WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION COMPANY LIMITED

(WBSETCL)

REPORT ON WINTER TRAINING

KASBA 220/132 KV SUB-STATION

CHOWBAGHA ROAD, TILJALA, KOLKATA 700039

BY: SASWAT ABHINAB DAVID

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA

TRAINING PERIOD: 5TH DECEMBER 2016 TO 26TH DECEMBER 2016

______________________
SASWAT ABHINAB DAVID
TRAINING PROFILE
Topic of Training: Vocational Training on Transmission of Electricity

Place of Training: KASBA 220 kV Sub-Station

Training Period: 5th December 2016 to 26th December 2016

Conducted By: HR&A Department (WBSETCL)

Training In-Charge: Mr. Rupam Mondal, Divisional Engineer (Electrical)

Mr. Sanjib Naskar, Junior Engineer (Electrical)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to convey my gratitude to WBSETCL for providing me
the chance to undergo training at their KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station. I am
thankful to all the departments of the sub-station for their immense help and
cooperation. The guidance I received was extremely valuable and all the
technical matters were explained in great depth and detail despite the busy
schedule of the engineers and other stuff.

I extend my special thanks to Mr. Rupam Mondal, Divisional Engineer

(Electrical) and Mr. Sanjib Naskar, Junior Engineer (Electrical) for the extensive
guidance and support.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction of KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station
2. Transmission Layout
3. Switchyard
4. Bay Equipments
4.1 Bus Bar
4.2 Isolator
4.3 Circuit Breaker
4.4 Earthing Switch
4.5 Instrument Transformer
4.5.1 Current Transformer
4.5.2 Potential Transformer
4.6 Lightening Arrester
5. Transformers
5.1 Parts of a Transformer
5.1.1 Bushing
5.1.2 On-Load Tap Changer
5.1.3 Radiator
5.1.4 Conservator
5.2Transformers in KASBA
6. Condition Monitoring, Diagnostic Testing & Trouble Shooting
6.1 Protective Relay
6.2 Battery Backup
7. Electrical Safety Procedures & Accident Prevention
8. Declaration
9. Conclusion
10.Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION OF KASBA 220/132 KV SUB-STATION
LOCATION
KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station is located in Panchanna Gram, EM Bypass (Near
Science City), Kolkata - 700039.

AGENCY
KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station is under the West Bengal State Electricity
Transmission Company Limited (WBSETCL), a Government of West Bengal
Enterprise.

VOLTAGE LEVEL
Incoming voltage of 220 kV is stepped down to 132 kV.

COMMUNICATION
The sub-station uses the following communication media:

(i) P and T telephones for communicating anywhere in the world. It

consists of fixed landline phones maintained by BSNL Calcutta
Telephones.
(ii) Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) for communicating
between sub-stations over 132 kV transmission line (in this case).
Carrier waves having high frequency are imposed on the transmission
line at the sending end with the audio data. Receiving end of the sub-
station uses a Wave Trapper which is basically a low pass filter used
for separating out normal power frequencies from carrier wave
frequencies. The extracted signal is passed via a PLCC modem to a
phone to enable communication.
(iii) Optical Ground Wire (OPGW), which is an optical fibre overhead
ground wire that combines the function of grounding and
communications.
 TRANSMISSION LAYOUT

POWER FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM

SOURCES

220 kV MAIN BUS/

TRANSFER BUS

AUTOTRANSFORMER

132 kV MAIN BUS/

TRANSFER BUS

132 kV SUBSTATIONS
220 kV SOURCES:
1. JEERAT I
2. JEERAT II
3. SUBHASHGRAM CKT I
4. SUBHASHGRAM CKT I
5. CESC

TRANSMITS 132 kV TO:

1. SALT LAKE (DIRECT) CKT
2. SALT LAKE KLC CKT
3. CESE KASBA FDR I
4. CESE KASBA FDR II
5. CESE KASBA FDR III
6. CESE PRINCEP STREET I
7. CESE PRINCEP STREET II
8. SONARPUR
9. BEHALA
 SWITCHYARD
Switchyard is the part a power plant where the generated voltage is either
stepped up or stepped down, along with the execution of several other
important functions. Switchyard contains current carrying conductors,
grounding wires, switches, metering devices, transformers, circuit breakers,
isolators etc. The switchyard is divided into bay area and control room.

