Background of Construction Industry

(CI)?
• CI contributes 8-10 % GDP.
• Different background people (skilled)
• Reliant sectors
• Fragmented industry
• Project based industry
• Prototype cannot be tested
• Tendency to award the contract at
short time
• Prefabrication components
• Increasing client demands
• Male dominated culture

1
Project
• According to the PMBOK (Project Management Body
of Knowledge) 3rd edition, A project is defined as a
“temporary endeavor with a beginning and an end
and it must be used to create a unique product,
service or result.”
Projec
ts

Construction
organizations
Construction Industry

2
Type of Projects
• Residential Construction
Projects

• Commercial Projects

• Infrastructure Projects

• Industrial Construction
Projects

• Institutional Construction
Projects
3
Types of Projects

4
Commercial projects

5
Infrastructure Project

6
Building stuctures

7
Unit 1:Introduction to Building Services:

Syllabus Content
Definitions, Objective and uses of services different types building,
Classification of building services,
Types of services and selection of appropriate services for given project.

8
Generally, the building system consist
three main factor that able to create a
comfortable built environment product:
• Stakeholders

• Architectural (design): design

concept, building impression, function,
zonings, circulations, etc.

• Structural (build ability): materials,

structure systems, foundation, etc.

• Services (operational and

maintenance): fresh water, sewerage,
electrical, communication, air
conditioning, fire protection, etc. 9
 Building Services and Maintenance
Lecture: 3 Hours. Credit­3 Hours

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Lecture Tutori Credits Hours IE MTE ETE Total
al
20 30 50 100
03 - 03 03

Tuesday - 2:00pm to 3:00 pm

Thursday - 2:00pm to 3:00 pm
Friday - 2:00pm to 3:00 pm

10
Building Services and Maintenance
Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them
comfortable, functional, efficient and safe.
• Building control systems.
• Energy distribution.
• Energy supply (gas, electricity and renewable sources such as
solar, wind, geothermal and biomass).
• Escalators and lifts.
• Fire safety, detection and protection.
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
• Information and communications technology (ICT).
• Lighting.
• Lightning protection.
• Refrigeration.
• Security and alarm systems.
• Water, drainage and plumbing.
11
Building Services
• Building services are the dynamics in a
static structure, providing movement,
communications, facilities and
comfort.

• Building services has evolved in response

to the demands of population growth
and the expectation of comfortable
shelter, convenience and a healthy home
and workplace environment.

• The building services industry is based on

engineering principles that are applied
to the construction of buildings and
the built environment. The industry is
generally divided between design and
installation. 12
Building Services and Maintenance
• Building maintenance refers to activities performed to retain
and restore the functionality of residential and commercial
properties.

• It includes tasks such as cleaning, landscaping, and electrical

system maintenance.

• It aims to preserve a safe, functional, and comfortable

environment for tenants at all times.
You need to understand the basic knowledge about building services

13
 Building Services
What is building services?
• Lighting, heating and ventilation,
plumbing, lifts, security, power supply
etc.
• Inside building that makes comforts.

What makes building come to life

 Energy supply
 Air conditioning- (IT)
 Water, drainage and plumbing
 Natural and artificial lightings
 Escalators and lifts
 Ventilation and refrigerators
 Security and alarm system(Gandhinagar)
 Fire protection

14
 Definition of Building Services &
Maintenance

Building repairs and maintenance services mainly includes
works undertaken for maintaining proper condition of
buildings, its services and works in ordinary use. The use
for which buildings are designed is the main factor in
determining
Firefighting the required standard of maintenance.
Systems.
Elevators & Escalators.
HVAC Systems (heating, ventilation,
and air-conditioning systems
Backup Power Supply
Inernet Connectivity
 Importance of Building Services &
Maintenance
So, Everything inside a building which makes it
comfortable, comes under the title of 'Building
services'.
A building must perform what it was designed to
do - not just provide shelter but also provide a
safe, comfortable & livable environment. Building
services contribute largely to the sustainability &
functioning of the building.
REPAIR
 It refers to the modification of a structure, partly or wholly , which is damaged in
appearance or serviceabilty
REHABILITATION
 It is the process of restoring the structure to service level, once it had and now
lost.
 Strengthening consists in endowing the structure with a service level, higher than
that initially planned by modifying the structure not necessarily damaged Area
MAINTENANCE
 It is the act of maintaining the building in its serviceable condition.
 It is defined as the work done to keep the Civil Engineering structures and work in
a condition so as to enable them to carry out the functions for which they are
constructed. The maintenance of structure is done to meet the following objectives
1.Prevention of damages due to natural agencies and to keep them in a good
appearance and working condition
2.Repair of the defects occurred in the structure and
strengthen them, if neccesary
 Classification of Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
 Remedial Maintenance

