Plate tectonics: The main features are: 1.

The Earth's surface is made up of a series of large plates (like pieces of a

giant jigsaw puzzle). 2. These plates are in constant motion travelling at a few centimetres per year. 3. The ocean
floors are continually moving, spreading from the centre and sinking at the edges. 4. Convection currents beneath the
plates move the plates in different directions. The source of heat driving the convection currents is radioactive decay
which is happening deep in the Earth.

Convection Currents • Very slow convection currents flow in this plastic layer, and these currents provide horizontal
forces on the plates of the lithosphere much as convection in a pan of boiling water causes a piece of cork on the
surface of the water to be pushed sideways
26. • Plate tectonic theory • The theory of plate tectonics has done for geology what Charles Darwin's theory of
evolution did for biology. It provides geology with a comprehensive theory that explains "how the Earth works." The
theory was formulated in the 1960s and 1970s as new information was obtained about the nature of the ocean floor,
the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes, the flow of heat from Earth's interior, and the worldwide distribution of
plant and animal fossils. • The whole mechanism of the evolution, nature and motion of plates and resultant reactions
is called “plate tectonics”. • In other words, the whole process of plate motions is referred to as plate tectonics.
“Moving over the weak asthenosphere, individual lithospheric plates glide slowly over the surface of the globe; much
as a pack of ice of the Arctic Ocean drifts under the dragging force of currents and winds”- A.N. Strahler and A.H.
Strahler, 1978.

It may be mentioned that the term plate was first used by Canadian geophysicist J.T.Wilson in 1965. He postulated a
‘paving stone’ hypothesis wherein the oceanic crust was considered to be newly formed at mid-oceanic ridges and
destroyed at the trenches. It may be highlighted that the plate margins are most important because all tectonic
activities occur along the plate margins e.g. seismic events, vulcanicity, mountain building, faulting etc. 1.
Constructive Plate Margins: These are also called as “divergent plate margins” or accreting plate margins. These
represent zones of divergence where there is continuous upwelling of molten material (lava) and thus new oceanic
crust is continuously formed. In fact, oceanic plates split apart along the mid-oceanic ridges and move in opposite
directions. 2. Destructive Plate Margins: These are also called “ convergent plate margins” or “ consuming plate
margins” because two plates move towards each other or two plate converge along a line and leading edge of one
plate overrides the other plate and the overridden plate is subducted or thrust into the mantle and thus part of the
crust (plate ) is lost in the mantle. 3. Conservative Plate Margins: These are also called as shear plate margins. Here,
two plates pass or slide past one another along transform faults and the thrust crust is neither created nor destroyed.
Plate Boundaries
Tanong: "Ano ang Confucianismo?"

Sagot: Ang Confucianismo bilang isang relihiyon ng positibo at makataong pananaw ay may napakahalagang papel
na ginagampanan sa buhay, istrukturang sosyal, at pampulitikang pilosopiya ng Tsina. Ang relihiyon ay nagsimula sa
pamamagitan ng isang tao na nagngangalang Confucius na ipinanganak 500 taon bago ipinanganak si Kristo. Ang
relihiyong ito ay nagsusulong ng moralidad at maayos na pamumuhay at sa tuwina ay higit na kinikilala bilang isang
etikal na sistema sa halip na isang relihiyon. Binibigyang diin nito ang mga panlupa sa halip na ang mga makalangit
na bagay. Ang doktrina ng Confucianismo ay nakasentro sa mga sumusunod na paniniwala at gawain:

1. Pagsamba sa mga ninuno – ang pagsamba sa mga namatay na ninuno at paniniwala na ang espiritu ng mga
namatay ay may kakayahang impluwensyahan ang kapalaran ng mga nabubuhay.

2. Paggalang sa mga magulang – Ang debosyon, pagsunod at pagbibigay galang ng mga nakababatang miyembro
ng pamilya sa mga nakatatanda.

Ang mga sumusunod ang mga pangunahing prinsipyo ng Confucianismo:

1. Jen – ang ginintuang utos

2. Chun-tai – ang pagiging maginoo
3. Cheng-ming – ang tamang pagganap sa papel sa sosyedad
4. Te – ang kapangyarihan ng kabutihan
5. Li – ang ideyal na pamantayan ng paguugali
6. Wen – ang mga mapayapang sining (musika, tula, atbp.)

Tanong: "Ano ang Taoismo / Daoismo?"

Sagot: Ang Taoismo (o Daoismo) ay isang relihiyon na ang karamihan ng tagasunod ay matatagpuan sa mga bansa
sa malayong Silangan tulad ng China, Malaysia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam at Singapore. Sa kasalukuyan, tinatayang
may ilang daang milyong katao ang nagsasanay ng ilang anyo ng Taoismo, at ang 20 hanggang 30 milyon ng mga
ito ay nasa mainland China. Ito ay kahanga hanga dahil ang mainland China ay isang komunistang bansa at
ipinagbabawal doon ang anumang uri ng relihiyon. Nagsimula ang Taoismo noong ikatlo at ikaapat na siglo. Gaya ng
ibang relihiyon, may sariling Kasulatan ang Taoismo at ang pinakapangunahin ay simpleng kilala sa tawag na “Tao.”
Ang ibang mga teksto kasama ang buong Kasulatan ng Canon ng Taoismo ay kilala sa tawag na Daozang. Ang
salitang “Tao” ay nagmula sa isang karakter sa alpabetong Tsino sa parehong pangalan. Ang salita ay
nangangahulugan na “daan” o “lagusan.”