Vocational Training Report

At
C.S.E.B. Raipur
15th June To 14th July

Submitted At
R.S.R.R.C.E.T

Made By: Ankit Kumar Bhagat

5th Sem
Branch : Electrical And
Electronics
Engineering

Guided By :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel great pleasure on my vocational training report on
CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY LTD.
RAIPUR. I am very thankful to my training officer who gave me
this opportunity to undergo vocational training and supporting
my practical background knowledge fortunately. I express my
sincere gratitude to for supporting me to
complete my vocational training .
And last but not the least I am also thankful to
and appreciate their efforts without it would not be able to
complete this project report.

Index
 1. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER
companies
2. Transmission map
3. 132/33 kV GUDHIYARI SUBSTATION
4. 33/11 Kv Kota substation
5. Substation layout
6. Substations
7. Transformers
8. plcc
9. Isolators
10.Insulators
11.Capacitor bank
12.Protection of substation
13.Air break switch
14.Combined instrument transformer
15.Conclusion
16.bibliography

CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER companies

Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board was formed in accordance with the Section 5

of the Electricity Supply Act 1948 as per the Notification published in the gazette
of the Government of Chhattisgarh dated 15 November 2000. Chhattisgarh State
Electricity Board (CSEB) became functional w.e.f. 01.12.2000. Chhattisgarh State
Electricity Board has been reorganized into five companies in accordance with the
provisions contained in the Section 131-134 of Electricity Act 2003 by the Govt. of
Chhattisgarh these are :-

1. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER HOLDING COMPANY LTD.

2. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER GENERATION COMPANY LTD.
3. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY LTD.
4. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY LTD.
5. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRADING COMPANY LTD.

TRANSMISSION MAP
132/33 kV GUDHIYARI substation
  In this substation there isone 132kV input supply coming from
Khedamara. Here 132 kV is step downed to 33kV which is then
send to 5 different 33kV feeders namely CITY-1, MANA
AERODROME, DAGANIYA, ABHANPUR, KUMHARI-2.
 3 power transformer of 40 MVA each are used, which gives
the capacity of the substation as 120 MVA.
 This substation joins the transmission system to the secondary
distribution system and plays a vital role in supplying
electricity to our city.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
 33/11kV KOTA SUBSTATION
 Two incoming feeders of 33kV namely Kumhari-1 and Kumahari-
2.
 33kV vacuum circuit breaker is used manufactured by BHEL.
 Power Transformer of 5MVA 33/11kV is used to step down the
voltage.
 It has supply to four 11kV feeders namely Central Training
Institute feeder, Maruti feeder, Samta Colony feeder and Kota
feeder.
Components of a Substation
 Power Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Voltage Transformer
 Insulator
 Earthing system
 Isolation Switches
 Circuit breakers
 Surge arrestor
 Switchgear
 Relay
 SUBSTATIONS
A substation isa part of electrical generation, transmissionand distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of
several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer,
electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned
by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are
unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control. A substation
may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages.
Substations are classified by two broad categories:-
1. According to the service requirement:
 Transformer substation
 Switch substation
 Power factor correction substation
 Frequency change substation
 Converting substation
 Industrial substation
 Collector Substation
 Convertor Substation
 Switching Substation

2. According to the constructional features:

 Indoor substation
 Outdoor substation
 Underground substation
 Pole mounted substation
TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION
They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main
component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed
served transformer substations may be classified into:

a) STEP UP SUBSTATION
The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in
transmission of electric power. These are generally located in the power
houses and are of outdoor type.

b) PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the
voltage level to 33KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid
substation is generally of outdoor type.

c) SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV.
The 11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary
substations are also of outdoor type.

d) DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down
to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage
between any two phases is 400V & between any phase and neutral it is
230V.
SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS
1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage
does not necessarily result in loss of supply.
2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the
transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating
the faulty circuit breaker.
3. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.
4. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the
circuit.
5. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows
circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN

An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:
a) Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time
currents.
b) Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces
comprise self-weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short
circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
c) Should be corona free at rated voltage.
d) Should have the minimum number of joints.
e) Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
f) Should be economical.

The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums.
Steel may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility
to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized,
and these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular
Conductors.
OVERHEAD LINE TERMINATIONS
Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.
a) Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings
b) Tensioning conductors to ground winches.

The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the
substation. The following clearances should be observed:

VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 11kV 6.1m

11kV - 20kV 6.4m

20kV - 30kV 6.7m

greater than 30kV 7.0m

Clearance in accordance with voltage value

STANDARD SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF VARIOUS VOLTAGES

The following sizes have now been standardized by CEA for transmission lines of
different voltages:-
1. For 440 KV Lines
Twin 'Moose' ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of dia 3.53 mm and 54-Strands
of Aluminum of dia 3.53 mm.

