INTERNSHIP PRESENTATION

ON
SUMMMER INTERNSHIP FROM 66/33/11 KV
SUBSTATION, KOTHIYALSAIN (CHAMOLI)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,GOPESHWAR
KOTHIYALSAIN,CHAMOLI

PRESENTED BY-

ANJANA PANWAAR

ROLL NO-201340105001

DEERAJ SINGH

ROLL NO-711340105006

DEEPENDRA RANA

ROLL NO-711340105005

SUBMITTED TO:-

MR ABHISHEK AGGRWAL

(INTERNSHIP COORDINATOR)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our

internship coordinator Mr. Abhishek Aggarwal sir for their able
guidance and support in completing our internship.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to substation operator

sir and executive engineer Mr. Amit Saxena for their wonderful
guidance during internship.

I would also like to thanks our head of department Mr.

Abhishek Chauhan sir and our electrical faculty for always helping us
and to enlighten us with new technology and innovations.
 CONTENT
 UPCL
 Substation
 Single Line Diagram
 Bus Bar
 Transformer
 Distribution Transformer
 Parts of Transformer
a. Conservator tank
b. Bushing
c. Radiator
d. Buchholz relay
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer
 Circuit Breaker
a. Vaccum circuit breaker
b. Oil circuit breaker
 Capacitor Bank
 Protective Rely
 Control And Relay panel
 Line Isolator
 Lightening Arresters
 UPCL(UTTRAKHAND POWER COORPORATION LIMITED)

Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), a Government of Uttarakhand

Undertaking is a sole electricity distribution licensee of the state. Today, UPCL is
supplying electricity to its 2.6 million consumers across the State . The turnover of
the Company during Financial Year 2020-21 was Rs. 6941 Cr.

Mission
 Provide POWER TO ALL by implementing state-of-art enabled distribution network.
 Be a part of socio-economic development of state by enlightening lives and
empowering progress.
 Earn Consumer’s Delight through excellence in delivering services at par with
consumer expectations.
 Maximize sustainable value to all stakeholders through IT enabled solutions and
smart technology.
 Help Creating conducive environment for attracting investment.
 Enable and take care of employees for unleashing their full potential, teamwork,
collaboration, collective wisdom and productivity.

Core Values
 Safety
 Consumer’s delight & Care
 Ethics
 Integrity
 Responsibility
 Accountability
 Agility

SUBSTATION
A substation is a part of electricity generation , transmission and distribution system where
voltage is transformed from high voltage to low voltage and vice-versa using transformer.

ABOUT 66/33/11 KV SUBSTATION KOTHIYALSAIN

The supply of 66 kV to the substation comes from Srinagar also goes to
Joshimath and we receive 33kv line from Birahi Ganga hydro power plant,
whose generation capacity is 7.2mw.

Substation feed nine feeders –Bacher , Mandal, gopinath,collectrate, Lassi ,

Chamoli, Nizmulla ,Bamiyala and Piplekoti.

TRANSFORMER USED IN SUBSTATION

1. One,66/33 kv transformer

2. Three ,33/11 kv transformer.

3. Current trasformer

4. Potential transformer
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
  A single line diagram is method of simplified representation of a three
phase power system.

 Three phases are denoted by a single conductor i.e., Power system is

assumed in a balanced steady state.

 The one-line diagram has its largest application in power flow studies.
Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors,
bus bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic
symbols. Instead of representing each of three phases with a separate
line or terminal, only one conductor is represented.

BUSBAR
In electric power distribution, a busbar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip or bar,
typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for
local high current power distribution. They are also used to connect high
voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in
battery banks. They are generally un-insulated, and have sufficient stiffness to
be supported in air by insulated pillars. These features allow sufficient cooling
of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at various points without creating a
new joint.

Content & types of busbar systems

Incoming cable attached to busbar via clamps without drilling the busbar

A busbar system usually contains couple of busbar holders, busbars, Adapters

to mount devices, clamps either with protective covering or without covering
to powerup or distribute the current from the busbar system & busbar
mountable electrical devices.

Electrical busbar systems can be differentiated by the distance between center

of each busbar and vary according to maximum current carrying capacity of the
system which depends on IEC standards. commonly known busbar system
types.