KASBA is a step-down, extra high voltage, outdoor type sub-station having a

very large switchyard. The total step down operation is done here with the
help of four transformers. All the switching of the tower is done here. In case
of some problem in a switch line all the tower switches are closed and the
power is sent through the bus coupler via the transfer bus to the main bus
thereby energizing it. Due to heavy arcing and sparking SF6 or Air Breakers are
used.

Switchyard View of KASBA 220 kV Sub-Station

 BAY EQUIPMENTS
4.1 BUS BAR (SINGLE BUS SYSTEM)
In KASBA, Single Bus Bar System is used. In this setup, all the feeders and
transformer bay are connected to only one single bus.

Advantage of Single Bus System:

(i) The design is simple.

(ii) The arrangement is cost effective.
(iii) It is very convenient to operate.

Disadvantage of Single Bus System:

(i) One major difficulty of this arrangement is that maintenance of

equipment of any bay cannot be performed without interrupting the
feeder or transformer connected to that bay.
(ii) The indoor 11 kV switchboards often have single bus bar
arrangement.
4.2 ISOLATOR
An isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the
system as and when required. They are used to separate a part of the system
for safe maintenance work.

Types of Electrical Isolators (Classified by Mechanism):

(i) Double Break Centre Rotating Isolator

(ii) Horizontal Central Break Isolator
(iii) Pantograph Type Isolator

Types of Electrical Isolators (Classified by Position in Power System)

(i) Bus Side Isolator: It is directly connected with the main bus.
(ii) Line Side Isolator: It is situated at line side of any feeder.
(iii) Transfer Bus Side Isolator: It is directly connected to the transfer bus.

Constructional Features of Double Break Isolators

Double Break Isolator in KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station

These have three stacks of post insulators. The central one carries a tubular or
flat moving male contact which can be rotated horizontally. The female
contacts, which are usually spring loaded, are fixed on the other post insulators
on either side of the central one.
Rotational movement of the male contact causes it to connect with the female
ones, closing the isolator. Rotation in the opposite direction makes it come
out of connection with the female contacts, thus opening the isolator. Rotation
of the central post insulator is controlled with the help of an operating handle
in case of manual operation or a motor in case of motorized operation
through a mechanical tie rod.

4.3 EARTHING SWITCHES

Earthing Switches are usually mounted on the base of the Line Side Isolator.
The Earthing Arms are normally aligned horizontally at OFF condition and
rotate and move to vertical position during ON operation by connecting with
the female contacts fitted on top of the post insulator stack of the isolator on
the outgoing side. The Earthing Arms are so interlocked with the main
isolator’s moving contacts such that it can be closed only when the main
contacts of the isolator are in open position and are open for the main isolator
contacts to be closed.

4.4 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated left could switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage that might be caused by an overload
or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after the
protective relays detect a fault. A circuit breaker can be used several times and
can be reset either manually or automatically to resume normal operation.
They are made in varying sizes from small devices that protect individual
household appliance to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage
circuits feeding an entire city. Some of the main features of circuit breakers
are:

 Carries full load current

 Opens or closes the circuit depending on the load

According to its rated value, a circuit breaker trips when the parameter greater
than its threshold flows in the circuit. The trip coil is energized and the moving
contacts are pulled apart to make the circuit open. This produces an arc which
needs to be quenched as quickly as possible to ensure longevity and efficient
service by the circuit breaker.
In KASBA, SF6 Circuit Breakers are used. These use contacts surrounded by
sulphur hexafluoride gas to quench the arc.