2. For 220 KV Lines

'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm and 54-Strands of
Aluminum of dia 3.18 mm.

3. For 132 KV Lines

'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of
Aluminum of dia 3.00 mm.
 Transformers
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating
current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage
into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the
principle of static induction principle.

When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called
step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. Power Transformer
It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage greater
than 33 KV & 100% efficiency. It also having a big in size as compare to
distribution transformer, it used in generating station and Transmission
substation at high insulation level. They can be of two types: Single Phase
Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers.

In 132/33 kV Gudhuyari substation we have implemented 3 power

transformers of 40 MVA each these are manufactured by EMCO.

These are on load tap changing transformer and have star star winding
 connection .
Their winding position and configuration is shown below of one of the
power transformer.

2. Instrument Transformers
These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that points
where standard voltmeters and ammeters cannot be used. They are of two
types:-
a) CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating
electric currents. When current in a circuit is too high to apply
directly to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a
reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit,
which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments. A current transformer isolates the measuring
instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored
circuit.
 We are implementing CT at both the 132 kV side and the 33KV
side .We are using CT made by CROMPTON GREAVES ,HEPTACARE
POWER INDUSTRIES ,HINDUSTAN BROWN BOVERI etc.

b) POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT))
are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer, used for
metering and protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor phase shift
isolation. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply
being measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to enable
accurate metering. A potential transformer may have several
secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding, for use in
different metering or protection circuits. The name plate of one of
the PT used is shown below
4. On the basis of working
On the above basis, transformers are of two types: Step up Transformer
and Step down Transformer.

5. Distribution Transformers
A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage
transmission in the electrical power distribution system, stepping down
voltage to the level used by customers. We have only 1 distribution
transformer in our substation which is of 33kV/400volt. This is used to
give supply to our substation.
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)

Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used

simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power
distribution to consumers. 
By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the information, it
becomes easy to connect the houses with a high speed network access point
without installing new wirings.This technology has been in wide use since 1950
and was mainly used by the grid stations to transmit information at high speed.

PRINCIPLE OF PLCC
Power-line communications systems operate by adding a modulated carrier signal
to the wiring system. All type of information is modulated on carried wave at
frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The modulated HF carrier fed into the power line
conductor at the sending end and filtered out again at the respective stations.
Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more common
but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on
the high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be
directly connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipments
have therefore to be employed which will permit the injection of high frequency
carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute protection of communication
equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard.

Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:

1. Wave Trap or Line Trap
Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of
connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible
impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and
thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On the
basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type:
a) All wave
b) Single Frequency
c) Double Frequency’
d) Broad Band
 2. Coupling Capacitor
3. Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrestor
4. Coupling of Filter
5. H. F. Cable

APPLICATION OF PLCC
PLCC technology can be deployed into different types of applications in order to
provide economic networking solutions. Hence merging with other technologies it
proves useful in different areas. These are few key areas where PLC
communications are utilized:
a.      Transmission & Distribution Network: PLCC was first adopted in the
electrical transmission
and distribution system to transmit information at a fast rate.
b.      Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is used in home control
and automation. This technology can reduce the resources as well as efforts for
activities like power management, energy conservation, etc.
c.       Entertainment: PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content
throughout the home.
d.      Telecommunication: Data transmission for different types of
communications like telephonic communication, audio, video communication can
be made with the use of PLCC technology.
e.       Security Systems: In monitoring houses or businesses through surveillance
cameras, PLCC technology is far useful.
f.       Automatic Meter Reading – Automatic Meter reading applications use the
PLCC technology to send the data from home meters to Host Central Station.
 ISOLATERS
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is
used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or
maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical
distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of
driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches
are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit
breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The
disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only for
safety isolation. Disconnector can be operated either manually or automatically
(motorized disconnector).
Unlike load break switches and circuit breakers, disconnectors lack a mechanism
for suppression of electric arc, which occurs when conductors carrying high
currents are electrically interrupted. Thus, they are off-load devices, intended to
be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device.
Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the
disconnector while it supplies a circuit. Standards in some countries for safety
may require either local motor isolators or lockable overloads (which can be
padlocked).

In some designs, the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated
circuit thereby providing additional safety.
 INSULATORS
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow
freely, and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric current under the
influence of an electric field. The insulator serves two purposes. They support the
conductors (bus bar) and confine the current to the conductors. The most
common used material for the manufacture of insulator is porcelain. There are
several types of insulators and their use in substation will depend upon the
service requirement.
Different types of insulator are:-

 Pin type insulator 

The pin type insulator is mounted on a pin on the cross-arm on the pole.
There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator. The conductor passes
through this groove and is tied to the insulator with annealed wire of the
same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for
transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.
Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too
bulky and hence uneconomical.

