is no
intermediate tapping and by that the flow of current will be the same for the
sending and the receiving stations. Feeders or the conducting device which is used
for the transmission of cover to the main load center we could get constant voltage
from the feeder.

There are four distribution feeder systems are used

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 Radial feeders
 Parallel feeders
 Ring main
 Interconnected systems

1) Radial feeders : It is used for many distribution processes it is really cheap

and simple it is only used when the substation or the generating stations or
substation and it will reach the distributor at one end. Thus, The power flow
is in one direction.

Fig 3.10.1 Radial Feeders

2) Parallel feeder : There is a disadvantage in radial feeders if there is any

fault occur during the transmission there will be no supply for many
customers so this can be change by using parallel feeder if there is any fault
occurs only one line of the feeder will be affected the other will do the work
the cost is high due to increase in feeder number it can be used to transfer
heavy loads.

Fig 3.10.2 Parallel feeder

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3) Ring main : In this type of feeder system we could get real ability as much
as in a parallel system this type of faders are used in urban and industrial
environment in this type the distribution transformers are connected with
two faders cabling has done for many roads starting and finishing is in the
same location the power is Delivered to the substation if there is any fault
in the ring it will be isolated by circuit breaker and the supply will continue
by using ring feeder there will be few fluctuations in the customer section
there is always an alternative path if any fault occur.

Fig 3.10.3 Ring main

4) Interconnected system: In this type the ring feeder is energized by more

than one substation or generating station it is an interconnected distribution
in case of transmission failure the system does not stop it continues and it
does the load transmission

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Fig 3.10.4 Interconnected system

3.11 Bus Bar

In electrical power distribution, a bus bar is a thick strip of copper or aluminium

that conducts electricity within a switchboard, substation or other electrical
apparatus. bus bar are used to carry very large currents to distribute current to
multiple devices within switch gear or equipment’s. bus bars are typically either
flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently
due to their high surface area to cross sectional area ratio. The size of the bus bar
is important is determining the maximum amount of current that can be safety
carried safely carried.

Bus bar may either be supported on insulators O or else insulation may

completely surrounded it. Bus bars are protected from accidental contacts either
by a mental enclosure or by an elevation out of normal reach. Bus bars may be
connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by voltage or clamp
connection.

Types of bus configurations:

1) Single bus: The one-line diagram of a single bus substation configuration. this
is the simplest of configuration, but it also the least reliable. It can be
constructed in either of low profile or high profile arrangement depending on

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the amount of space available in the arrangement shown the circuit must be
de-energized to perform breaker maintenance, which can be overcome by the
addition of breaker bypass switches, but this may then disable production
system.

Fig 3.11.1 Single Bus Bar

Single bus advantages

 Lowest cost
 Small land area
 Easily expandable
 Simple in concept and operation
 Relatively simple for the application of protective relaying

Single line bus disadvantages:

 Single bus arrangement has lowest reliability

 Failure of Circuit Breaker or a bus fault causes loss of entire substation
 Maintenance switching can complicate and disable some of the protection
Schemes and overall relay operation.

2) Sectionalized bus: The layout of sectionalized bus which is nearly an

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extension of the single bus layout. The single bus arrangements are now
connected together with a centre circuit breaker that may be normally opened
or closed. Now, in the event of a breaker failure or bus bar fault, the entire
station is not shunt down. Breaker by-pass operation can also be included in
the sectionalized bus configuration.

Fig 3.11.2 Sectionalized bus

Sectionalized bus advantages:

 Flexible operation
 Isolation of bus section for maintenance
 Losses of only part of the substation for a breaker failure or bus fault

Sectionalized Bus Disadvantages:

 Additional circuit breaker needed for sectionalizing, thus higher cost

 May cause interruption of non-faulted circuits

3) Main and Transfer Bus: A male and transfer bus configuration is shown
below, there are two separate and independent buses; a main and a transfer.
Normally, all the circuits, incoming and outgoing, are connection with the
main bus. if maintenance or repair is required on a circuit breaker, the
associated circuits can be then fed and protected from the transfer bus, while
the original breaker is isolated from the system

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Fig 3.11.3 Main and Transfer Bus

Advantages:

 The main advantage is shifting the load from one type to another type if any
fault occurs loss of continuity.
 The cost of repair and maintenance is less.
 Relays can be operated by using the bus potential.
 It is very easy to shift the load on any other buses.

