CMPM Ce3202

GROUP 1
MANAGEMENT
PROCESS FUNCTION
IT IS A PROCESS OF IT IS THE FUNCTION OF
DIRECTING AND GETTING THINGS DONE
FACILITATING THE WORK THROUGH THE EFFORTS
OF PEOPLE WHO ARE OF OTHERS.
ORGANIZED FOR A
COMMON PURPOSE.
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PARTICIPANTS
The owner(s)
Private - owner owns land and pays for construction of
the facility. Able to accept/reject bids based on many
parameters including cost, quality, reputation
Public - owner is a government agency, public pays for
the facility. Very strict method of soliciting bids,
accepting bids, writing specifications. Project if for
public use.
Design Professionals
Assist owner in developing plan for facility
Make sure it is structurally sound
Make sure all systems, utilities, facilities are integrated
into design
Responsible for applying for and obtaining all necessary
permits
Contractor
Contractor to build the project to the specifications set
forth in the contract for a contracted price.
Contract will subcontract to specialty firms
Subcontractors may subcontract further
CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT
Construction Project is an intricate,
time-consuming, and organized
process of constructing, renovating, and
retrofitting physical structures or
infrastructures .
CHARACTERISTICS
Defined goals and objectives
Unique
Complex and diverse
Interdependent with each
task
Has a definite beginning and
end (specific time frame)
Satisfy the owners expectation
and requirements
Not a routine work
Involve significant risk
1 Establish project's goals,
objectives
DEFINITION Establish broad project

AND characteristics
PLANNING Create project plan

Involves architectural and
2 engineering design of the
entire project
DESIGN
Final working drawings
and specifications
Research materials,
equipment, and design
3
Ordering, expediting, and
PROCUREMENT delivering of goods and
services required for the
construction project
4
Construction is the
CONSTRUCTION execution of construction
work as per construction
plan and design
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
The first kind of construction is residential housing
construction, which entails creating, maintaining, and
changing buildings that house people, goods, or
equipment.
All housing types are included, including single family

homes, apartments, townhomes, condos, nursing homes,
and dorms.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
single
town
family
houses
homes
condos
Typically, engineers and
architects plan residential
housing projects, and
construction companies hire
subcontractors to do the
mechanical, structural, and
electrical work.
But, when it comes to
single-family homes, the
design and building are
frequently handled by the
same company.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Schools, sports stadiums, shopping malls, hospitals,

stadiums, theaters, skyscrapers, and commercial hubs are
examples of commercial constructions. These are
dependent on economy.
A project like a retail store is typically commissioned by a

business or a private owner. The local and federal
governments frequently provide funding for and oversight
of other infrastructure projects, such as stadiums, schools,
and healthcare facilities.
stadium /
arena
SCHOOLS
hospitals
SHOPPING
MALLS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS
It includes projects such as highways, mass transit
systems, tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage systems and
sewage treatment plants.
Refers to infrastructure facilities, systems, and

structures that are developed, owned, and operated by the
government. It includes all infrastructure facilities that are
open to the general public for use.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS
BRIDGES
HIGHWAYS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS
PUBLIC
SCHOOLS
PUBLIC
HOSPITALS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS
TYPES:
1. Soft 2. Hard
Infrastructure Infrastructure
Soft infrastructure refers to Hard infrastructure comprises

all the institutions that help all the physical systems that
maintain a healthy economy. are crucial to running a modern,
industrialized economy.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS
TYPES:
3. Critical
Infrastructure
Critical infrastructure makes up all the

assets that are defined by the
government as being crucial to the
functioning of an economy.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS
Other examples :
Transportation infrastructure
Water infrastructure
Power and energy infrastructure
Telecommunications infrastructure
Political infrastructure
Educational infrastructure
Health infrastructure
Recreational infrastructure
INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
An industrial project is a proposal for an investment

to build, expand, or develop specific facilities in order
to increase the production of goods and/or services in
a community over a specific time period.
INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
Industrial buildings include buildings used directly

in the production of power, the manufacture of
products, the mining of raw materials, and the storage
of textiles, petroleum products, wood and paper
products, chemicals, plastics, and metals.
INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
TYPES:
Heavy industrial buildings
Warehouses
Telecom centres or data hosting centres
Cold storage buildings
Light manufacturing buildings
Flex building
INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
POWER
PLANTS
OIL
REFINERIES
INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
COLD STORAGE
BUILDING
CONCEPTUAL
PLANNING
Owner makes decisions on designers, site,
and project cost and schedule
Iterative process - add in and delete items to
get desired final product
Need to gather as much info as possible
Rehab work uncovers many unknowns
Permits are started and applications made
Estimate +/- 25%, Schedule +/- month