Finding the deterioration

 Determining the causes
 Evaluating the strength of the existing structures
 Evaluating the need of the structure
Selecting and implementing the repair procedure
Routine Maintenance
Special Maintenance
 Necessity of Maintenance

Improves the life of structure

Improved life period gives better return on investment

Better appearance and aesthetically appealing

Leads to quicker detection of defects and hence

remedial measures

Prevents major deterioration that leads to collapse

Ensures safety to occupants

Ensures appraisal in value of property
Fire detection & Firefighting Systems.
Security & Alaram Systems
HVAC Systems (heating, ventilation,
and air-conditioning systems
Cold Storages
Compressed Air Systems used in
industries
Backup Power Supply
Classification Of Buildings
According to National Building code of India 1970, Different
classification (or) types of buildings on the basis of
occupancy are,
Group A – Residential Buildings
Group B – Educational Buildings
Group C – Institutional Buildings
Group D – Assembly Buildings
Group E – Business Buildings
Group F – Mercantile Buildings
Group G – Industrial Buildings
Group H – Storage Buildings
Group I – Hazardous Buildings
Group A – Residential Buildings:
•Sleeping accommodation is provided
•Permanently or temporarily dwelling
•With or without cooking or dining or facilities
•Example: apartments, flats, bungalows,
dormitories, private houses, hotels, hostels,
cottages, holiday campus, clubs, motels, etc.,
Group B – Educational Buildings :
•Buildings meant for education
•Nursery to the university
•Example: schools, colleges,
universities,
training institutes, etc.
Group C –Institutional Buildings

•Any building used for the purposes such as

medical, health, recovering health after
illness, physical or mental disease, care of infants
or aged persons, panel detention, etc.
•Normally provide sleeping accommodation
for the occupants.
Group D –Assembly Buildings :

Building where groups of people assemble

or gather for amusement, recreation, social,
religious, patriotic or similar purpose,
•Example: theatres, cinema halls, assembly halls,
Auditorium, exhibition halls, museums,
gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship,
passenger stations, public transportation services,
etc.
Group E –Business Buildings :

Building which is used for purposes such as

transaction of business, keeping of accounts and
records, dispensaries and clinics, news stands,
barber shops, banks, city halls, etc.,
Group F – Mercantile Buildings :

Building which is used as shops, stores, market

for sale and display of products or wares either
wholesale or retail.
Group G – Industrial Buildings :

Building or structure in which products are

fabricated, assembled or processed.
Example:
Laboratories, assembly plants, laundries, gas
plants, power plants, refineries, diaries, etc.,
Group H – Storage Buildings :

Building structures which are primarily used for

storage or sheltering of goods, wares,
merchandise, vehicles or animals.
Example: ware houses, cold storages, depots,
store houses, truck terminals, garages, etc.,
Group I – Hazardous Buildings
Building structures which are used for the Storage,
handling, manufacture of materials which are liable to burn
with extreme rapidity and prove hazardous to health,
building or building contents.

Buildings used for storage of gases under high pressure or

for storage and handling of highly flammable liquids or
explosive materials, explosives, fire works, etc., are
included in this group
 Classification of Building Services
Building services include:
• Energy supply – gas and electricity
• Water supply – supply, drainage and plumbing
• Heating and ventilating
• Lighting -

Day lighting and artificial lighting
• Escalators and lifts
• Harnessing solar, wind and biomass energy
• Communications, telephones and IT networks
Construction Services

Water Supply

Sanitary Disposal System

Stairs for Vertical circulation

Openings for Natural Ventilation

Building Acoustic

Earthquake resisting system
Building services Heating, ventilation, and air
Conditioning (HVAC) systems,
a potable water supply, disposal
of fluid waste and organic matter
and electrical systems require a
significant amount of space.

