Planning Techniques,

Tools and their

Applications

SHARLYN MARIE N. BADILLO

 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Apply appropriate planning techniques and tools

(ABM_AOM11-Ie-g-13)
• -Identify the different techniques and tools.
• -Create planning techniques and tools
• -Appreciate the application of appropriate planning
tools and techniques
 REVIEW

01
Involves making decisions about
the organization’s long-term
goals
 REVIEW

02
Refers to the procedures and
transformation of strategic
goals/ plans with specific goals
 REVIEW

03
Involves routine tasks
repeatedly done by a firm’s
lower level units
LET’S PLAY
 Identify the missing letters to complete
the specific task that goes under
strategic, tactical, and operational
INSTRUCTION
planning that are done by the top-level,
middle-level, and lower-level
management, respectively.
 01
I_D_VI_UA_
O_J_C_I_ES
 01
INDIVIDUAL
OBJECTIVES
 02
_R_A_ _ZA__ON
_ _ _E_TI_ES
 02
ORGANIZATION
OBJECTIVES
 03
_R_A __ZA __ON _O
__S
 03
ORGANIZATION
GO ALS
 04
D ___R_M_N_
_ _J_ _T_V_S
 04
DEPARTMENT
OBJECTIVES
 05
D_V_S __N
O__ _CT_V_S
 05
DIVISION
OBJECTIVES
HOW
DO
YOU
PLAN?
 PLANNING TECHNIQUES
FORECASTING

CONTINGENCY SCENARIO
PLANNING PLANNING

BENCHMARKING PARTCIPATORY
PLANNING
PLANNING
TECHNIQUES Those methods or processes
followed by planners in preparing
or evaluating their plans, programs,
and policies. For effective planning
in today’s dynamic environment,
different techniques and tools must
be used, such as forecasting,
contingency planning, scenario
planning, benchmarking, and
participatory planning. Here are the
definition and examples of some
planning techniques and tools.
 PLANNING TECHNIQUES
FORECASTING

CONTINGENCY SCENARIO
PLANNING PLANNING

BENCHMARKING PARTCIPATORY
PLANNING
FORECASTING
 Forecasting is making
predictions of what is likely
to happen in the future. It
shows that the managers
know something of future
happenings even before
things actually happen.
Forecasting is the process of
estimating the relevant
events of future, based on the
analysis of their past and
present behavior.

The future cannot be probed Forecasting may be defined as

unless one knows how the
events have occurred in the
past and how they are
occurring presently. The past
and present analysis of events
provides the base helpful for
collecting information about
their future occurrence.
the process of assessing the
future normally using
calculations and projections
that take account of the past
performance, current trends,
and anticipated changes in the
foreseeable period ahead.
 1.Forecasting relates to
future events. 2. Forecasting is needed for
planning process because it
5. The analysis of various
factors may require the devises the future course of
use of statistical and action.
mathematical tools and
techniques.

3. It defines the probability 4. Forecasting is made by

of happening of future
events. Therefore, the
happening of future events
can be precise only to a
certain extent.
analyzing the past and present
factors which are relevant for
the functioning of an
organization.
 01 The future estimates of
STEPS IN various business
FORECASTING operations will have to
be based on the results
obtainable through
systematic
DEVELOPING investigation of the
THE BASIS economy, products and
industry.
 02
On the basis of the data
STEPS IN collected through systematic
FORECASTING investigation into the economy
and industry situation, the
manager has to prepare
quantitative estimates of the
future scale of business
ESTIMATION OF operations. Here the managers
FUTURE USE will have to considerthe
planning premises.
 03
It has already been indicated
STEPS IN that the managers cannot take it
FORECASTING easy after they have formulated
a business forecast. They have
to constantly compare the actual
operations with the forecasts
prepared in order to find out the
REGULATION OF reasons for any deviations from
FORECASTS forecasts. This helps in making
more realistic forecasts for
future.
 04
STEPS IN Having determined the
FORECASTING deviations of the actual
performances from the positions
forecast by the managers, it will
be necessary to examine the
REVIEW OF THE procedures adopted for the
purpose so that improvements
FORECASTING can be made in the method of
PROCESS forecasting.
 05
STEPS IN
FORECASTING
There are various methods of
forecasting. However, no
method can be suggested as
universally applicable. In fact,
TECHNIQUES OF most of the forecasts are done
by combining various methods.
FORECASTING
CONTINGENCY
PLANNING
 CONTINGENCY PLAN
Business contingency plan is a course
of action that your organization would
take if an unexpected event or
situation occurs. Contingency can be:
➢Positive-surprise influx of money
➢Negative-fire, flood, data breach,
major network failure
 CONTINGENCY PLAN