SCHEMATIC
DESIGN
Actual design begins
Looking at methods and materials to
use
Value engineering
Begin setting up work packages
Long lead time items
Preliminary estimate (+/- 10%) and
schedule are completed

DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
Final design phase
Make system choices based on cost
and schedule
Prequalification process for binders
contract documents and
determination of work packages
Fair cost estimate and schedule
developed
CONSTRUCTION
Mobilization
Milestones
Substantial completion
Punchlist items
Project Close out

PROJECT RISKS
BID
In the context of project management, a bid is a
proposal submitted by a contractor, supplier, or service
provider to compete for a project or contract. Bids typically
include a detailed description of the work to be performed,
the timeline for completion, and the estimated cost.
RISKS
Project risk refers to the likelihood that an event or
condition may occur, which could have an adverse impact
on a project's objectives, schedule, budget, or quality.
Risks can be categorized into different types, such as
technical, environmental, financial, legal, and operational
risks, among others.
PROJECT RISKS
Project Site - Neighbors, Regulatory
environment, Subsurface conditions,
Economic climate
Project - Complexity, Planned
technoogies, Degree of finishes,
Materials, Mechanical/Electrical system
Process - Project funding, timetable,
Preconstruction info, Project unknowns
Owner Org - Sophistication, Org
structure, Decision making

CONTINGENCY
A contingency is an amount of money or time set aside
to cover unforseen events or risks that may arise during
the course of a project. Contingencies are intended to
cover unexpected costs or delays that could impact a
project's schedule, budget, or quality.
DEVELOP A CONTINGENCY PLAN
2. Assess the
probability and 4. Assign
potential impact of responsibilities
each risk
1. Identify potential 3. Develop a 5. Monitor and

risks response plan update the plan
CONTRACT AND
SPECIFICATION
A.S. Carolino | E. Codillo | E.M. De Leon | K.R. Herico | C.M. Leonin | A. M. Marasigan
CE-3202 ( GROUP 2 )
CONTRACT
It is an agreement that specifies

certain legally enforceable rights
and obligation pertaining to two or
more mutually agreeing parties.
CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT
A construction contract is an
agreement between a client that
wants construction done and a
general contractor. This type of
contract details the contractor's
scope of work, including their right
to subcontract any of the work,
how and what they will charge for
the work, and any applicable plans
or work orders.
COMMON CAUSES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT
IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Defective Schedule and Failure to Perform

Performance Delay Issues
The work is partly The work has not been A party failed to perform
performed but not to performed on time by the contract.
the standard required the time frames
by the contract. provided in the contract.
4 Elements
An Offer
A One of the parties made a promise to do or refrain
from doing some specified action in the future.
Acceptance
B Acceptance may be expressed through words,
deeds or performance as called for in the contract.
Consideration
C Consideration is the value that induces the parties
to enter into the contract.
D Legality
Contract must be complete under legal terms. Must
not break state or fed law or public policy.
CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACT AGREEMENT
It is a document that defines the scope

and terms of a construction project. It is
a contract between the construction
contractor and the person or company
who hires them to do the work.
The agreement should include several sections
of clauses that define the project's scope, terms,
and conditions, such as:
● What work will be done

● When it will start and be completed by
● Which parties will participate in the construction process
● The cost of labor and materials
● How the parties will communicate
● Procedures for changing the scope of work or other parts of the
agreement
● How disputes will be resolved
How a Construction Contract
Agreements Works
Project Contract Payment

Description Price Basis
This section should also specify how

This section describes The type of contract price
much money should be retained on
the project in detail, awarded and the total amount of
each payment application. It will
including the main idea money contracted are detailed,
also specify the due date, the
or description of the as are any contract additions or
penalty for late payments, whether
problem being deductions and how they will be
interest is charged, and any other
addressed. released.
payment and invoicing terms.
Agreements Works
Schedule Document Construction

Or Calendar List Scope
The total number of days includes a list of all The scope is typically
or how the project contract documents. This measurable or quantifiable
schedule will be divided, list may include drawings, and is a description of all
which can be expressed exhibits, specifications, construction activities that
as a Gantt Chart, bar and supplemental will be included in the
chart, CPM, or another conditions. project.
method.
Agreements Works
Construction
Conditions & Contract Payment
Responsibilities Laws Basis
It should include specific Any applicable legal requirements, such as Mars