 40 mm Busbar System (Current carrying capacity up to 300–400 Amps)

 60 mm Busbar System (Current carrying capacity up to 800–2500 Amps)
 100 mm Busbar System (Current carrying capacity up to 1250 Amps)
 185 mm Busbar System (Current carrying capacity up to 2500 Amps)

110 kV busbars in electrical substations

flexible busbar

rigid busbar
TRANSFORMER
 Transformer is an electrical device which transfer electrical energy from
Source to load by changing voltage and current level without any change
In frequency . It does this by electromagnetic law of induction .

 The core of a transformer is made up of silicon steel. This iron core has
the ability to carry magnetic flux. The property of carrying flux is called
permeability of that magnetic material.

Transformer Construction (single-phase)

 Where:
 VP – is the Primary Voltage
 VS – is the Secondary Voltage
 NP – is the Number of Primary Windings
 NS – is the Number of Secondary Windings
 Φ (phi) – is the Flux Linkage

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
 To step-down the voltage and transfer power from one a.c. voltage to
another a.c. voltage at same frequency.

 A distribution transformer or service transformer is a transformer that

provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power
distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution
lines to the level used by the customer. The invention of a practical
efficient transformer made AC power distribution feasible; a system
using distribution transformers was demonstrated as early as 1882.

 A distribution transformer is the type of transformer that performs the

last voltage transformation in a distribution grid. It converts the voltage
used in the transmission lines to one suitable for household and
commercial use, typically down to 240 volts.
PARTS OF TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER CORE- The core of transformer is laminated in order to reduce
eddy current and hysteresis loss .It is made of silicon steel or CRGO steel. The
core steel which has undergone through both the silicon alloying and cold
rolling treatments is commonly known as CRGOS or Cold Rolled Grain Oriented
Silicon Steel. This material is now universally used for manufacturing
transformer core.

The transformer core are mainly two type core type transformer and shell type
transformer.

Bushing-In electric power, a bushing is a hollow electrical insulator that allows

an electrical conductor to pass safely through a conducting barrier such as the
case of a transformer or circuit breaker without making electrical contact with
it. Bushings are typically made from porcelain; though other insulating
materials are also used.

Conservator Tank of a Transformer

This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the

transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of transformer
is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the transformer.
Function of Conservator Tank of a Transformer

When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume
of oil inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer provides
adequate space to this expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for
transformer insulating oil.

RADIATOR:
The radiator of transformer accelerates the cooling rate of transformer. Thus,
it plays a vital role in increasing loading capacity of an electrical transformer.
This is basic function of radiator of a power transformer.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY:
A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on (some) oil-filled power
transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir
called a “conservator”. Buchholz relays are used as a protective device, as they
are sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure that can occur inside the
equipment they protect. Buchholz relays are a type of gas detection relay.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
current transformer is a device which is used
for the transformation of current at a higher
value to a lower value with respect to the
earth potential. It is used with the AC
instruments for measuring the high value of
current.

They generally used to step down current in

a very predictable fashion with respect to
current and phase it is step up transformer.

The current or series transformer has a

primary coil of one or more turn of thick wire
connected in a series with the line whose
current is to be measured.

The secondary consist of the large number of

turns of fine wire and it is connected across
the ammeter terminal.

POTENTIAL TRANSFOMER
The potential transformer may be defined as
the instrument transformer used for the
transformation of high voltage into low
voltage.

This transformer step down the voltage to a

safe limit value which can easily be
measured by the ordinary low voltage
instrument like a voltmeter.
Comparison Chart

Basis for
Current Transformer Potential Transformer
Comparison

Definition Transform the current Transform the voltage

from high value to the low from high value to the low
value. value.

Circuit Symbol

Core Usually built up with It is made up of with high

lamination of silicon steel. quality steel operating at
low flux densities

Primary Winding It carries the current which It carries the voltage

is to be measured which is to be measured.

Secondary It is connected to the It is connected to the

Winding current winding of the meter or instrument.
instrument.

Connection Connected in series with Connected in parallel with

the instrument the instrument.

Primary Circuit Has a small number of Has a large number of

turns turns

Secondary Circuit Has a large number of Has a small number of

turns and cannot be open turns and can be open
circuit. circuit.