Because much of the hardware

for these systems is normally
hidden from view-within
concealed construction
spaces or special room-the
layout of these systems
should be carefully integrated
with each other as well as with
the structural, enclosure systems
of the building and architectural
appearance of building. 33
Architect in Construction
Process

34
Architecture and building
services

35
Thank You!

36
 B. Tech.
Semester-VI
Open Elective Courses-III

Building Services and Maintenance –

Session-3 (12/01/2023)
BCI6603B

Dr. Prachi Ingle

Have you seen this type of
buildings

38
Building services Heating, ventilation, and air
Conditioning (HVAC) systems,
a potable water supply, disposal
of fluid waste and organic matter
and electrical systems require a
significant amount of space.

Because much of the hardware

for these systems is normally
hidden from view-within
concealed construction
spaces or special room-the
layout of these systems
should be carefully integrated
with each other as well as with
the structural, enclosure systems
of the building and architectural
appearance of building. 39
BIM- basic tool, clash detection, walkthrough, Ex.
L&T

40
41
Few pictures

42
 Building services: Objective and uses of services
• In case of Covid-19, it has brought permanent
changes in lifestyles. Indoor.
• Building plays important roles.
• Origin of high rise buildings- US.
• Almost top 50 tallest skyscrapers are located in
Asia.
• Dubai- is world largest building. (2010)- 828 meters.
• Indian Scenario: list of 150m.
• More of 100 buildings.

43
Building services: Objective and uses of services
• In case of Covid-19, it has brought permanent
changes in lifestyles. Indoor.
• Building plays important roles.
• Origin of high rise buildings- US.
• Almost top 50 tallest skyscrapers are located in
Asia.
• Dubai- is world largest building. (2010)- 828
meters.
• Indian Scenario: list of 150m.
• More of 100 buildings.

44
Building Services includes
• Building Services represent 30-50% of the construction costs in buildings
40-50% of the energy consumed are due to buildings.
• Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make comfortable,
functional, efficient and safe.
Background
• ASHRE was formed in 1959 by the merger of American Society of
Heating and A/C engineers founded in 1894 and American Society of
Refrigerating Engineers founded in 1904.
• Building Services were formally recognized in 1976 with the formation of
“Chartered Institution of Building Services (CIBS).

• MEP:

• Fire fighting
45
 Introduction to HVAC
H- Heating
V- Ventilation
Ac- Air conditioning
Heating: In few countries the atmospheric temperature is low.
Body temperature.

Ventilation: Change the existing air with fresh air.

46
 B. Tech.
Semester-VI
Open Elective Courses-III

Building Services and Maintenance –

Session-4 (13/01/2023)
BCI6603B

Dr. Prachi Ingle

Conduction of Exam
IE- 1- (Field study/checklist preparation)
IE- 2- (Case study approach)

48
 HVAC
• Design Engineer and Site Engineer (supervise).
Role of HVAC Engg.
• Heating and cooling load calculation: room wise temperature, ASHARE
standards overview.
• Ventilations (remove the co2 gases), no of ventilations
• Coordination with Archi and Civil Engg. (At time pre planning stage).
• Cost of HVAC – Estimation and costing.
• Creating layout of HVAC- different software (Autocad, MEP)
• GPM calculations (Gallon Per minutes)- the requirement of pump, water
pump power.
• Static pressure calculations for Air handling unit- air flow for room.
It is the resistance to airflow in ductwork or other components.
• Documentation- all standards and quantities.
• Problem solving.
• Management- good service.

49
Air Conditioning- based on season
 Summer air conditioning: Main aim is to cool the air
inside the room. Consists of air cleaning, air cooling,
dehumidification and air circulation.
A dehumidifier is an air conditioning device which reduces and
maintains the level of humidity in the air

50
Air conditioning
• Window A/C- implements a complete air conditioning in a
small space. the units are made small enough to fit into a
standard window frame. Built into wall or window with the
warm part outside and the cooling part inside.