terms for liens, penalties, governing laws, liens, claims procedures,
withholding, and arbitration arbitration procedures, insurance,
rules, as well as instructions for substantial completion requirements, final
processing claims and completion requirements, and liquidated
resolving disputes. damages, are detailed.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACT AGREEMENTS
All Contracts should:
1. Be in Writing
2. Contain a Description of the
Product or Service Being
Offered
3. Be Understood and Clear
between both Parties
4. Include Services Being
Contracted Clearly
5. Include Cancellation or
Termination Policy
6. Have Financial Terms Clear
CONTRACT MODIFICATIONS
01 02 03
EXPRESS EXECUTED CONDITIONAL
Depending on the project and the

contract being executed, they can vary
or have several modifications
01
EXPRESS
This type of agreement defines the

purpose and scope of the agreement.
Under this alternative, the stipulations
and terms of the contract are
understood clearly by each part.
02
EXECUTED
An executed contract agreement

provides a warranty period or
malfunction.
03
CONDITIONAL
A conditional contract agreement is an

agreement used when services could
not be provided at the time the contract
was signed.
A BIG YES!
DO I NEED A A contract agreement protects
CONSTRUCTION both the parties involved in
CONTRACT construction work. It defines
your scope of work, outlines
AGREEMENT? terms for payment, and
provides methods of settling
disputes.
IMPORTANCE OF CONTRACT
AGREEMENT
PROVIDE
1 3 CERTAINTY TO A
COMPENSATORY
CONSTRUCTION
DAMAGES
PROJECT
PROVIDE AVOID CONTRACT

2 4
DUTIES AND DISPUTES
OBLIGATIONS
CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT
- A construction contract is a
legal agreement that has been
specifically negotiated for the
building of a single asset, a
group of assets, or a
combination of assets that are
closely related to one another in
terms of their design,
technology, function, or
intended use.
Types of Construction Contracts
1 2
Lump-Sum/ Cost Plus
Fixed Price Contracts
Contracts
3 4
Time and Unit Price
Materials Contracts
Contracts
1
In this type of contract, the

engineer or contractor agrees to
do the project that has been
described and named for a set
price. This type of contract is also
known as a “Fixed Price
Lump-Sum/ Fixed Price Contract” and is very often used
Contracts
in engineering contracts.
2
A "Cost-Plus" contract is an
agreement that involves the
buyer’s consent to pay the
complete cost for material
and labor in addition to the
amount for contractor
overhead and profit.
Cost Plus Contracts

3
Time and Materials Contracts

An hourly rate for labor, the
actual cost of supplies and
equipment, plus an additional
sum to cover overhead and
profit are all covered by this
agreement for the contractor.
4
Unit Price Contracts

This contract type is based on
anticipated quantities of items that
are counted in the project in addition
to their unit prices. The final price of
the project depends upon the
quantities required to carry out the
work.
● A part of the construction
contract.
● They detail the work, materials,
and installation required to
complete a project.
• Increases the chance of work getting
done correctly
• Correct work means fewer defects
• Fewer change orders means fewer
disputes over additional compensation
• Having a clear set of specifications
divisions helps facilitate coordination and
communication between all project
participants
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT
SPECIFICATION
Prescriptive Performance Proprietary

step to step details and all operations specific type of material
instructions requirements for installation.
1. Prescriptive Specification
- Also known as materials and method

specification
- Written documents that give details
about the project’s materials and
instructions for their installation.
- Written for more complex buildings,
or buildings where clients has specific
requirements that might not be
familiar to contractors or suppliers.
- Can be used to projects where there is
a very specific end result required.
2. Performance Specification
● This document typically provides

details about functionality and
other important technical
information.
● The general concept behind the
performance specification is for
the architect or engineer to
describe what they need, and
the contractor to determine the
best way to get there.
3. Proprietary Specification
- A proprietary specification
focuses on one type of material
or product.
- Descriptions of materials that
either cite a specific brand
name or are written so
restrictively that only one vendor
or manufacturer can supply the
desired items
CE 412 | Construction Methods and Project Management
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
ORGANIZATIONG R O U P 3
CE 412 | Construction Methods
and Project Management
INTRODUCTION
The driving force behind every organization is its

management team. Different teams operate in
different ways
Some companies have shown steadiness if not

spectacular growth for maintaining a reputation of
conservatism. Others have a dynamic reputation built
on rapid growth with impressive earnings
ORGANIZATION
Organization is a group of individuals who are cooperating willingly and
effectively for a common goal
It is the very foundation of administration
Organizations are structured to promote better management. However,

it is the performance of the people who fill the positions that determines
the success of the enterprise and not the organizational design itself
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF AN ORGANIZATION

1. Men - different members of the organization starting from
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION the very top of the last workman in the enterprise.
is the formal arrangements 2. Materials - materials necessary in the distribution of

that are established to functions or in the attainment of its objectives.
coordinate all activities in
order to implement a given 3. Machine - tools necessary in producing its desired output.
strategy
4. Methods - procedures and ways used in the course of its
actions.
5. Money - financial resources of the organization.