Disadvantages:

 As the whole system used two bus bars, the cost would increase
 The whole system may break down if any fault occurs in any of the section on
the bus.
4) Double Bus Double Breaker Arrangement: In this type Two bus bars with
two circuit breakers are used so that it doesn’t require any special types of
equipment like a switch and bus coupler.

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Fig 3.11.4 Double Bus Double Breaker

Advantages:
 It gives the highest flexibility and reliability because there no loss of
continuity due to the faults.
 Even though the load is transferred from one bus to another there would be no
change in the supply continuity of the system.
Disadvantages:

 The cost of system and maintenance is more due to the additional circuit
breakers and two buses. So, this type of the bus bar system are used in
substations.
5) Sectionalized double bus bar arrangement: In this type, an auxiliary tape is
also used along with the sectionalized main bus bar system. Any of the section
in the main type can be removed for repair and maintenance and can be
connected to any of the auxiliary bus bars there is no need to sectionalize the
auxiliary tape because of its highest cost.

Fig 3.11.5 Sectionalized double

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6) One and a half breaker arrangement : This type of system uses 3 circuit
breaker for 2 circuits that means each circuit in this will use circuit breaker
this type of arrangement is mainly employed in large station like power
handling circuits.

Fig 3.11.6 One and a half breaker

Advantage:
 Protects the system against loss of power supply
 Can be used to operate relays
 Easy to add additional circuits to the System
Disadvantages:

 Complex circuit due to the relay system

 High maintenance cost

7) Ring main arrangement: This type of system is arranged in ring form by

connecting the end point of the main bus bar in the system back to starting
point.

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Fig 3.11.7 Ring Main Arrangement

Advantages:

 Due to the ring arrangement, two paths are available for the supply. So, the
working of the system will not be affected due to the faults.
 Faults of a particular section in the whole system can be repaired without
affecting the entire working of the system.
 Easy to maintain the circuit breaker without any interruption in the supply.

Disadvantages:

 This system would be overloaded if any of the circuit breakers are opened.
 Adding the new circuit may create some complication.

8) Mesh arrangement: This type of bus bar is controlled by four circuit breaks
which are installed in the mesh. From the node point the circuit is tapered the
mesh formed by the buses get opened due to the occurrence of faults in any of
the section. It mainly used in the substation where it is requires a large number
of circuits it also provides security against faults there in switching.

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Fig 3.11.8 Mesh Arrangements

Advantages:

 Mesh networks are highly reliable because they provide multiple paths for data to
travel. If one node or link fails, data can still find an alternative route, improving
network uptime.

 Mesh networks are easily scalable. You can add more nodes without significantly
affecting network performance. This makes them suitable for expanding networks as
needed.

 When a node or link fails, mesh networks can automatically reroute traffic, making
them self-healing and reducing maintenance requirements.

Disadvantages:

 Setting up and managing a mesh network can be complex, as each node needs to be
configured, and routing algorithms must be optimized.

 Data may experience higher latency due to the multiple hops required in a mesh
network. This can be a disadvantage in applications requiring real-time data
transmission.

 Mesh networks can be expensive to implement, particularly if you need many nodes
to cover a large area.

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3.12 Capacitor Bank:

 Majority of capacitor banks we are using in 66/1 KV substation.

 Here at the 66 KV side the capacitor bank is to be connected.
 Depends on station voltage levels individual capacitor cells are to be
connected.
 To provide better voltage regulation and for power factor improvement we
will use capacitor banks in substations.
 During the stabilization of voltage, we can open the capacitor bank but they
prefer always in a closed position.
 If one of the capacitors cells is shorted means it will catch fire and make
dangerous.
 In capacitor banks bypass is possible to another sale during damages.

3.13 Conductors:

Table no 10

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3.14 Reactors:

A reactor is a coil which has large number of turns and whose ohmic resistance
values is much greater. Reactors are used to limit the short circuit currents which
can cause damage to the equipment’s of power system. The additional reactance
added in series with the system for protection, are called reactors. It has air core,
oil filled ONAN type. Generally, 50 and 63 MVAR shunt reactors are used with
both the LINE/BUS both non-switchable/switchable type shunt reactors are in
use.