• Split A/C- In case of larger air conditioning application.

this splits the hot side from cold side of the system.

51
The factors considered for selection of
HVAC systems in a given building

• Climate (e.g., temperature, humidity, and space pressure)

• the age of the building
• the individual preferences of the owner of the building
• and a designer of a project
• the project budget
• the architectural design of the buildings
• building capacity,
• operating cost and maintenance cost,
• life cycle analysis

52
Classification and requirement of HVAC
systems
• central system
as conditioning entire building as a whole unit
• decentralized or local system
decentralized as separately conditioning a specific zone as part of a building.

53
Requirement of HVAC systems
Primary equipment: heating equipment: steam boilers and hot water boilers
to heat buildings or spaces,
air delivery equipment: centrifugal fans, axial fans,
refrigeration equipment: cooling coils based on water from water chillers.

Space requirement: Equipment rooms: It is preferable to reduce the long

duct, pipe, and conduit runs and sizes, to simplify shaft layouts
HVAC facilities: boiler units, pumps, heat exchangers.
Fan rooms : HVAC fan equipment, Vertical shaft: water and steam pipe
distribution
Equipment access: equipment during the installation, replacement, and
maintenance.

Air distribution: ductwork that delivers the conditioned air to the desired area.
piping system is used to deliver refrigerant, hot water, cooled water, steam,
gas 54
Lifts / Elevators•
A hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped
with a car or platform that moves along guides
in a shaft, in a substantially vertical direction
and that transports passengers or goods, or
both, between two or more floors of a building.
• Passenger lift : Lift designed for the transport
of passengers
• Hospital lift : transportation of patients in
stretchers or standard hospital beds and of
attendants accompanying them.
• Goods lift : for the transport of goods, but
which may carry a lift attendant or other
persons necessary for loading and unloading of
55
goods.
Components of an elevator
Car : The load-carrying element of
an elevator, including platform, car
frame, enclosure, and car door or
gate.
Buffer : A device for stopping a
descending car beyond its bottom
terminal by absorbing and
dissipating the kinetic energy of the
car.
Hoist way : A shaft for travel of
one or more elevators.
Counterweights: Power
requirements of the driving
machine for moving the car are
reduced by hanging a
counterweight on the hoisting 56
ropes.
Classification
• Traction
• Hydraulic
• Climbing
Traction
• Car is pulled up by means of rolling steel
ropes over deeply grooved pulley.
• Weight of car balanced with
counterweight
• Friction b/w ropes & pulley gives traction
as pulley rotates.
Types:
• Geared
• Pulley connected to motor with gears.
• Gearless
• Pulley connected directly to high torque
AC motor.

57
Hydraulic
Hydraulic pressure to push
✔ Slower than traction
✔ Not for > 8 storey
✔ Can accommodate more weight
than traction
Types
Conventional: Hydraulic piston
push the car upward.
Roped: Use combination of rope &
hydraulics.

58
Climbing Elevator
Climbing elevator hold their own
power device on them, mostly
electric or combustion engine.
 Used for maintenance of building
 Less capacity

59
Design Considerations of Passenger Elevator

Two basic considerations

Quantity of service
Passenger handling capacity during peak hours
Quality of service
Waiting time of passengers at various floors.

Quantity of service:
Depend on the characteristics
• Number of floors to be served by the lift;
• Floor to floor distance;
• Population of each floor to be served; and
• Maximum peak demand

60
Design Considerations of Passenger Elevator

Two basic considerations

Quantity of service
Passenger handling capacity during peak hours
Quality of service
Waiting time of passengers at various floors.