Cross Section of CB in (i) Closed Position and (ii) Compression Position

Cross Section of CB (i) during Arc Quenching and (ii) in Open Position
4.5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
Instrument Transformers are used in AC systems for the measurement of
electrical quantities i.e. voltage, current, power, energy, power factor and
frequency. They are used with Protective Relays for the protection of the
power system. The basic function of Instrument Transformers is to step down
the AC voltage and current. This is because the voltage and current level of
power systems are very high and it’s difficult and costly to design measuring
instruments for such high voltage and current. Generally measuring
instruments are designed for 5 A and 110 V.

In KASBA, two types of Instrument Transformers are used:

(i) Current Transformer (CT)

(ii) Potential Transformer (PT)

4.5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

Current Transformers are used to step down the current of power systems to
make it feasible to be measured by a small rating ammeter (around 5 A).
The primary of CT has very few turns and is connected in series with the power
circuit. Thus, it is also called series transformer. The secondary has large
number of turns and is connected directly to an ammeter. Since the ammeter
has very small resistance, the secondary of the CT almost operates in short
circuited condition. One terminal of the secondary is earthed to avoid the large
voltage on that side. This reduces the chances of insulation breakdown and
also protects the operator against high voltage. Before disconnecting the
ammeter, the secondary is shorted through a switch to avoid high voltage
build-up across the secondary.

SF6 Insulated CT in KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station

4.5.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT)
Potential Transformers are used to step down the voltage of power systems to
a lower level to make it feasible to be measured by small rating voltmeters
(around 110-120 V).

Primary of PT has large number of turns and is connected across the line,
usually between on line and earth. Thus, it is also called Parallel Transformer.
The secondary of PT has very few turns and is connected directly to a
voltmeter. As the voltmeter has high resistance, the secondary of a PT
operates almost in open circuit condition. One terminal of the secondary side
of the PT is earthed to maintain the secondary voltage with respect to earth.
This assures the safety of the operators.
4.6 LIGHTNING ARRESTER
Lightning Arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and
telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects if lightning. A typical lightning arrester has a
high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When lightning or switching
surges, which are very similar, travel along the power line, the current is
diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

Lightning Arresters in KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station

 TRANSFORMERS
5.1 PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER

Main Parts of a Transformer

5.1.1 BUSHING
Bushing is an insulated device that allows an electrical conductor to pass safely
through a usually earthed conducting barrier wall of a transformer.

IV Side Bushing of Transformer 2 in KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station

5.1.2 ON LOAD TAP CHANGER
A tap changer is a connection point selection mechanism along a power
transmission winding that allows a variable number of turns to be selected in
discrete steps. The tap selection may be made via automatic or manual tap
changer mechanism.

Schematic Diagram of the On Load Tap Changer

5.1.3 RADIATOR
Due to the flow of electric current through the windings of a transformer, heat
is produced. This ultimately raises the temperature of the transformer
insulator oil. If this temperature rise of the oil is controlled, the rating of the
transformer can be increased by a significant amount. The radiator accelerates
the cooling rate and thus plays a vital role in increasing the loading capacity of
the transformer.

Transformer Radiator
5.1.4 CONSERVATOR
The Conservator is a tank usually mounted atop a transformer that helps
maintain the level of transformer insulation oil inside the main tank. It provides
adequate space for the increased volume of oil during expansion and also
doubles up as a reservoir for the oil when the oil contracts.

When a transformer is loaded or the ambient temperature rises, the heat

causes the oil inside the tank to expand. The expanded oil occupies the vacant
space above the original level. Consequently, corresponding quantity of air of
that space is pushed away through the Breather. On the other hand, when the
load of the transformer or the ambient temperature decreases or the
transformer is switched off, the oil inside the tank contracts. The conservator
then provides the extra required volume of oil, which in turn causes air to
enter the conservator through the silica gel breather.