A current limiting reactor is a type of a reactor which limits the heavy flow of
current through other sections of system. In this way, we don’t have to shut down
the whole system, we can just isolate the faulty section.

Reactors are also used to protect the circuit Breakers of different ratings. They
are used to limit the short circuit currents according to the capacity of circuit
breakers. Therefore, while doing changes in system, we don’t have to replace the
circuit breakers, instead we can add reactors and utilize the same circuit breakers,
due to which, time and money, both can be saved.

Working principle of current limiting reactors:

If the reactance of the circuit during fault is X, and E voltage are given, then the
short circuit current can be calculated as:

Isc=E/X

The reactance is inversely proportional to the current. If X increases, Isc

decreases and vice versa. Short Circuit currents depends on the generating
capacity, fault point voltage and the reactance of the circuit. The figure
illustrates the use of current limiting reactor.

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Circuit of Reactors

The ratings of reactance is given in KVA and the formula for the percentage
reactance is

%X=KV drop, KV (phase voltage)

Some other uses of reactors:

1. For are suppression.

2. To filter out harmonics.
3. In series with low reactance auto Transformers.
4. In series with low reactance induction regulators.
5. To protect from high voltage waves, surges and lightings.
6. To control starting currents of motors.

Types of Reactors:

On the basis of construction, the reactors are of two types:

1. Dry type or Air core or Open type or Unshielded type reactors.

2. Oil immersed or magnetically shielded or iron core reactors.

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1. Air Core Reactors:

The reactors in which no iron core or steel core is used are called air core reactors.
These reactors are only used up to 33KV.

These reactors are larger in size. Concrete slabs are arranged in the form of a
circle and stranded copper coil conductors are embedded in it. These slabs provide
good mechanical strength during short circuit currents

Post insulators are made up of porcelain supports these reactors. These are also
called cast concrete type reactors. Insulated conductors are used for all windings.
To provide insulation between turns, glass or porcelain materials is used.

Advantages:

These are simple, have constant current and reactance and have greater
mechanical strength.

Disadvantages:

Not suitable for outdoor services, take much space due to their larger size,
difficult to provide cooling and can only be used up to 33 KV.

2. Iron Core Reactors:

The reactors consisting of iron core are called iron core reactors. A coil is placed
inside a standard transformer tank and oil is filled for cooling and insulation
purposes. Shielding is provided to prevent losses and to prevent stream magnetic
field, the core is laminated. Shields are made in a form of short-circuited rings
and earthed through end plates. The MMF produced in the rings, due to the short-
circuit current, keep the flux inside the shield.

These reactors are also called oil immersed type reactors and are used for any
voltage levels.

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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

Fig 3.14
Advantages:

These reactors provide greater protection against short circuit elements, have
high thermal capacity, suitable for both indoor and outdoor service and can be
operated at any voltage level.

Disadvantages:

They are costly, complex and difficult to repair.

3.15 Wave Tarps:

Fig 3.15
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A line trap, also known as wave trap, or high-frequency stopper. is a maintenance-

free parallel resonant circuit, mounted inline on high-voltage (HV) AC
transmission power. lines to prevent the transmission of high frequency (40 kHz
to 1000 kHz) carrier signals of power line communication to unwanted
destinations. Line traps are cylinder-like structures connected in series with HV
transmission lines. A line trap is also called a wave trap.

The line trap acts as a barrier or filter to prevent signal losses. The inductive
reactance of the line trap presents a high reactance to high- frequency signals but
a low reactance to mains frequency. This prevents carrier signals from being
dissipated in the substation or in a tap line or branch of the main transmission
path and grounds in the case of anything happening outside of the carrier
transmission path. The line trap is also used to attenuate the shunting effects of
high-voltage lines.

Use of Wave trap:

Power line carrier communication (PLCC) technology has been frequently used
since 1950 by the grid stations to transmit information at high speed. Transmitting
information along high-voltage lines, at high frequency, has been one of the main
means of communication in electric power for over fifty years. The data collected
from different sensors is transmitted on power lines thereby reducing the
maintenance cost of the additional wiring. In some countries, this technology is
also used to provide Internet connection. In order to communicate, high-
frequency line traps are used as they allow substations to communicate with each
other through the power lines at the same time as they transmit electrical power.

