23/3/2016

Lecture 4 – Service Integration
AD01CTS ‐
ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION 
TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 

Alfrendo Satyanaga

WHICH BUILDING 
DO YOU PREFER 
TO ENTER ? HOW DO I 
WANT TO 
REACH TO THE 
TOP ?

1

Classification on Buildings
• Group A – Residential building
• Group B – Education building
• Group C – Institutional building
• Group D – Assembly building
• Group E – Business building
• Group F ‐ Industrial building
• Group G – Storage building
• Group H – Hazardous building
23/3/2016
WHY THIS BUILDING 
SO WELL KNOWN ?
Classification on Buildings
Group A – Residential Buildings:
•Sleeping accommodation is provided
•Permanently or temporarily dwelling
•With or without dining or facilities
•Example: apartments, bungalows,
dormitories, private houses, hotels,
hostels, cottages, holiday campus
Group B – Educational Buildings :
•Buildings meant for education
•Nursery to the university
•Example: schools, colleges,
universities, training institutes
2
 23/3/2016

Classification on Buildings Classification on Buildings

Group C –Institutional Buildings : Group E –Business Buildings :

•Any building used for the purposes such •Building which is used for purposes
as medical, care of infants or aged such as transaction of business,
persons, detention keeping of accounts and records,
•Normally provide sleeping dispensaries and clinics, news stands,
accommodation for the occupants. barber shops, banks, city halls

Group D –Assembly Buildings :

Group F – Industrial Buildings :
•Building where groups of people
•Building or structure in which
assemble or gather for amusement,
products are fabricated, assembled
recreation, social, religious
or processed.
•Example: theatres, auditorium,
•Example: laboratories, assembly
exhibition halls, museums, gymnasiums,
plants, laundries, gas plants, power
restaurants, places of worship, public
plants, refineries, diaries
transportation

Classification on Buildings Building Services
Group G – Storage Buildings :
•Building structures which are • Basically “BUILDING SERVICES” is what make the
primarily used for storage of goods, building comes to life i.e. what makes the building
merchandise, vehicles or animals. work.
•Example: warehouses, depots, store
houses, truck terminals, garages • Building should be designed in such a way to
Group H – Hazardous Buildings : provide an environment where people can feel
•Building structures which are used comfortable, safe, work and liveable.
for the storage, manufacture of • Building services contribute largely to the
materials which are liable to burn and
hazardous to health and building. sustainability & functioning of the building.
•Buildings used for storage of gases
under high pressure or for storage of
highly flammable liquids or explosive
materials.

3
 23/3/2016

How is Building Services related to 
Building Services
Building Works
• Building services is based on engineering principles  • Many services works are required to run within the 
that are applied to construction of building and the  building, the layout of which needs to be carefully 
built environment. coordinated with other building works.
• Construction is a process that consists of the  e.g.
building or assembling of infrastructure. ‐ openings on walls and floors
• Built Environment refers to the human‐made  ‐ loading concern as for machine stand
surroundings that provide the setting for human  ‐ installation concern as for fixing or hanger 
activity. arrangement

How is Building Services related to  How is Building Services related to 
Building Works Building Works
• A large number of building services are required to  • Plant and equipment for many building services are 
fit‐out carefully with the building finishes works heavy and huge in size that need special 
e.g. accommodation and handling during  the 
‐ Sanitary fittings construction process
‐ switch and panels on finished walls e.g.
‐ interior decoration related works ‐ Machinery: chiller plant, air handling units, 
transformer, generator, lift machine, pumps
‐ Pipe : for water supply, gas, drain, chill water, fire 
services
‐ Duct : ventilation and air distribution system

4
 23/3/2016

How is Building Services related to  How is Building Services related to 
Building Works Building Works
• Many services are placed in inconvenient locations  • Some of the building service works affect the 
where access and installation are very difficult critical path of a building programme
e.g. e.g.
‐ On roof – chiller plant ‐ Lift Services – required the handling over of the 
‐ In mechanical floor or machine room – lift shaft and machine room for lift installation
transformer, pumps and air handling units, air  ‐ Electrical – require to complete before the safe 
filters, water storage tanks operation of the essential lighting, lift and fire 
‐ Within ceiling void – cable, pipe, duct, a/c units,  services system
lighting and detectors