Range 5A or 1A 110v
Basis for
Current Transformer Potential Transformer
Comparison

Transformation High Low

Ratio

Burden Does not depends on Depends on the secondary

secondary burden burden

Input Constant current Constant Voltage

Full line current The primary winding The primary winding

consists the full line consists the full line
current. voltage.

Types Two types ( Wound and Two types

Closed Core ) (Electromagnetic and
Capacitor voltage)

Impedance Low High

Applications Measuring current and

power, monitoring the
power grid operation, for
operating protective relay,

CIRCUIT BREAKER:
A circuit breaker is an electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damaged cause by over current or short circuit .Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow after protective relay detect a fault.

VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

 A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc
quenching takes place in vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly
medium voltage application. For higher voltage vacuum technology has
been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening and
closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take
place in a vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum
interrupter.

The vacuum interrupter consists of a steel arc chamber in the centre

symmetrically arranged ceramic insulators. The vacuum pressure inside a
vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at 10– 6 bar.

Advantages of Vacuum Circuit Breaker or VCB

Service life of vacuum circuit breaker is much longer than other types of circuit
breakers. There is no chance of fire hazard like oil circuit breaker. It is much
environment friendly than SF6 Circuit breaker. Beside that contraction of VCB is
user-friendly. Replacement of vacuum interrupter (VI) is much convenient.

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

Oil circuit breaker –it is a type of a circuit breaker in that uses insulating oil
as a dielectric medium to quench the arc and break the circuit safely .

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

An SF6 circuit breaker is a type of circuit breaker in which Sulphur hexafluoride
gas or SF6 gas is used as the arc quenching medium, known as an SF6 circuit
breaker.
SF6 gas has excellent insulating property and it has a high electronegativity.
Due to high electronegativity, it has a high affinity for absorbing free electrons.

Due to its low gaseous viscosity, SF6 gas can efficiently transfer heat by
convection. So due to high dielectric strength and high cooling effect, SF6 gas is
approximately 100 times more effective arc quenching media than air.

Due to these unique properties of this gas, SF6 circuit breaker is used in a
complete range of medium voltage and high voltage electrical power system.
These circuit breakers are available for the voltage ranges from 33KV.

Air Circuit Breaker

An Air Circuit Breaker (also known as an Air Blast Circuit Breaker or ACB) is an
automatically operated electrical switch that uses air to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short
circuit. Its primary function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected.
When this happens, an arc will appear between the contacts that have broken
the circuit. Air circuit breakers use compressed air to blow out the arc, or
alternatively, the contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the
escaping of the displaced air, thus blowing out the arc.
This type of circuit breaker operates in air at atmospheric pressure. After the
development of the oil circuit breaker, the medium voltage air circuit breaker
has been largely replaced by oil circuit breakers worldwide.
CAPACITOR BANK
 Capacitor bank is when a
combination of several capacitors
are connected in series or in
parallel connection with the same
rating then it is called capacitor
bank.
 In a substation it is used to enhance
the power factor and reactive
power compensation.
 Capacitor banks are used to
improve the quality of the electrical
supply and the efficient operation
of the power system.
Terminal and bushings

For connecting incoming and outgoing cables, terminals are present in

transformers. They are mounted upon the bushings and is connected to the
ends of the windings.

Bushings are insulators that forms a barrier between the terminals and the
tank. They are mounted over the transformer tanks. They serve as a safe
passage for the conductors connecting terminals to the windings. They are
made from porcelain or epoxy resins.
Transformer oil

In all oil-immersed transformers, transformer oil provides added insulation

between the conducting parts, better heat dissipation, and fault detection
features. Hydro-carbon mineral oil is used as transformer oil. It is composed of
aromatics, paraffin, naphthene, and olefins. Transformer oil has a flashpoint of
310 degrees Celsius, relative permeability of 2.7, and a density of 0.96 kg/cm3.
Oil Conservators

The oil conservator is moved on the top of the transformers and is located well
above the tank and bushings. Normally a rubber bladder is present in some oil
conservators. The transformer oil expands and contracts with an increase and
decrease in temperature. The oil conservator provides adequate space for oil
expansion. It is connected to the main tank through a pipe. A level indicator is
fitted to the conservator to indicate the oil level inside.