In order to separate power from messages being sent, different frequencies are
used, Electrical power has a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz in most places, and the
communication waves use frequencies such as 150 kHz and 200 kHz. Line traps
consist of filter circuits that allow only power frequency waves to travel to that
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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

of electrical equipment. They also stop communication waves from traveling to

equipment. Communication is crucial for substations.

Details of Wave Traps:

Make: Make: W. S. Industries Ltd Bangalore

Inductance: 1mH

Rated: 2000 Amps

Serial Nos:

Line 1:

R phase - Bay No 1

B phase - Bay No 2

Line 2:

R phase - Bay No 1

B phase Bay No 2

Date of commission:

line 1-2 Nos 19/05/1995

line 2-2 Nos 31/05/1995

3.16 Station Battery:

The battery charger described here is essentially a current limited constant voltage
charger. The charger is fully thyristor controlled to provide smooth step less
charging control. In addition to battery charging the unit also provides for 110V
DC station loads. The unit is enclosed in vermin proof metal enclosure. Terminals
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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

for connecting to the mains input, the battery and the station loads are provided
at rear bottom side of the unit, which can be accessed after removing the real
panel of the unit.

Fig 3.16

The battery charger described here is essentially a current limited constant voltage
charger. The charger is fully thyristor controlled to provide smooth step less
charging control. In addition to battery charging the unit also provides for 110V
DC station loads. The unit is enclosed in vermin proof metal enclosure. Terminals
for connecting to the mains input, the battery and the station loads are provided
at rear bottom side of the unit, which can be accessed after removing the real
panel of the unit.

Hoody station has 2 battery sets

Set 1-107 Batteries Set 2=106 Batteries

each cell in the battery has 2v

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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

Subsystems: The charger has mainly four parts

 Float Charger
 Boost Charger
 Automatic change over system
 Annunciation system

Float Charge:

The float charger has two functions. Firstly, it provides a regulated 220V DC
power supply to cater for the station loads when the mains power is available.
Secondly it keeps station battery in trickle charger to compensate for the self-
discharger of the battery. This has a separate transformer followed by a half
controlled full wave rectifier. The rectifier output is smoothened by a double L-
C filter to keep the ripple level below the specified limits, A separate MCCB
connects and disconnects the float charger to the system.

Boost Charger:

The boost charger is used for quick charging of the battery when the battery is
partially or fully discharged sub sequent to a power failure and battery taking over
the station loads. The boost charger consists of a double power supply connected
in cascade. A basic 300V DC is provided by a transformer-rectifier combination.
Another controlled power supply, variable between Oto 300V DC rides over the
basic power supply to achieve boost charge the battery of all cells. The boost
charger can be isolated from the system by means of a controlled device.

Fault Annunciation System:

The battery charger automatically detects various faults that occurs in the battery
charger and gives an audio-visual indication on the front panel. When the fault
occurs and is displayed on the front panel, this can be noticed by pressing the

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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

ACK push button. The audio deeps will stop but the LED indication will
continuously remain ON until the fault is rectified. A RESET button provided will
reset all the faults, Lamp test facility is also provided and can be energized by
means of the TST push button on the front panel.

Ratings of Battery Set Used:

400Ah for source 1 for 400kV

300Ah for source 2 for 400kV

100 Ah for 66kV

CP-220V/81 for source 1 CP-220V/81 for source 2

For controlling various operations of substation equipment's, suitable D.C.

supplying required in battery charger panel, A.C. 1 phase or 3 phases is given,
which converts AC to DC supply. This DC supply is given to various control
panels of substation and for charging the batteries through DC distribution board.
(DCDB) In case of A.C. supply failure, Batteries provide DC supply for
controlling the operations of substation equipment's in normal and abnormal
conditions. Battery capacity is expressed in Ampere hours which is the use full
quantity of electricity that can be taken from a battery at the specified rate of
discharge before its cell voltage falls to the specified rate of discharge before its
cell voltage falls to the specified value, which is equal to 2.25 volts multiplied by
the number of cells.