MAJOR ELEMENTS OF
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
1. Distribution of functions - The functions to be performed, groupings of
functions, and the vertical and horizontal task relationships among
functions.
2. Vertical and Horizontal authority relationships - Who is the authority to do

what?
3. Communication and Decision Processes - Manner in which formal

decisions are made and by whom.
4. Policies - Decision, rules, or guidelines established.

The common failure of management is its failure to adopt its

organizational structure, policies and procedures, to the growth in size
and complexity of the enterprise.
According to Peter Drucker, traditional structures are no longer

adequate for today's complex organizations.
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD ORGANIZATION

Certain underlying principles can be given as:
1. Principle of Objective
- Clear and complete definition of the objective must be known. Any business concern or any
individual must adhere to a definite purpose or aim.
2. Analysis
- A sound business judgment attempts to build an organization through full knowledge of the
requirements of the business.
3. Simplicity
- The simplest organization that will serve to attain the desired objective is considered the best.
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD ORGANIZATION

Certain underlying principles can be given as:
4. Functionalism
- The organization should be built around the main functions of the business and not around the
individuals. A function is a normal or characteristic way of doing a task that stands out distinctively by itself.
5. Departmentalization
- Departmentalization can be through functions, products, location, or by projects of the organization.
6. Centralization of Authority and Responsibility

- In every organization there should be centralized executive control or command authority.
7.Limited Span of Control

-The number of subordinates an executive can manage effectively.
ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS

Business - organization of people with various skills, which uses capital and talents to produce
goods or services, which can be sold to others for more than their costs, or it may be considered as;
the system through which economic activity was organized by those who seek to make profit.
Most construction enterprises are selling the time of their workers, machineries, plant, equipment,
and money.
At the top of the foundation is coordination; this is the attribute that integrates all the elements of
an organization into an operating unity.
WHAT IS MANAGEMENT?
Management is a process
It is the process of directing and facilitating the
work of people who are organized for a common
purpose.
Management is a function
It is the function of getting things done through
the efforts of others. It is the application of
authority and the assumption of responsibility.
MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
Management to be effective must be systematic
Things can be done better by means of a plan of action. When
management is systematic, there can be no room for personalities,
prejudices, and unfair judgment.
Management to be successful must be scientific

By the application of the scientific method to the study and
analysis of the operations of a particular job, men have discovered
the best known methods of performing the operation.
Management must be humanistic

Human beings preferably should be led by goals they accept as
justifiable, worthy, and fair to all concerned
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES
The primary objective of management structure is to
facilitate the coordination and control over the
activities of the company. In any sizable organization,
there should be delegation of responsibility because:
1. It is physically impossible for one person to effectively

control all the works of a large organization through
personal contact with it.
2. No person possesses the skills necessary to guide personally
the highly specialized activities in a modern construction
business.
LINE OF RESPONSIBILITY
Everyone in the company should know to whom they are

responsible.
The line of responsibility works in two ways:
From the executive to the supervisor down to the workers
under his jurisdiction and conversely.
From the workers to those who are in authority over him.
MANAGEMENT CONTROL
Control
Control as a verb is defined as “to check or regulate… to keep within limits”
Managerial control however carries with it a much broader interpretation to apply: not
only to check nor command, but also the whip. Not only to regulate, but also to
stimulate.
To have effective control, the manager must know by heart the reasons why his
business or enterprise exists. The success or failure of any enterprise depends greatly
upon the manager
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Under this system, adequate and reliable data are collected and disseminated to the proper
persons and units at the right time.
To the manager, information has four purposes to serve. It must answer the questions
What are we going to do?
How well are we doing?
How can we do better?
Does it serve as an aid to coordination?
THE MANAGER
Most difficult and with the highest degree
of responsibility
The nature of his job is varied from the

simplest to the most complicated one
He/She serves as the bridge

QUALITY OF AN
EFFECTIVE MANAGER He studies, analyzes and dissects his job
He knows how to delegate the
administrative details of his job
He is willing to delegate to and share with
his subordinate the credit of a job well
done
He trains and develops his men to
prepare them to assume delegated work
He knows how to control and plan his
time
He institutes controls for effective
performance
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS
To Plan To Organize
To Direct To Control
PLANNING
The job of making things happen
An intellectual process, the conscious

determination and direction of action
Plans may be classified as

a. Objective of the enterprise
b. Policies
c. Procedures
d. Budget
e. Programs
ORGANIZING
Necessary but not sufficient condition for
good performance
Improving the organization will always

improve performance
DIRECTING
Guiding and overseeing subordinates
Involves leadership and coordination
LEADERSHIP
is the process by which an executive imaginativeley directs, guides
or influences the work of others in choosing and attaining particular
ends
COORDINATION
is the process whereby an executive develops an orderly pattern of
group effort among the subordinates, and secures unity of action in
the pursuit of common purpose.
HOW CAN EXECUTIVE COORDINATE EFFORTS