Quantity of service:
Depend on the characteristics
• Number of floors to be served by the lift;
• Floor to floor distance;
• Population of each floor to be served; and
• Maximum peak demand

61
Thank You!

62
 B. Tech.
Semester-VI
Open Elective Courses-III

Building Services and Maintenance – Session-

(17/01/2023, 19/01/2023,20/01/2023)- cancel
due to fest
BCI6603B

Dr. Prachi Ingle

Conduction of Exam
IE- 1- (Field study/checklist preparation)
IE- 2- (Case study approach)

64
Speed of lifts in different occupancies
Passenger lifts –
Low and medium class flats -0.5 m/s
Office buildings, hotels -0.5-0.75 m/s
Large flats -0.75-1 m/s
Hospitals -above 1.5 m/s
Departmental stores - 2-2.5 m/s
Goods lifts
Normal case - 0.25-0.5m/s
Serving main floors -1 m/s
Hospital bed lift
Short travel in small hospital -0.25 m/s
Normal -0.5 m/s
Long Travel lift in large hospital -1 m/s
Capsule lift
65
Positioning of Lifts
• Easily accessible from all entrances
• Not all lifts should be in straight line
• Corridor should be wide enough to allow space
for waiting passengers
• “alcove” arrangement.
a small area in a room where one part of the wall is
further back than the rest of the wall.

66
Task Given
Quantity of service:
Depend on the characteristics
• Number of floors to be served by the lift;
• Floor to floor distance;
• Population of each floor to be served; and
• Maximum peak demand

Quality of Service or Acceptable Interval

• 20 to 25 seconds excellent
• 30 to 35 seconds good
• 36 to 40 seconds fair
• 45 seconds poor
• Over 45 seconds unsatisfactory.

Speed of lifts
67
 Mechanical services: Lift
What all parameters you will take into consideration while
designing the position of lift ?

• locating lifts centrally within a building to minimize horizontal travel

distance.
• Position, relative to entrances and stairs.
• In case of large buildings - group of lifts near the main entrance and single
lifts at the ends of the building.
• Lift lobby- wide.
• Tall building above 15 floor: high speed express lifts may be used
which by-pass the lower floors.

68
Requirements of having
lift
• Above three storeys high.
• Essential in all buildings over a single storey if they are accessed by the elderly or
disabled.
• Minimum standard - one lift per four storeys.
• Minimum walking distance to access a lift - 45 m.
• Floor space and lift car capacity can be estimated at 0.2 m2 per person.
• Sufficient floor space is necessary for the inspection and repair of equipment - see
BS 5655.
To
• prevent
Lifts and condensation
service lifts: forthe room on
guidance must be well
machine insulated
room and
dimensions heated
relative to to provide
capacity.
a design air temperature between 10C and 40C.

69
Lift performance depends on
• acceleration
• retardation
• car speed
• speed of door operation; and
• stability of speed and performance with variations of car load.
Criteria for the comfort and convenience of lift
users:
• Call buttons at landings.
• Call buttons to be at a level appropriate for use by people with disabilities and small children.
• Call lights and indicators with an audible facility.
• Lobby space of sufficient area to avoid congestion by lift.

70
Mechanical services: ESCALATORS
• What all parameters you will take into consideration while designing the
position of lift ?
• locating lifts centrally within a building to minimize horizontal travel distance

71
Escalators (IS: 4591: 1968)
o Power driven, inclined and continuous stairway
o To move large no. of people
o No need of operators
o Large capacity and low power consumption
o Reversible in direction
o Normally positioned where traffic heavy
o Normally installed in pairs

72
 Escalators
Pulley
mechanism

Floor
Plate

73
Features of Escalators
Essential Parts: steel trussed frame work, handrails, endless belt with
steps
Speed and slope
• Speed-450 mm/sec
• Slope 30 degree normally
• For rise<6m & speed< 0.5m/s, slope can be increased to 35 degree
Location
• Type of building
• Peak traffic times
• Population factor
• Travel comfort
74
Escalator arrangement

CRISS PARALLEL
75
Mechanical services: Ramps
Ramp is an inclined plane joining two floors and is mainly used for carrying people
machinery, equipment's, trolleys,cars,etc.to upper floors in multi-storeyed building and
public buildings.