3.17 Control Room:

Here all the operations of the station are to be controlled remotely. For All the
eight 400kV lines and 200kV lines, carries one single control panel which is to
be kept in control room. All the 400kv side control panels having digital meters,

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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

and 200kV panels having analogy meters for reading. As in the above fig., there
should be a winding temperature indicating meter is present, beside of that
ammeter; voltage and KVR indicator is present and below of that digital display
is present in that all types of faults are to be indicated. So, during the operation
any of the fault appeared means respected display will on gives buzzer.

Fig 3.17

Maintenance Transfer Switch:

This is the switch always to be kept in normal position. It is having another

position that is tic. This should be kept in tie, when due to some disturbances the
line CB becomes fault at that time the entire bay should be kept off but this is the
major problem at the receiving ends because all the receivers will be disconnected
for such a long time so to avoid this the line CB should be transfer to the bus tie
cum bus coupler at that time the handle of the maintenance switch is to be kept at
tie position. Remaining time, it should be in normal position.

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Breaker Control Switch (TNC SWITCH):

This switch has three positions those are neutral, trip, close. To indicate the
breaker position, we will use this switch nothing but either closed or open, if the
breaker is to be closed means the red light will be glow if it is to be tripped means
green colour light will glow.

Ammeter:

It is used to measure the current in each phase of the line we will use this knob.
It has three indications like R, Y, B by placing the knob at each position it will
shows that phase current.

Control Switch:

This switch is to be help us to get the communication signal and converting the
electrical signals into voice signals so there should be a communication between
the two stations.

Auto Synchronization Selector Switch:

Before going to the switch operation of this type we will come to know what the
same time receiving end line must be charged but if the sending end breaker as to
be charged when it comes to receiving end breaker if it is not charged means there
should synchronization. During the operation time the sending end bus is also
charged at the be appearance of difference in voltages at both the side that time
the synchronization of the line will be fails and the circuit will be trip, when both
side voltage will be same then only synchronization is possible.

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CHAPTER 4

4.1 RELAYS:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are
also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-
power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled
circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are
used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modem electric power
systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called
"Protective Relays".

Types of Relays:

 Electromechanical relay
 Under frequency relay
 Non-directional over current relay
 Voltage supervision relay
 Directional power relay
 Distance relay
 Directional over current relay
 Differential relay
 Under voltage and over voltage relays
 Over flux relay
 Negative sequence relay
 Bus bar protection relay

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Backup relays (Electromechanical):

1. Overcurrent relays protect lines and transformer on overload and fault.

2. Earth fault relays protect lines and transformers against earth faults like
snapping of conductor and live lines touching trees or objects near the line In case
of close heavy faults on lines the transformer EER also senses the fault along with
the concerned feeder.

3. Directional OCR and EER are designed to sense faults in a particular direction
of power flow For E.g.: for a fault on 110 kV bus in a substation the incoming
fine breaker will not series the fault as the line directional relays is programmed
to look towards the line and not towards the station bus. This fault will be cleared
by the sending end substation line breaker. Also, in case of an 110kV bus fault in
a 220kV substation, the HV breaker of the transformer will clear the fault as the
LV directional relays are programmed to look towards the transformer

Distance relays (Primary protection) for EHV lines:

1. The present-day relays are of numeric version with built in fault locator, so that
the location and nature of fault are displayed on the relay terminal

For e.g., fault indicates 1.1-N, with a distance of 45kms. It means that the nature
of fault is R phase to ground at a line distance of 45 kms. This information is
helpful to the TLM staff to attend faults and restore power supply early.

4.2 Earthing of Substation:

The fundamental role of any substation earthing is to dissipate the short circuit
current into the earth without drying out the area and to limit the potential gradient
throughout the substation to maintain the step and touch voltages within safe

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values. There are two features considered during the design of earthing for a
substation which is

 Providing a low impedance path for the fault currents occurred during
normal conditions and fault conditions.
 Avoiding fatal electric shocks to the person working in the vicinity of the
grounded facilities.

The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy

directly to the earth by the help of the low resistance wire is known as the
electrical earthing. The electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current
carrying part of the equipment or neutral of supply system to the ground. Mostly,
the galvanized iron is used for the earthing. The earthing provides the simple path
to the leakage current. The short circuit current of the equipment passes to the
earth which has zero potential. Thus, protects the system and equipment from
damage.