IN THEIR ORGANIZATION?
Clarifying authority and responsibility
Careful checking and observation
Facilitating effective communication
Utilizing leadership skills

CONTROLLING
Calls for evaluation of results, comparison of those
with establish standards, and the taking measures to
correct discrepancies that appear.
The larger the number of persons reporting directly

to one executive, the more difficult it is to supervise
and coordinate them effectively
POLICIES AND
PROCEDURES
POLICIES
are general statements which guide or channel the thinking and
action of an organization
PROCEDURES
are reflection of policy. It involves selection of a course of action
and applied to future activities. They are detailed the manner in
which a certain activity must be accomplished
EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP
Bridge between objective and result.
Human progress is the crowning glory of success and

success is the result of good management
As the leader, the manager should be an example of

good personal appearance, pleasant mannerisms,
friendliness, cheerfulness and good health so that he
can command respect among his subordinates.
A manager must not be a boss but a leader

EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP
Leadership is the ability to motivate subordinates
and other people toward the achievement of
organizational objectives
A leader who desires to serve, leads by example.
He must be able to think ahead to visualize and to

plan beyond the immediate present.
A leader must have a goal which is practical and right.

NEW CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIP

The new concept of leadership today is a matter of
service, not control.
The ideal leadership now is to aid communication

and create a sense of unity, enthusiasm and
cooperation among the member of the team.
The choice of leadership style to employ must take

into account the company's objectives, the company
policies and the organizational climate.
DELEGATION OF
AUTHORITY
DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
is the key to effective management
In order to have control, the manager must have authority
Authority should have a definite limitation
When a work is given, it must be within the paths of authority
Delegation of a task to a subordinate is a manifestation of faith and

confidence towards the ability of a subordinate
Justifiable praise and commendation should be given

REASONS WHY DELEGATING AUTHORITY

IS ESSENTIAL:
Promotes Efficiency
Develops Skills
Increases Accountability
Enhances Teamwork
Facilitates Decision-Making
RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY DEFINED

Authority
Responsibility in management refers to the power or right of a
in management refers to the obligation or manager to make decisions, give orders, and
duty of a manager to accomplish specific enforce them within an organization. It is the
tasks, achieve organizational goals, and legitimate power that is given to a manager to
ensure that resources are utilized control and direct the activities of his/her
efficiently. subordinates towards achieving organizational
goals
1. Personal Responsibility 1. Line Authority
2. Organizational Responsibility 2. Staff Authority
3. Functional Authority
PETER DRUCKER
He was the famous professor that defined responsibility as
“Hell without authority.”
He believed that effective management required a clear

understanding of the relationship between responsibility and
authority, and that organizations
He believed that effective management required a clear

understanding of the relationship between responsibility and
authority, and that organizations needed to empower their
employees with the authority to take responsibility for their
work
His most famous and influential concept is Management by

Objectives (MBO).
PERSONNEL COORDINATION
Is an essential aspect of management that involves bringing people together to work towards a
common goal.
The company organization is also dependent upon the special abilities in the
skills of personnel to perform the work. This is true particularly in the
establishment of leaders , supervisors and foremen . Two factors are
significant:
1. The need for close of supervisions as judged by the skin of the workers
and the difficulty of the operations
2. The availability of experienced and trustworthy personnel capable of
acting in supervisory capacity.
Reasons why there is a shortage of people who are capable of leadership and supervision of others in
companies
1. Lack of incentive in the supervisory positions
2. Inadequate or ineffective recruitment of those possessing potential leadership ability
3. Insufficient training of present and potential supervisory personnel.

Overall, effective personnel
coordination is essential for As mentioned in his book, "The Effective
achieving organizational Executive", the task of the executive is to create a
goals and that managers working team of individuals who have diverse
had a critical role to play in skills and perspectives and who work together to
ensuring that employees achieve a common goal—personnel coordination
were working together is essential to this process.
effectively.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
FREDERICK WINSLOW
TAYLOR
an Engineer who was
accredited as the "Father of Taylor's Scientific Management Theory
Scientific Management"
1. Division of Labor and Specialization
He is known for his work in

2. Unity of Command and Centralization of
developing the concept of
Decision Making
scientific management ,
which aimed to improve
3. One Way Authority
workplace efficiency and
productivity through the
4. Narrow Span of Control
systematic study of work
processes
CARL G. BARTH
Introduced to the world the use of research
mathematics, which he merged with his
knowledge of machine tools.
HENRY L. GANTT
He contributed to the recognition of worker
psychology, the development of bonus plans,
and the charts used in production scheduling.
RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY DEFINED