Cross Sectional View of the Conservator Tank of a Transformer

5.2 TRANSFORMERS IN KASBA

There are four autotransformers at the KASBA Sub-Station for stepping down
the voltage level from 220 kV to 132 kV. Additionally, there’s also a
transformer to step down 33 kV to 440 V for operation of the switchyard.
Transformer 1: 150 MVA, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan

Transformer 2: 150 MVA, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan

Transformer 3: 160 MVA, Crompton Greaves Limited

Transformer 4: 160 MVA, EMCO Limited

 CONDITION MONITORING, DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
& TROUBLE SHOOTING

Panels Dedicated to Condition Monitoring, Diagnostic Testing

& Trouble Shooting in KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station Control Room

6.1 PROTECTIVE RELAYS

A protective Relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is
detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on
coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating
conditions such as over current, over voltage, reverse power flow, over and
under frequency. Microprocessor based digital protection relays now emulate
the original devices, as well as providing types of protection and supervision
impractical with electromagnetic relays.

Electromechanical relays provide only rudimentary indications of involved

phase and zone targets. In many cases, a single microprocessor relay provides
functions that would take two or more electromechanical devices. By
combining several functions in one case, numerical relays also save capital and
maintenance cost over electromechanical relays.
The relays used in KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station are:

(i) Distance Protection Relay

(ii) DC Under Voltage Relay
(iii) Auxiliary Relay
(iv) Auto Reclose Lockout Relay
(v) Directional Over Current Relay
(vi) Trip Relay
(vii) High Speed Tripping Relay
(viii) Differential Relay
(ix) Supervision Relay
(x) Master Trip Relay
(xi) DC Fail Relay
(xii) Earth Relay
(xiii) IDMR Relay
(xiv) Buchholz Relay
(xv) Restricted Earth Fault Relay

Relay Indicators in KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station Control Room

 KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station Control Room

6.2 BATTERY BACKUP

Battery Specifications

 200AH@C10 (Cell Rated Capacity)

 2 Volt/Cell (Cell Nominal Voltage)
 F 240 P (Manufacturing Reference)
 Float: 2.23 Volt/Cell
Boost: 2.30 Volt/Cell (Charger Set)

Battery Charger Specifications

KASBA Sub-Station houses 220V/24A float charger and 24A Float cum Boost
Charger.

Model BC
Serial Number CON/000278 101-02
Rating 220 V, 24 V + 24 V
AC Input 145 V +/- 155, 30A, 50 Hz, 3 Phase
DC Output 247.5 V, 24 A
Battery Voltage 220 V
AH Capacity 217
Maximum Ambient Temperature 50°C
ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROCEDURES & ACCIDENT PREVENTION

 All voltages are considered dangerous even though it may not be high
enough to produce serious shock.

 All electrical circuits are treated as live and no work is performed until
the circuit/part to be repaired is isolated, dead, or connected to earth
between the points of work.

 Authorised line staff must use the standard protective safety equipment
i.e. helmets, gloves, safety shoes etc. Intended for each job.

 Hot Line Tools should never be placed directly on the ground as they
might absorb moisture which would reduce the dielectric strength.

 Safety helmets and shoes are compulsory for the workers and in-charges
working in the switchyard.
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the images and industrial information acquired during the
training will not be used for any commercial purposes.

CONCLUSION
Sub-Stations are an important and integral part of Transmission and
Distribution Network and Power Supply System. They form an interface
between the public and main power supply. At KASBA 220/132 kV Sub-Station I
correlated the theoretical knowledge obtained from textbooks and lectures to
the practical applications that I saw on the yard and control room.

I could identify all subtle aspects of sub-station design and operation that I had
learnt previously; and also saw the operation and mechanism of various
equipments like circuit breakers, isolators, relays, capacitor banks, etc. I also
learnt many practical constraints and thumb rule applications in various
instruments. I learnt and abided by the safety measures taken by the engineers
at the yard to protect themselves as well as the workers working on any fault.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
C. L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power Systems

Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com)

Electrical4u (www.electrical4u.com)