TYPES OF EARTHING:

The electrical equipment mainly consists of two noncurrent carrying parts. These
parts are neutral of the system or frame of the electrical equipment. From the
earthing of these two non-currents carrying parts of the electrical system earthing
can be classified into two types.

a. Neutral Earthing

b. Equipment Earthing

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Neutral Earthing:

In neutral earthing, the neutral of the system is directly connected to earth by the
help of the GI wire. The neutral earthing is also called the system earthing. Such
type of earthing is mostly provided to the system which has star winding. For
example, the neutral earthing is provided in the generator, transformer, motor etc.

Equipment Earthing:

Such type of earthing is provided to the electrical equipment. The non-current

carrying part of the equipment like their metallic frame is connected to the earth
by the help of the conducting wire. If any fault occurs in the apparatus, the short-
circuit current to pass the earth by the help of wire. Thus, protect the system from
damage.

EARTH MAT:

The earth mats or grounding mats are used to bring the connection to the earth
indoors. They usually connect through a conductor inserted within the ground
port of an electrical outlet. They help in limiting the ground potential & protect
against the faulty current. Earthing mat is mostly used in a place where the large
fault current is to be experienced. Electrical power systems comprise of a network
of electrical elements that generate, distribute, and transmit electrical energy
through transmission lines.

The substation grounding systems are made up of a network of conductors

interconnecting the metallic parts of equipment and structures, and an
arrangement of conductors buried underground. These provide an electrical
connection to the earth. In general, the earth is composed of several layers of soil
at any location selected for the construction of a substation. The soil is a part of

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the fault circuit; therefore, a protection circuit is needed to be established. That is

why the earth mats or ground mats are used to protect humans who may come in
contact with this fault circuit.

How are the Earth Mats placed for substation protection? In

a Substation, Earth Mats are connected to the Following:

 The neutral point the system through its independent earth.

 Equipment framework and other non-current carrying parts of the electrical
equipment in the sub-station.
 All extraneous metallic frameworks are not associated with equipment.
Handle of the operating pipe. 4. Fence if it is within 2 m from earth mat.

Touch Potential:

If a person standing on substation floor touches a faulted structure by raised

fingers, potential between his raised fingers and the feet is called touch potential
The potential difference between a grounded metallic structure and a point on
earth surface separated by a horizontal reach of 1m.

Step Potential:

If fault current flowing through the ground of the substation, a potential difference
between two steps of a person standing on the ground is called step potential. A
person moving in the switchyard and touching an earth metallic structure should
not get a shock. Hence touch potential should be below 45V. Also, step potential
should be below 45V so that a person walking on substation floor doesn't get
shocked due to high step potential.

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In addition to the grids below the ground level, earthing spikes or electrodes are
driven into the ground. They are electrically connected to the equipment bodies,
earth grid, structures, neutrals, etc. All these together are connected to the
Earthing system of the substation by several Earthing strips. All these offer a low
earth resistance which is the primary purpose of Earthing. The inter-link is made
through a flat or rod conductor called an Earth Mat or Grid.

CHAPTER 5

MAINTAINANCE OF SUBSTATION

5.1 Substation DC Supply:

 Check specific gravity using Hydrometer of each cell and cell voltage. The
specific gravity of each cell at ambient temperature of 27 degrees shall be
1200 and cell voltage of each cell shall be 2 volts.
 Batteries shall be kept on boost mode intermittently to facilitate release of
sulphate deposition on cell plates. As the batteries are bound to have self-
discharge the trickle charging is designed to take care of the same.
 The D.C. distribution shall be maintained properly with feeder
identification to attend to faults immediately.
 Trip circuit healthiness to be monitored round the clock by shift staff to
ensure proper tripping of breakers.
 Check and tighten interconnectors of cells and apply petroleum jelly at
joints.

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5.2 SF6 circuit breakers:

 Check air and gas pressure hourly.