Breather

Breather is present in all oil-immersed transformers that have a conservator

tank. It is necessary to keep the oil-free from moisture. As the temperature
variations cause the transformer oil to expand and contact, air flows in and out
of the conservator tank. This air should be free from moisture. Breather serves
this purpose. A breather is attached to the end of the air pipe such that the air
enters and exits the conservator through it. The silica gel present in the
breathers removes moisture from the air and delivers moisture-free air to the
conservator.
Radiators and fans

The power lost in the transformer is dissipated in the form of heat. Dry
transformers are mostly natural air-cooled. But when it comes to oil-immersed
transformers, a variety of cooling methods are followed. Depending on the
kVA rating, power losses, and level of cooling requirements, radiators and
cooling fans are mounted on the transformer tank.

The heat generated in the core and winding is passed to the surrounding
transformer oil. This heat is dissipated at the radiator. In larger transformer
forced cooling is achieved with the help of cooling fans fitted to the radiators.
Explosion vent

An explosion vent acts as an emergency exit for oil and air gases inside a
transformer. It is a metallic pipe with a diaphragm at one end, held slightly
above the conservator tank. Faults occurring under oil elevates the pressure
inside the tank to dangerous levels. Under such circumstances, the diaphragm
ruptures at a relatively low pressure to release the forces from within the
transformer to the atmosphere.

Tap changers

Tap changers are used to adjust the

secondary voltage of transformers.
They are designed to change the turns
ratio of the transformer as required.
There are two types of tap changers:
On-load tap changers and Off-load tap
changers.

Off-load tap changers are designed to

operate only when the transformer is
not supplying any loads whereas on-
load tap changers are capable of
operating without interrupting the
current flow to the load. Automatic tap
changers are also available.
Buchholz relay

Buchholz relay is one of the most important parts of oil-immersed

transformers rated over 500kVA. It is an oil and gas actuated relay that is used
to sense faults occurring in the parts immersed in the oil.

Short circuits occurring under the transformer oil generate enough heat to
decompose the oil into hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane etc. These gases
gradually move towards the conservator tank through the connecting pipe.
Buchholz relay, which is mounted on the pipe connecting the conservator tank
and the main tank, senses these gases and activates the trip and alarm circuits.
The trip circuit opens the circuit breaker supplying current to the primary
winding and interrupts the current flow.

PROTECTIVE RELAY:

A protective relay is a switchgear device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest
of the system.
They are compact and self-
contained devices which can
detect abnormal conditions.
Protective relays detect the
abnormal conditions in the
electrical circuits by constantly
measuring the electrical quantities
which are different under normal
and fault conditions.

The electrical quantities which

may change under fault conditions
are voltage, current, frequency,
and phase angle. Through the
changes in one or more of these
quantities, the faults signal their
presence, type, and location to the
protective relays.

Functions of Protective Relays

The various functions of protective relaying are to:
The prompt removal of the component which is behaving abnormally by
closing the trip circuit of the circuit breaker or to sound an alarm.
Disconnect the abnormally operating part so as to avoid the damage or
interference within the effective operation of the rest of the system.
Prevent the subsequent faults by disconnecting the abnormally operating
part.
Disconnect the faulty part as quickly as possible so as to minimize the
damage to the faulty part itself. For example, if there is a winding fault in a
machine and if it persists for a long time then there is a possibility of the
damage of the entire winding. As against this, if it is disconnected quickly
then only a few coils may get damaged instead of the entire winding.
Restrict the spreading of the effect of the fault causing the least
interference to the rest of the healthy system. Thus by disconnecting the
faulty part, the fault effects get localized.
To improve system performance, system reliability, system stability, and
service continuity.
The faults cannot be completely avoided but can be minimized.
Thus the protective relaying plays an important role in sensing the faults,
minimizing the effects of faults and minimizing the damage due to the
faults.
OVERCURRENT RELAY:
Overcurrent protection is the method of implementing hardware and other
electrical components to limit or disable current flow. Fuses, circuit breakers,
or fusible links are the most commonly used methods to provide overcurrent
protection to a circuit or the internal wiring of a piece of equipment.

Breakers, fuses, and fusible links generally function as conductors and add a
negligible amount of resistance to the total circuit. As a result, they almost
always connect in series with the circuit they are protecting.

When overcurrent events occur, circuit breakers trip while fuses and fusible
links blow. These devices do not correct the overcurrent problem; they simply
stop the flow of electricity to protect the circuit.