Contingency plans are an important

part of your over all business
Continuity strategy because they help
ensure your organization is ready
for anything.
 CONTINGENCY PLAN
Many large businesses and
government organizations create
multiple sets of contingency plans so
that a variety of potential threats are
well-researched and their appropriate
responsesare fully practiced beforea
crisis hits.
 CONTINGENCY PLAN
Contingency planning can be thought as a
proactive strategy while crisis management
is more of a reactive strategy.
➢Contingency plan-helps to ensure you are
prepared for what may come
➢Crisis management plan-empowers you to
manage the response after the incident
occurs.
 CONTINGENCY PLAN
Contingency factors
➢may offer alternative courses of
action when the unexpected happens
or when things go wrong
➢called “trigger points” indicate
when the prepared alternative plan
should be implemented.
SCENARIO
PLANNING
“This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone important
said and can make the reader get
inspired.”
—Someone Famous
 SCENARIO PLANNING

Scenario planning is identifying a

specific set of uncertainties, different
“realities” of what might happen in the
future of your business.
 SCENARIO PLANNING

Illustrative Examples:

a. Farmers use scenarios to predict whether the harvest will be

good or bad, depending on the weather. It helps them forecast
their sales but also their future investments

b. Military Institutions use scenario planning in their

operations to cope with any unlikely situations, anticipating the
consequences of every event. In this case, scenario planning can
mean the difference between life and death.
 SCENARIO PLANNING

Scenario planning is also a contingency

planning, but it is along-term version of the
latter. Several future states of affairs must be
identified, and alternative plans must be
prepared in order to meet the changes or
challenges in the future.
 SCENARIO PLANNING

Some examples of changes or challenges that

may arise in future scenarios are:
c. environmental pollution
d. environmental pollution
e. climate and weather changes
f.earthquake damages to communities, and
others
BENCHMARKING
 It refers to another planning
technique that generally involves
external comparisons of a
company’s practices and
technologies with those of other
companies.

BENCHMARKING
 Its main purpose is finding out
what other people and
organizations do well and then plan
how to incorporate these practices
in the company’s operations.

PURPOSE
 -External benchmarking
to achieve superior
performance
-Internal benchmarking
to encourage employees
working in different wok units to
learn and improve by sharing one
another’s best practices.

TECHNIQUES
 Three Ways to Use Benchmarking

01 PROCESS
BENCHMARKING

This is all about better understanding your processes,

comparing performance against internal and external
benchmarks, and finding ways to optimize and improve
your processes. The idea is that, by understanding how
top performers complete a process, you can find ways to
make your own processes more efficient, faster and
more effective.
 Three Ways to Use Benchmarking

02 STRATEGIC
BENCHMARKING

This compares strategies, business approaches and business

models in order to strengthen your own strategic
planning and determine your strategic priorities. The idea
is to understand what strategies underpin successful
companies (or teams or business units)and then compare
these strategies with your own to identify ways you can
be more competitive.
 Three Ways to Use Benchmarking

03 PERFORMANCE
BENCHMARKING

This involves collecting information on how well

you’re doing in terms of outcomes and comparing
these outcomes internally or externally. This can
also refer to functional performance benchmarking,
such as benchmarking the performance of the HR
team or the marketing team.
PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING
PARTCIPATORY PLANNING IS

➢marginalized groups have an

opportunity to participate in the planning
process
➢a planning process that includes the
people who will be affected by the plans
and those who will be asked to implement
them in all planning steps.
PARTCIPATORY PLANNING IS

➢an urban planning paradigm that emphasizes

involving the entire community in the strategic and
management processes of urban planning; or,
community-level planning processes, urban or
rural
➢often considered as part of community
development
➢aims to harmonize views among all of its
participants as well as prevent conflict between
opposing parties
Positive results of PARTICIPATORY Planning:

➢Creativity
➢Increase acceptance
➢Understanding of plans
➢Commitment to the success
of plans
ACTIVITY
Plan It Out
ACTIVITY
1. Group yourselves into 4
2. The objective of the game is to develop the most effective
plan using the provided planning techniques and tools to
achieve a specific goal. You will have a set amount of time to
develop your plans, and then you will present your plans to
the group. The group will then vote on which plan is the most
effective.
3. You will be given for 20-30 minutes,.
4. After the time is up, the chosen representative/s will explain
which techniques and tools they used and how you will help
you achieve your goal. They should also highlight any
potential challenges or obstacles they might encounter and
how they plan to overcome them.
5. The group will vote on which plan is the most effective. Each
group will get vote, and they cannot vote for your own plan.
The plan with the most votes wins the game.
 GRADES
5th Placer – 88 points
4th Placer -90 points
3rd Placer 93 points
2nd Placer- 96 points
1st placer- 100 points