 2 Lubricate required parts regularly.
 Check compressor working (in pneumatic type) regularly. Replace oil in
compressor contaminated.
 Release air from receiver daily to discharge water.
 Check condition of air filter in compressor intake and replace if found
clogged.
 Check pad clamps regularly for cracks and tightness during outage period.
 In case of air and gas leakage inform RT staff.

FIG 5.2

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5.3 Bus Bar:

A bus bar is a metal strip or conductor used to distribute electrical power

within an electrical panel or between various electrical components. It
provides a common connection point for multiple circuits and is typically
made of materials like copper or aluminium due to their excellent
conductivity. Bus bars are crucial in electrical distribution systems for efficient
power transfer and organization of connections.

 Checks to be conducted by S/S staff during availed outages: 1. Check joints

for tightness since vibrations at power frequency levels will cause
resonance and damage the bus bars.
 Clean the bus bars and record the 1.R values.

Fig 5.3

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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

5.4 lightening Arrestors:

 Clean lightening Arrestor stacks. 2. During periodical outages check I.R

values to ground by disconnecting LA from circuit. Replace LA, if IR value
is below 500 Mega Ohm.
 EHV isolators with or without earth switch:
 Check to be conducted by S/S staff: Check linkages for simultaneous
operation, operating mechanism, stopper bolts etc.
 Check earth switch copper flexible.
 Check earth connections of earth blade.
 Clean insulators and check for cracks.
 Clean main contacts, earth blade and spring assembly.
 Apply petroleum jelly to contacts and lubricate moving parts and bearings.
 Check and tighten jumps and clamps.

Fig 5.4

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5.5 Power Transformer Maintenance:

SL OBSERVE INSPECTION ACTION REQUIRED

NO
1 Oil level  Check oil level in  Top up with good
conservator as shown new tested oil if oil
by the magnetic oil level is low.
gauge.  If low, investigate
 Check oil level in and take remedial
OLTC conservator action.
also.
2 Testing of  Check for BDV,  Take action to restore
oil minimum value as per quality of oil.
IS 1866 (2.5mm gap)
14KV and
above:50KV,725KV-
145KV:40KV
3 Relief went  Check for damage to  Replace if damaged.
diaphragm.
4 Breather  Check oil level in  Fill oil up to mark in
cup. the cup.
 Check color of silica  Reactive or replace if
gel. the color is white or
 Ensure that the air pink.
passage is free in the  Clean air passage if
breather. blocked and used
only large size
crystals 5mm.
400KV HOODY 2023-2024

5 Brushings  Examine the  Clean/replace if

cracks/damages and necessary.
dust.  contact R.T,
 Check for oil level in manufacturing if low.
bushings sight glass.
 Carry out capacitance
and tan test once in a
year.

6 OLTC moto-  Lubricant bearings,  Top up oil gear box,

drive and cleanings, and check clean contracts etc.
control panel gearbox oil level.  Rectified defect in
 Checks operation of electrical operations,
limits switches, loose wiring to be
sequence switches tightened.
with transformer in
off condition.
7 Cooler fan  Lubricant bearings  Replace contractors if
and pump examine contractor contacts are burnt.
contacts.

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5.6 Transformer Protective Relays:

S OPERATION REASON CHECKS ACTION

N
1 Differential  Failure of  Phase on  In case
relay (R4) lightening which relay LA’s have
arresters operated. failed,
provides to  Inspection of some needs
transformer HV/LV CT’s to be
 Failure of and LA’s. replaced.
HV/LV CT’s  Inspection of  In other
of CT secondary cases,
transformer. connection in immediatel
 Entry of CT M.B and y inform
reptiles in control and RT staff.
switchgear relay panels.
and CT  Entry of
marshalling reptiles.
box,  Loose
 Opening of connection of
“A” core CT CT circuitry.
secondary
wirings.
 Malfunctionin
g of relays

2 Restricted  Failure of  Check cable  Replace

Earth fault cable pothead pothead both failed
Relay (64R) resulting in outdoor and cables pot