Overall, engineering has come to be closely associated with the management of various
enterprises. Out of this, Industrial Engineering was born. Today it is a descriptive work of
functional staff responsible for activities such as:
1. Incentive Standard
2. Methods Analysis
3. Quality Control
4. Production Control
5. Material Handling
WORK SIMPLIFICATION
The term simplification is often used to designate the cooperative project
It is a management approach that aims to streamline work processes and

increase efficiency by eliminating unnecessary steps and minimizing waste
5 Humanistic
Management
KONOSUKE
MATSUSHITA
Founder of Panasonic Corporation of
Japan
FIVE KEY TO SUCCESS

1. To have a clear management philosophy, clear goals, and
definite ideal
2. To manage a company with the full realization that every

enterprise is a public enterprise
3. To practice open management
4. To collect the wisdom of the many
5. To try your best to to acquire an unflappable and supremely

adaptable mind
Human resources
Human capital
Humans
ORDER
A specific message conveyed by a leader to a follower for the purpose of influencing

the follower to take desired action.
It is either in the form of verbal or written

WHEN TO USE
VERBAL ORDERS?
When the order is simple and the message can be clearly heard
When privacy is important
When the follower is intelligent and reliable
When a demonstration is involved
WHEN TO USE WRITTEN

ORDERS?
When precise figures or complicated details are involved.
When orders must be passed on to someone else
When the workers involved are slow to understand and forgetful
When you want to hold the receiver strictly accountable
When a particular sequence must be followed exactly
When a notice board can be suitably used
When you are quoting general instructions on higher authority
When a record is desirable, perhaps the order may need to be referred to in the future
DISTINCT CATEGORIES OF
ORDER
A request
A suggestion
Asking for volunteers
A direct order
HOW TO PHRASE ORDERS

EFFECTIVELY
When making an order, it should be:

Clear
Complete
Concise
Acceptable
MEANINGS OF EVERY ORDER

1. The meaning you think you convey
2. The meaning you do convey, directly and by implication
3. The meaning the receiver thinks you convey

HOW TO GIVE EFFECTIVE ORDERS

1. Clarify your objective
2. Obtain favorable attention
3. Make it simple and specific
4. Phrase it tactfully for best results
5. Explain why it should be done your way
6. Learn how much information and guidance he needs
7. Let him have it
8. Inspire his confidence in you and the correctness of your order
9. Note his readiness to act
10. Give him faith in his ability to carry it out
THE KNOWLEDGE WORKER
Knowledge workers
term that refers to individuals who are primarily involved in the
creation, manipulation, and dissemination of information and
knowledge
Innovation is vital to survival of companies hence, a new breed of

worker- knowledge worker is called in to be the central to
innovation and to be a most valuable asset of the company.
THE KNOWLEDGE WORKER

To release the potential of knowledge workers,
Examples of Knowledge Workers:
companies need to:
Scientists
Acknowledge that knowledge workers are different Engineers
Accept that traditional command and control Researchers
methods of management are outdated and Teachers
inappropriate Doctors
Creating new ways of organizing work suitable for Lawyers
knowledge working Consultants
Ensuring the right backup systems are provided Analysts
which take into account the motivations and values Information technology professionals
of knowledge workers
KNOWLEDGE WORKERS AND MANUAL WORKERS
Proper management advances deliver business results. Improvement in methods and management are
important, as well as nurturing creativity and innovation. At this age, knowledge economies based in
knowledge work and workers are well recognized for the prosperity and continuous growth of every
organization.
CE-412 23 February 2023
GROUP 4
Andal | Loria | Manalo, C. | Manalo, J. | Manao | Perez | Regodon
PROJECT PLANNING
AND SCHEDULING
Contruction Methods and Project Management CE-3202
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS PLANNING?
Planning is a general term that sets a clear road map that should be followed to
reach a destination. The term, therefore, has been used at different levels to
mean different things. Planning involves the breakdown of the project into
definable, measurable, and identifiable tasks/activities, and then establishes the
logical interdependencies among them

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INTRODUCTION
In construction, for example, plans may exist at several levels:
corporate strategic plans, pre-tender plans, pre-contract plans,
short-term construction plans, and long-term construction plans.
These plans are different from each other; however, all these plans
involve four main steps:
Performing breakdown of work items involved in the project into
activities.
Identifying the proper sequence by which the activities should be
executed.
Activities representation.
Estimating the resources, time, and cost of individual activities.