How is Building Services related to 
Components of Built Environment
Building Works
• Some of the building service works are thus 
required to complete for operation and inspection  • PRODUCTS • CITIES
before the issuance of an Building Occupation 
Permit • INTERIORS • REGIONS
e.g.
• STRUCTURES • EARTH
‐ HVAC – form part of the essential building services 
for habitation and is also a major concern of the fire  • LANDSCAPES
Services system
‐ Plumbing & Drainage – required for the safe and 
convenient habitation of a building

5
 23/3/2016

Products Interiors

• A space defined by an arranged grouping 
• Materials and products,  generally created  of products and within the walls of a 
to  extend human capacity to perform  structure,  generally created to enhance 
specific task: tools (pen and pencils,   activities and mediate external factors 
hammer and saw) (living room,  work rooms,  public assembly 
halls and stadiums)

Structures Landscapes

• A planned grouping of spaces defined by and  • Exterior spaces and or setting for planned 
constructed of products, generally combining  grouping of structures and spaces (courtyard,  
related activities into composite structures  malls,  parks,  landscapes,  sites for home and 
(housing,  school,  office building,  mosque,  other structures,  farm,  countryside,  national 
factories,  highways,  bridges,  tunnels,  etc.)   forest)
Generally,  structures have dual internal spaces 
and external form characteristics.

6
 23/3/2016

Cities Regions

• Grouping of structures or landscape of varying 
sizes and complexities,  generally clustered  • Grouping of cities and 
together to define a community for economic,   landscapes of various sizes 
social ,  cultural and environmental reasons  and complexities.
(Subdivisions,  neighborhood,  villages or town  • It is defined by common 
and cities of varying sizes) political,  social,  economic 
and environmental 
characteristic

Earth Building Services

• All of the above, are the • Building Services are divided between design and 

components of the built installation.
environment. • Nowadays, Building Services also related closely 
to sustainability and green technology.

7
 23/3/2016

Sustainable Building Building Services

• Energy supply – gas and electricity

• Water supply – supply, drainage and plumbing
• Heating and ventilating
• Lighting ‐ Day lighting and artificial lighting
• Escalators and lifts
• Harnessing solar, wind and biomass energy
• Communications, telephones and IT networks
• Security and alarm systems
• Fire detection and protection
• Air conditioning and refrigeration

Building Services Mechanical Systems

HVAC Systems:
Building services are mainly divided into:
stands for “heating, ventilating and air‐conditioning”
and includes a variety of active mechanical/electrical
• Mechanical Systems
systems to provide thermal control in buildings
• Electrical Systems Control of the thermal environment is a key objective
for virtually all occupied buildings. Better thermal
• Building Operation System. comfort will influence occupant health, satisfaction
and productivity.

8
 23/3/2016

HVAC Systems HVAC Systems

• Energy source–Electrical power, gas, oil, coal, central 
steam, hot water, chilled water (location and capacity) • Ventilation–Outside air requirements (minimum, high, 
or 100%)
• Heating/cooling–Central air handling, direct radiation, 
in‐space unitary equipment. • Exhaust ‐General, food preparation, toxic and special 
exhaust systems, etc.
• Comfort controls–Number of control zones, humidity, 
temperature • Automation –Building automation system (BAS), 
building management system (BMS)
• Central plant–Estimated normal (or base) and standby 
capacities
• Heat rejection ‐Water cooling tower, air cooled 
condenser, evaporative cooler
• Location of equipment–Central equipment rooms, on 
floor, on roof, on ground

Mechanical Systems Mechanical Systems

Plumbing and sanitation  Plumbing and sanitation system: 
system:  • Sewage disposal –Sanitary, sewers, sewage 
• Energy source–Electrical  treatment plant, septic tanks, drainage and 
power, gas, oil, central steam,  filtering fields
hot water, etc. • Storm/Rain water drainage–Roof, area, and means 
• Water supply–Public water,  of discharge; locations
river, well, etc.; water  • Subsoil drainage–Drainpipes, sumps, pumps, and 
pressure, capacity available,  discharge, etc.
and location • Building facilities–Plumbing fixtures, water, waste, 
• Hot water supply–Hot water  soil, piping
heaters or heat exchangers