 Suspension insulator 
For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use suspension type
insulators shown in Figure. Consist of a number of porcelain discs
connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is
suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string
is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number of disc units used
depends on the voltage.
 CAPACITOR BANK
The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening
which increases the magnetization current. This results in the decreased power
factor. The low power factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are
inductive and therefore take lagging currents. The low power factor is highly
undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in additional losses. So in
order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from engineering
and economic stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as
possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power
should be connected in parallel with the load. One of such device can be capacitor
bank. The capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely neutralize
the lagging reactive component of load current.

Main functions of Capacitor Bank are:-

 Supply Reactive Power
 Improve Terminal Voltage
 Improve Power Factor

PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION
LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
A lightning arrestor is a device used in power systems
and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has
a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester,
the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to
earth.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed.
Therefore chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the
consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is
quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate automatic
protection for transformers against possible faults. Various protection methods
used for transformers are:-
 Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power
transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir
called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to
the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. Depending on the model,
the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer. On a slow
accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by
decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the
oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal.
Depending on design, a second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks. If
an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator.
This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the
moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the
apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.
  Conservator and Breather
When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level
goes either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil
level up to predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above
the level of the top of the tank. Breather is connected to conservator tank for the
purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the insulating properties of the oil.
During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through
breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is checked
regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.
 Transformer cooling
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the
removal of heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

 Air natural cooling

In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of
surrounding air is used for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for
low voltage small transformers.
 Air blast cooling
It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition
that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and
winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast.
 Oil natural cooling
Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core
immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating
medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil
becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the
bottom of the cooling tank.
 Oil blast cooling
In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of
transformers immersed in oil.
 Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to
a cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

 Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water
heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the
heat exchanger.

AIR BREAK SWITCH

Air Break Switches are special switches designed isolate a circuit.  They are usually
employed in outdoor installations.  Special Arcing Horns are provided to quench
the arc which occurs when the current is interrupted.  These switches are usually
operated by a handle which is located at the ground level. 

Air Break Switches should not be used to interrupt load currents. They are
isolating devices.   They can, however, be used to interrupt small currents such as
the exciting current of a transformer or the capacitive charging current of a long
transmission line.  A variation of the Air Break Switches is the Load Switch which
can interrupt current on load as it has special arc quenching device. 

Air Break Switches can be mounted both horizontally and vertically.  These
switches usually have a rugged construction as they are exposed to the weather. 
Air Break Switches are usually found in groups of three, one for each phase. 
These groups are opened together.  Hence, they are also known as gang-operated
switches.

 
Air Break Switches have been designed upto 135 Kv.
 COMBINED INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
Instrument transformer includes Voltage Transformer & Current Transformer put
together in a tank. Combined Instrument Transformer converts distribution class
voltage & current to standardized low & easily measurable values which are used
for metering for revenue purposes.

When operating the current transformer between 5% of the rated current and
the rated continuous thermal current, the voltage transformer shall not exceed
the limits of voltage error and phase displacement corresponding to its class
within the specified range of burden and between 80% and 120% of the rated
voltage.

Similarly when operating the voltage transformer between 80% of rated voltage
and the rated voltage multiplied by rated voltage factor, the current transformer
shall not exceed the limits of current error and phase displacement within the
range of current corresponding to its class at any value from 25% to 100% of
rated burden.

The Combined Instrument Transformer unit is specially designed to provide

consistent accuracy over the entire range of current and voltage by calibrated
design of built in CT and PT.
 CONCLUSION
Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important role in
our life. At the end of the training, I came to know about the various parts of
substations and how they are operated. Also I learnt about how transmission is
done in various parts of Chhattisgarh.

As evident from the report, a substation plays a very important role in the
transmission system. That’s why various protective measures are taken to protect
the substations from various faults and its smooth functioning. Chhattisgarh State
Power Distribution Company Ltd. takes such steps so that a uniform and stable
supply of electricity can reach in every part of this state.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Energy efficiency in electrical utilities, Guide book for National certification
examination for energy managers and energy auditors, Bureau of energy
efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
2. General aspect of energy management and energy audit, Guide book for
National certification examination for energy managers and energy auditors,
Bureau of energy efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
3. www.wikepedia.com
4. www.slideshare.com
5. www.electrical-installation.org
6. www.home-energy-metering.com
7. www.enspecpower.com
8. www.allaboutcircuits.com