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INTRODUCTION
Detailed planning for tendering purposes and the preparation of construction
needs to be conducted through brainstorming sessions among the planning team.
The inputs and outputs of the planning process are shown in Figure 1.1.

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PROJECT PLANNING STEPS

The following steps may be used as a guideline, or checklist to develop
a project plan:
1. Define the scope of work, method statement, and sequence of work.
2. Generate the work breakdown structure (WBS) to produce a
complete list of activities.
3. Develop the organization breakdown structure (OBS) and link it with
work breakdown structure o identify responsibilities.
4. Determine the relationship between activities.
5. Estimate activities time duration, cost expenditure, and resource
requirement.
6. Develop the project network.

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WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE

The WBS is described as a hierarchical structure which is
designed to logically subdivide all the work-elements of the
project into a graphical presentation. The full scope of
work for the project is placed at the top of the diagram,
and then subdivided smaller elements of work at each
lower level of the breakdown. At the lowest level of the
WBS the element of work is called a work package. A list of
project’s activities is developed from the work packages.

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Effective use of the WBS will outline the scope of the project and the responsibility for
each work package. There is not necessarily a right or wrong structure because what
may be an excellent fit for one discipline may be an awkward burden for another. To
visualize the WBS, consider Figure 1.2 which shows a house construction project.

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Figure 1.3 shows another example for more detailed WBS, in which the project WBS is
divided into five levels:

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The WBS for a warehouse is as
follow:
For more details, another

two levels (third and
fourth levels) can be
added as shown below:

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Accordingly, a complete WBS for the warehouse project can be shown as follow
(Figure 1.4)

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WBS AND ORGANIZATIONAL BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE (OBS)
The WBS elements at various levels can be related to the
contractor’s organizational breakdown structure (OBS), which
defines the different responsibility levels and their appropriate
reporting needs as shown in Figure 1.5. The figure, also, shows
that work packages are tied to the company unified code of
accounts. The unified code of accounts allows cataloging, sorting,
and summarizing of all information. As such, the activity of
installing column formwork of area 2, for example, which is the
responsibility of the general contractor’s formwork foreman, has
a unique code that represents all its data.

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WBS CODING
A project code system provides the framework for project

planning and control in which each work package in a WBS is
given a unique code that is used in project planning and
control. The coding system provides a comprehensive
checklist of all items of work that can be found in a specific
type of construction. Also, it provides uniformity, transfer &
comparison of information among projects.

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WBS CODING
An example of this coding system is the MasterFormat (Figure
1.6) which was developed through a joint effort of 8 industry &
professional associations including: Construction Specifications
Institute (CSI); and Construction Specifications Canada (CSC).
The Master format is divided into 16 divisions as follows:
1. General Requirements. 9. Finishes.
2. Site work. 10. Specialties.
3. Concrete. 11. Equipment
4. Masonry. 12. Furnishings.
5. Metals. 13. Special Construction.
6. Woods & Plastics. 14. Conveying Systems.
7. Thermal & Moisture Protection. 15. Mechanical.
8. Doors & Windows. 16. Electrical
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PROJECT ACTIVITIES
The building block (the smallest unit) of a WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) is the
activity, which is a unique unit of the project that has a specified duration.
An activity is defined as any function or decision in the project that: consumes
time, resources, and cost.
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PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Activities are classified to three types:
1. Production activities: activities that involve the use of resources such as
labor, equipment, material, or subcontractor. Examples are: excavation,
formwork, reinforcement, concreting, etc.
2. Procurement activities: activities that specify the time for procuring materials or
equipment that are needed for a production activity. Examples are: brick
procurement, boiler manufacturing and delivery, etc.
3. Management activities: activities that are related to management

decisions such as approvals, vacations, etc.

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PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Level of details depends on the purpose of preparing the project plan types:
In the pre-construction stages: less detailed activities can be utilized

In the construction stages: detailed activities are required.
Accordingly, level of details depends on: planning stage, size of the

project, complexity of the work, management expertise.
An activity can be as small as “steel fixing of first floor columns” or as
large as “construct first floor columns”.

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PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Example:
Figure shows a double-span bridge. Break the construction works of the bridge
into activities.

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ACTIVITIES RELATIONSHIP
In order to identify the relationships among activities, the planning team
needs to answer the following questions for each activity in the project:
Which activities must be finished before the current one can start?
What activity(ies) may be constructed concurrently with the current one?
What activity(ies) must follow the current one?

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Example: ANSWER:
Suppose that a site preparation and
concrete slab foundation construction
project consists of nine different activities:
A. Site clearing (of brush and minor debris)
B. Removal of trees
C. General excavation
D. Grading general area
E. Excavation for utility trenches
F. Placing formwork and reinforcement for
concrete
G. Installing sewer lines
H. Installing other utilities
I. Pouring concrete.