9
 23/3/2016

Mechanical Systems Mechanical Systems

Fire Protection Systems: 
Gas Supply: 
• Energy source–Electrical power, gas, oil
cooking gas, commercial gas,  • Water supply–Flow rate and available pressure at water 
main, location. Separate service or combination with 
oxygen & nitrogen gas in 
plumbing water supply
hospitals Piping, Pressure  • Water storage–Lake, pond, storage tanks (locations and 
capacities)
Regulation & Supply of gas from 
• Fire and smoke detection – Thermal and smoke 
its container to required area. detectors
• Fire containment – Fire shutters, compartmentalization

Mechanical Systems Electrical Systems

Fire Protection Systems:  Electrical power: 
• Smoke containment and evacuation – Smoke exhaust  • Normal energy source–Utility power or on‐site power 
and pressure controls (location and capacity); power characteristics (phase 
• Stairway smoke prevention – Stair pressurization and voltage); service entrance (overhead, 
• Fire annunciation–Fire alarm, public address, fire  underground); service requirements (substations, 
department connections transformer vaults); etc.
• Fire extinguishing–Portable extinguishers, automatic  • Emergency power source –Separate utility service or 
sprinklers (water, mist, dry chemical, foam, special  on‐site standby generators (location and capacity)
gases) • Interior power distribution –Primary or secondary 
• Fire fighting–Fire hose and standpipe systems voltages, unit substations, distribution panels, etc.
• Lightning protection–Air terminals, grounding  • On‐floor distribution–Floor boxes, under‐floor ducts, 
conductors integrated cellular floors, raised floors, ceiling‐cavity 
conduit network, etc.

10
 23/3/2016

Electrical Systems Electrical Systems

Electrical power:  Lightning systems: 
• Emergency power distribution –For critical equipment  • Basic light source–Incandescent, fluorescent, high 
and emergency lighting loads intensity discharge (HID),
• Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) –For critical  • Illumination –Lighting levels, colour rendering, controls
building operations such as computers and  • Lighting fixtures –In offices and other work spaces
communication networks; power storage • Architectural lighting–Interface between architect, 
• Power for building systems –plumbing, sanitary, fire  lighting and/or electrical consultant on public or special 
protection spaces
• Power for building operational equipment –Food  • Introduction of daylight –Fenestration, skylights, 
service, waste disposal, laundry, garage controls 
• Power for vertical transportation systems –Interface  • Exit lighting –Exit signs, evacuation route light
with elevator consultant on power and controls for  • Exterior lighting –Site, landscape, building facade, 
elevators and escalators aircraft warning lights

Electrical Systems Electrical Systems

Auxiliary systems:  Auxiliary systems: 
• Telephone and telecommunication–Type, number of  • Time and signal –Clock and program systems
lines and stations, switchboard (manual, PBX), basic  • Fire detection and alarm systems –Interface with fire 
and special features, facsimile, modem, etc. protection consultants
• Data distribution systems–Multiple conductor cables,  • Automatic controls –Interface with HVAC and other 
twisted pairs, coaxial cables, Fibre optic cables, wire  building service consultants
closets, etc. • Security systems –CCTV monitoring, detecting, 
• Public address –Intercom, paging and music systems alarming, controlling, and interface with security 
• Audio/video –Radio, TV, and signal distribution systems consultant
• Satellite dishes –Number, diameter, and orientation • Specialty systems –Numerous specialty systems for 
• Transmission –Transmitter and microwave towers hospitals, research, computer centres, and industrial, 
• Cable –CCTV distribution systems, locations, and  military, or defence facilities, as applicable
interfacing with other auxiliary systems