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 400KV HOODY 2023-2024

earth fault. indoor. head/failur

 Failure of  Inspect e LA.
neutral CT or neutral CCT.  In other
NCT  Inspect LA cases,
developing immediatel
ratio, error. y inform
 Loose RT staff.
connection of
clamps.
 Transformer
winding faults
(remote case).
 Malfunctionin
g of relays.
3 Buchholz  Air trapped in  Release gas  Vermin
Relay relay during collection in proofing of
course of Buchholz Buchholz
filtering or relay and relay to
accumulation check avoid water
of gases due whether it is entry.
to internal air or gas  If pungent
fault in body odor. smell of
windings.  If no gas or gas is
 Entry of air is trapped, found to in
moisture in check for the
transformer shorting of Buchholz
malfunctionin relay contact relay.
g box due to after  Do not

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 400KV HOODY 2023-2024

rain (external measuring charge the

factor). voltage across transformer
 Enter of contacts, if no inform the
rainwater in voltage RT staff
Buchholz appears immediatel
terminal due across the y.
to improper contact, then
glanding of it is shorting
control cable. due to
rainwater
entry.
 Provide
proper glands
at cable entry
or use
monopolist
compound or
(stop gap
measure).
4 Pressure Relief  Internal heavy  If flap has  Check PRV
Valve (PRV) fault in operated with for rated
transformer or without pressure
causing splashing of test, if fail
turbulence, oil, report to replace
wherein the RT staff. PRV.
inductor bap  PRV
has operated operates
with or without

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 400KV HOODY 2023-2024

without operation of
splashing of flap. check
oil. for continuity
 PRV of trip
operated contacts using
without multimeter
operation of and report to
flap. the RT staff.
5 Magnetic Oil  Low oil level  Check oil  Top up oil
level by in
Gauge (MOG) in transformer
opening cap conservator
conservator. nut on at the 27-
conservator degree
 MOG
top using at marking.
defective. dipstick.  Plug
 check for leakages
leakage in availing
transformer assistance
of RT staff.
6 Oil Surge  Low oil level  Inspect for  If gas
Relay (OSR) in diverter accumulation accumulati
switch of gas in on is
chamber or OSR. observed or
low oil level  Check if the OSR
in conservator contacts for does not
connected to short. reset
diverter. inform RT
 Turbulence in staff.
diverter
switch due to
improper
contact or
 400KV HOODY 2023-2024

failure of
bridge
resistance 3
relay
malfunctionin
g.
7 Oil  Overloading  Check oil and  In case
Temperature of wedding checks do
alarm or transformer. temperature not reveal
trip/winding  Radiators on instrument any
temperature values not Dail. problem
alarm trip opened  Check then inform
properly. radiator value RT staff.
 Cooling position both
fans/pumps on top and the
not bottom of the
functioning. radiators.
 Reversal of  Check AC
direction of supply control
operation of circuit of fan
pumps /fans pump control.
5.  Check
 failure of direction of
mercury operation of
contacts in both fans and
OTI/WTL. pump.

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400KV HOODY 2023-2024

CHAPTER 6

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

This executive summary provides experience an overview of my internship at

the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and
highlights the key and insights and achievements gained during my time with
the organization during my internship.

During my internship period which spanned from 22-08-2023 to 21-09-2023, I

had the opportunity to work closely with the dedicated team at the KPTCL and
actively participate in various projects and assignments. The primary objective
of my internship was to gain a practical knowledge.

Throughout the internship, I was able to observe and understand the intricate
working of KPTCL which plays a crucial role in the transmission and
distribution of electricity in the state of Karnataka. By closing working closely
with experienced professions, I gained insights into the organizations, operation
processes and the challenges it faces in meeting the growing demands of the
power sector.

One of the key projects I was involved during my internship was on study on
Maintenance of Equipment. This project allowed me to apply my theoretical
knowledge gain from my academic studies to real world scenarios, further
developing my problem solving, analytic and technical skills. Through this
project, I gained a deeper understanding of the complexity involved in the
efficiency and reliable.

During my internship, I also attended various stations organized by coordinators

which further augmented my knowledge in the field. These sessions not only
helped me to expand my technical understanding, but also provided me with a
broader perspective on the industry and its future challenges and opportunities.

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Overall, my internship experience at KPTCL was extremely rewarding and

contributed significantly to my personal and professional growth. I have gained
practical insights to the power sector and developed essential skills prove
valuable in my future endeavors. This internship report aims to provide a
comprehensive overview of my internship experience at KPTCL, highlighting
the key project, learnings and accomplishment.

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