For example, let’s say a breaker in your home is rated for 15 Amps. The
breaker will trip if you connect a microwave, hairdryer, and window AC unit
needing a combined current draw of 20 Amps. When they all run
simultaneously, the circuit has a current load of 20 amps, resulting in an
overload of 5 Amps.

In this case, the circuit breaker will continue to trip until you remove one of the
devices from the circuit or simply ensure they aren’t creating an overload by
running simultaneously
 CONTROL AND RELAY
PANEL
 Control and relay panel is
designed to control several
feeders through medium
voltage indoor and outdoor
switchgear in a primary
distribution substation.
 The control panel is a vital
part that supervises , protect
and controls the transmission
of electric power .

METERING AND INDICATING

INSTRUMENTS IN
SUBSTATION

 Ammeters
 Voltmeters
 Wattmeter

INSULATORS

Insulators used in transmission lines in order to avoid current leakage to the

earth, through the supporting structure provide to the conductor of overhead
insulators are used. Electrical Isolator is used to separate any type of
electrical component from the system while the system is offline/ online.
Isolator doesn’t include any kind of system for avoiding arching
throughout disconnection. As in an electrical substation, an electrical
isolator switch is mainly used for disconnecting a power transformer
once it is in a no-load situation otherwise a little load is there. In full load
condition, isolators don’t operate.
Types of insulators used in

Overhead line:
 Pin insulator
 Suspension insulator
 Strain insulator
 Stay insulator
 Shackle insulator

Pin insulator-
Pin type insulators or pin insulators are popularly used in electric distribution
systems up to 33 kV voltage level. They are secured on the cross arms of the
pole to carry power lines. There is a groove on the upper end of a pin insulator
for housing the conductor. Conductor wire is passed through this groove and
secured by binding with the same wire as of conductor. A pin insulator is
usually made from porcelain, but glass or plastic may also be used in some
cases.
Suspension insulators
pin insulators become too bulky an
uneconomical beyond 33 kV. So, for
voltages higher than 33 kV, suspension
insulators are used. A suspension
insulator consists of a number of
porcelain discs connected to each
other with metal links in the form of a
string. Line conductor is suspended at
the bottom end of the suspension
string which is secured to cross-arm of
the tower. Each disc in a suspension
insulator string is designed for a low
voltage, say 11 kV. The number of discs in a string depends on the working
voltage. Suspension insulators are preferred for transmission lines.

Strain insulators

At a dead end of a transmission line or at

a corner or sharp curve, the transmission
line is subjected to a great tensile load.
In order to sustain this great tension,
strain insulators are used at dead ends
or sharp corners. For high voltage
transmission lines, stain insulator
consists of an assembly of suspension
insulators. In this case, the suspension
string is arranged horizontally and the
insulator discs are in vertical plane. Two
or more suspension strings can be
assembled in parallel to sustain greater
tensions.

Shackle insulators
Shackle insulators are used in low voltage distribution lines as strain insulators.
A shackle insulator can be used vertically as well as horizontally and it can be
directly fixed to a pole with a bolt or to the cross arm. However, the use of
such insulators is decreasing after increasing the use of underground cables for
distribution purpose.

Some additional types of insulators are: post insulators, glass insulators,

polymer insulators, long-rod insulators, stay insulators etc.

ISOLATOR
An isolator is a mechanical switch
that is used to electrically isolate the
electrical circuit from current passing
through them. Isolator are used to
locally power on and power off
machinery when needed for
operation , fault analysis or
maintenance work . Isolators should
be not operated when a machine or a
system is running and current is
flowing through components , they
are used when no load is on .

LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
A lighning arrester is a protection
equipment that protect electrical
equipment from high voltage surges
caused by lightning strikes.

It consist of a spark gap and a series

resistor . One end of the arrester is
connected to the equipment (or the
overhead transmission line ) while
the other end is connected to
ground through the resistor .
Reference
1. https://www.electricalclassroom.com/parts-of-a-transformer/
2. https://circuitglobe.com/electrical-bus-bar-and-its-types.html
3. www.elprocus.com
4. https://studyelectrical.com/2014/11/vacuum-circuit-breaker-vcb-
working-construction.html
5. https://www.electricalpaathshala.com/2020/07/vacuum-circuit-breaker-
and-its-working/
6. https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/06/instrument-transformers-ct-
and-pt.html?m=1