11
 23/3/2016

Building Operation Systems Impact Mechanical & Electrical Systems

Auxiliary systems:  • Demand considerable amounts of floor and ceiling 
• Transportation–Elevators, escalators, moving  space –proper space allocation is needed during the 
preliminary planning
walkways/travelators, etc. • Add to the cost of construction of a building –
• Processing–Products, food service, etc. sophisticated buildings, such as research buildings, 
hospitals, computer centres
• Automation–Environmental controls, management, etc. • Increase in energy consumption –energy consumed by 
• Special systems occupied buildings, including residential, commercial, 
institutional and industrial facilities, account for 50% of 
all energy usage by an industrialised country; it also 
accounts for large portion of the operating costs of 
such buildings 

Mechanical & Electrical Systems Importance of Building Services

The complexity of M&E systems varies with: • Building services are indispensable for buildings

• Living standards of the society  department store or industrial buildings are
• Climatic conditions of the region
• Occupancy and quality of the building
• For example: certain types of building such as
almost 100% dependent on electrical lighting,
ventilating and air‐conditioning
• High rise buildings rely on vertical
transportation and high speed pressure for
water supply.
• The implementation of services demands a
considerable amount of floor and ceiling so
proper planning is necessary for their allocation

12
 23/3/2016

Building Services System Moisture

Elements that influence the design of  • The humidity content of water vapor in 
building services system : the air can be expressed as absolute 
1) Moisture humidity, humidity ratio (relative) or 
2) Heat water vapor pressure deficit.
3) Ventilation / Air • The effect of high air humidity is dew and 
4) Lighting fog.
5) Acoustic

Moisture Heat
The relation 
with building ?
• In physics and chemistry, heat 
is energy in transfer between 
a system and its surroundings 
corrosion other than by work or transfer 
of matter
moldy • On that matter, a building at 
shelter should consider a 
thermal comfort for human.

rotten

13
 23/3/2016

Heat Heat

• Maintaining this standard of thermal  Generally, there are FOUR heat transfer 
comfort for occupants of buildings or other 
enclosures is one of the important goals of  sources within any building, they are: 
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air  1. Fabric: Heat losses
conditioning) design engineers.
• Heat from building can gain from external  2. Ventilation: Heat loss 
and internal 3. Solar: Heat gains 
4. Internal: Heat gains

Heat Heat

• Solar heat gain through windows and/or 
walls provides a valuable contribution of 
space heating.
• The solar heat gain through a glazed area is 
calculated by: 

Q Solar = Area of window x solar

intensity x Transmissivity.

14
 23/3/2016

Heat Ventilation

• Casual heat gains inside a building provide  • Process to maintain the level of comfort for 
a valuable source of heat contribution to  temperature, humidity and oxygen in a 
space heating. space with the fresh air flowing from one 
• Sources include :  space to another space to replace the dirty 
 occupants  air.
 lights  • Required air quantity are different 
 equipments depending on the nature of buildings and 
activities.

Ventilation Ventilation

Control Carbon Dioxide

Keep fresh air for Oxygen content is enough
respiratory system

Control the moisture level Lowering the heat level Remove dust and odors

15
 23/3/2016

Ventilation Ventilation

• Mechanical ventilation systems are 
frequently applied to commercial buildings, 
workshops, factories, etc., where the air 
Natural  change requirements are defined for health 
Ventilation Mechanical  and welfare provision. 
Ventilation • There are three categories of system:
1. Natural inlet and mechanical extract
2. Mechanical inlet and natural extract
3. Mechanical inlet and mechanical   
extract

Ventilation Ventilation

16
 23/3/2016

Ventilation Ventilation

FANS
‐ Propeller Fan does not create 
much air pressure and has 
limited effect in ductwork. 
Ideal for use at air openings 
in windows and walls.

Ventilation Ventilation

FANS FANS
‐ Axial Flow Fan can develop  ‐ Centrifugal Fan can produce high 
pressure and has the capacity for large 
high pressure and is used for 
volumes of air. Most suited to larger 
moving air through long  installations such as air conditioning 
sections of ductwork. The fan  systems. It may have one or two inlets. 
is integral with the run of  Various forms of impeller can be 
ducting and does not require  selected depending on the air condition. 
a base. Variable impellers and pulley ratios from 
the detached drive motor make this the 
most versatile of fans

17
 23/3/2016

Lighting Lighting

• Light travels in straight lines • Lighting is divided into two types ;
1‐ Natural lighting / Daylighting
• Light travel very fast – around 300,00 km per  2‐ Artificial Lighting
second
• What is Daylighting ?
• Light travel much faster than sound.