76
Where ramp is seen
commonly?
Types of Ramp:
a) Straight ramp b) Zigzag ramp

• Ramps have been built with

slopes up to 15% (15 ft in
100
• Exterior location is
preferred for ramps
• Length of ramp should be 9
m.
• Landing-min width 1.5m,
handrails-0.8 m high

77
Mechanical services: Fire Fighting
system
• To make building safe.
• To protect human life and property, strictly in case of fire.

78
Automatic Water water level
controller for Storage tank

79
Water Storage tank

Underground Ground Level Top of Building

80
Cranes for Construction Activities
A crane is a type of machine, generally
equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or
chains, and sheaves, that can be used both
to lift and lower materials an

81
Fire Fighting system
How much water should be
• Store of water always remains there in tanks?
same.
• Separated from the tanks used to Code:
supply water to occupants
1. Light Hazard: schools,
offices, residential
buildings
2. Medium Hazard:
Factories and
warehouses
3. High Hazard: foam
factories, firework
factories, paint factories.
(use flammable 82
Fire Fighting System
Quantity of water to be stored= Hrs of pumping
capacity.
Light Hazard: 1 Hr
capacity
High Hazard: 3-4 hrs
capacity

83
Fire Fighting system- Pump

Pump room 84
4 Types of Pumps are used

All are identical in capacity expect the Jockey

Pump 85
Jockey Pump

86
Due to any reasons electricity fails then this pumps will not
work.

Once started expect in Jockey pump, the only way to switch off is to do
manually.
As Per International code of practice. Agent storage : protection of fire.
Gases, water.
Fire detectors: smoke detector,
temperature sensors.
Control panel: message.
• Equipment will shutdown.
• HVAC shutdown.
• Fire Alarm
• Dedicated 120 VAC power.
(major equipment)
• Sprinkler or water showering
will start.

87
Thank You!

88
 B. Tech.
Semester-VI
Open Elective Courses-III

Building Services and Maintenance –

Session-6 (27/01/2023)
BCI6603B

Dr. Prachi Ingle

Introduction to Electrical system:
Basic purpose:
• The electrical load estimation.
• Proper connections and proper
wiring.
• Proper load.

• Ex. If we have building, 5KV

load
• Distribution of 5KV in each
zone, rooms, socket, AC.
• How to disturb 5KV load.
• No gadgets and electrical
system cant work. 90
Electrical system
• Natural calamities Ex. Cyclones.
• Proper stable power supply, planning of electric system, stand by DG power
supply are important.
• In construction phase electricity requirement is needed.
• In case of coastal belt lighting work need to done carefully.
• Good quality of Electrical products should be recommended.
• Medium and Low voltage cables are separated and routed in fire rated
spaces and have to be properly installed and supported.
• Power back up systems, including both the life safety systems (emergency
lighting, fire pump, smoke evacuation) and stand by power system for
business continuing.
91
Mechanical services: Gas Pipelines
Gas Supply:
• cooking gas, commercial gas, oxygen &
nitrogen gas in hospitals Storage, Piping,
Pressure Regulation & Supply of gas from
its container to required area.

• Natural gas: non poisonous , non toxic,

odorless

Three types of pipeline:

1. Mild steel pipe: most commonly used.
2. MDPE pipe: polythene pipe are used for
transport.
3. GI Pipe: low pressure connection. (prefer
above ground)
4. Coupling: It is very short in length.

92
Mechanical services: Plumbing
• The water supply from
Corporation.
• Distribution of water.
• Supply and drainage
channel.
• Basic concepts of FM.

93
 Mechanical services: Fire fighting
Lifts
• growing number of high rise buildings would require special provisions for
fire control.
Special provisions for firefighting lifts:
• Minimum internal dimensions of 1.1 m wide x 1.4 m deep x 2.0 m high.
• Manufactured from non-combustible material.
• A two-way intercommunications system installed.
• Door dimensions at least 0.8 m wide 2.0 m high of fire resisting
construction.
• Two power supplies mains and emergency generator.

94
Selection of appropriate services for given
project. • The identification and
definition of business needs,
which are the drivers in most
construction projects.
• Time, Cost and
Quality(Airport) aims.
• The National Building Code (NBC)
is a document that provides
guidelines for construction of
structures.
95
Choosing building services

96
Thank You!

97