Lighting Lighting

Factors that influence the brightness of the  • The daylight received inside a building can 
room: be expressed as the ratio of the illumination 
1. Natural Brightness at the working point indoors, to the total 
2. Size, Shape and Position of Windows light available simultaneously outdoors
3. Internal Reflected • This can also be expressed as a percentage 
and it is known as the daylight factor 
4. External Reflected

18
 23/3/2016

Lighting Lighting

The daylight factor includes light from: Artificial lighting
• Sky component ‐ light received directly from  Definition ‐ electrically generated light in 
the sky; excluding direct sunlight. which involve components and switches.
• External reflected component ‐ light 
received from exterior reflecting surfaces.
• Internal reflected component ‐ light received 
from internal reflecting surfaces.

Lighting Lighting

Artifical lighting selection factors : Nature of Artificial Lighting

1. Quantity of light
2. Quality of colour Luminous Efficiency Life Expectancy
3. Level of glare
4. Quality of focusing
5. Electric usage
Temperature & 
Highlighting Colour
6. Costing Colour

7. Physical properties
8. Amount of natural lighting

19
 23/3/2016

Lighting Lighting

General Lighting
LOCALISED 
• provide uniform illumination across the 
LIGHTING
working plane
GENERAL  LOCAL  • lamps are mounted in the systematic and 
LIGHTING LIGHTING structured.
• Advantage : work location can be changed 
without changing position lamp
LIGHTING 
SYSTEM • Disadvantage : the same level of radiation 
for the location of critical and critical space

General Lighting Lighting

Localised Lighting
• to give light irradiation required to work at 
locations and also a minimal irradiation at 
other non‐work location.
• Advantage : use less electricity than general 
lighting
• Disadvantage : work location can not be 
changing without modified the position of 
lights.

20
 23/3/2016

Localised Lighting Lighting

Local Lighting
• The required irradiation only for small work 
area.
• must be accompanied by adequate general 
lighting for some of the passages and other 
areas that are not critical.
• Advantage : save the electric and separate 
control
• Disadvantages : high maintenance cost

Local Lighting Lighting

Type of control

1. Manual switch
2. Remote switch
3. Timer switch
4. Photo‐electric cell 
switch

21
 23/3/2016

Acoustic Acoustic

• Purpose ‐ lowering the noise level in a 
reverberation or canal space.
• Factors :
1. Type of acoustic material
2. Cost
POROUS  CAVITY 
ABSOBER RESONATOR
3. Density
4. Fire proof
5. Moisture resistance
6. Physical factors
7. Aesthetic value

Acoustic Plate Acoustic

Porous absorber

• 2 types which is plate and bulk Glass wool 
• if thick absorbent material thinner than the  fiber
wavelength of sound ; it called plate
• If thick of absorbent material is thicker than the 
wavelength of sound; it called bulk
Mineral wool fiber

22
 23/3/2016

Bulk Acoustic Acoustic

Curtain
Cavity resonator

‐ Used in place that require / use robust.
Carpet 

‐ Example ; cinema / bowling arena/ theater 
stage
Acoustic comforter

Acoustic plaster 

Tutorial Questions Tutorial Questions

1. In tropical country like Singapore, heat is important  2. Lightning is one important aspect that need to be 
element which must be considered in designing the  considered in designing services for rooms. Describe 4 
building service. How can heat be transferred within  aspects that affect the brightness of the room. Explain 
any building? Which system of building services that  two types of lightning.
are related to heat control? Describe briefly this 
mechanical system of building services. State and 
explain 3 other important mechanical systems for 
building services.

23
 23/3/2016

Tutorial Questions

3. Acoustic is one element of building services that 
require high attention in designing cinema. Explain 2 
types of acoustic including the applicability of each 
type. Which type of acoustic protection is suitable  THANK YOU
for cinema?

24