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Logical relationship considering resource constraints
For efficient use of resources or in
case of constrained resources, it
might be beneficial to consider the
resources when determining the
logical relationship among the
activities that use the same
resources.
For example, consider the case of
construction a simple project consists
of three units and each unit has three
sequential activities (logical
relationship).
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Overlap or lag
Overlap between activities (negative lag) is defined as how much a particular
activity must be completed before a succeeding activity may start.
The absence of overlap means that the first activity must finish before the
second may start. A negative overlap (lag) means a delay is required
between the two activities.

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Types of activities relationships:
Finish to start (FS)

The successor activity can
begin only when the current
----------------
activity completes.
The installation of the doors and

windows within the house is
dependent on the completion of the
building’s structure.
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Finish to finish (FF)

The finish of the successor
activity depends on the finish
----------------
of the current activity.
Electrical work cannot finish until

drywalling is complete

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Start to start (SS)

The start of the successor
activity depends on the start of
----------------
the current activity.
Say you are renovating a building,

and there is a need to paint a wall.
For this to happen, it have to apply
the prime at the same time.
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Start to finish (SF)

The successor activity cannot
finish until the current activity
----------------
starts.
Hoisting the object and receiving

the object and unloading the crane.

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DRAWING PROJECT NETWORK
A network is a graphical representation of the

project activities and their relationships. A project
network is a set of arrows and nodes. Before
drawing the network, it is necessary to ensure that
the project has a unified starting and ending point.

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DRAWING PROJECT NETWORK

There are two ways that are commonly used to draw a network diagram for
a project:
1. Activity on Arrow (AOA) representation
2. Activity on Node (AON) representation

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ACTIVITY ON ARROW NETWORK (AOA)

(Arrow Diagramming Method)
In this method, the arrows

represent activities while the
nodes represent the start and
the end of an activity (usually
named as events). When one
activity depends upon another,
both appear on the diagram as
two arrows having a common
----------------
node.

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ACTIVITY ON ARROW NETWORK (AOA)

(Arrow Diagramming Method)
The following are some rules that
need to be followed when constructing
an AOA network diagram:
Each activity must have a unique i – j
numbers, where i is smaller than j
It is recommended to have a gap
between numbers (i.e., 5, 10, 15, etc.)
Avoid back arrows.
Note: In some situations, when more than
one arrow leave the same node and arrive
at another node, dummy activities must
be used.
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ACTIVITY ON NODE NETWORK (AON)

(Precedence Diagramming Method)
In this method, the nodes

represent activities and the
arrows represent logical
relationships among the
activities. AON representation
allows the overlap or lag
representation on the
relationship arrows connecting
----------------
activities.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN AOA AND AON

While both networks can be used to represent a project network, there are
some differences between them:
There is no need for the use of dummy activities in AON

representation.
AON are more easily to draw and to read.
In AOA, an activity can only start when all its predecessors have
finished.
AON allows for overlap/lag representation.
AON allows for the representation of the four types of relationships
while AOA allows only for the finish to start relationship.

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ESTIMATING ACTIVITY DURATION AND DIRECT COST
Having defined the work activities, each activity

has associated time duration. These durations are
used in preparing a schedule. All scheduling
procedures rely upon estimates of the durations of
the various project activities as well as the
definitions of the predecessor relationships among
activities.

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ESTIMATING ACTIVITY DURATION AND DIRECT COST
The duration of an activity may be estimated as:

Activity duration = quantity of work / number of
crews x resource output
Typically, the quantity of work is determined from
engineering drawings of a specific project. The
number of crews working is decided by the planner.
In many cases, the number or amount of resources
applied to particular activities may be modified in
light of the resulting project plan and schedule.

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WHAT IS A PERT?
PROGRAM EVALUATION AND
REVIEW TECHNIQUE
(PERT)
It is an event-oriented
NETWORK ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUE used to determine
project duration when individual
activity duration predictions are
quite uncertain.

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In the 1950s, the U.S. Navy had PERT BACKGROUND

a budget overrun and a
schedule delay
of as much as 50% in the
Polaris missile system project
(Brighthub, 2008). The objective was to devise a
method that predicts the
completion
date of a project with a certain
likelihood using the theory of
probability.

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In 1958, this tool was developed

under the name program evaluation
PERT BACKGROUND
and review technique and later
became known by its acronym,
PERT.
The PERT system was adopted in its
early days by the Department of
Defense (DoD) under the name
program evaluation procedure
(PEP).

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CONCEPT
PERT, as similar to CPM, is used in
construction to estimate a project’s
duration. However, PERT assumes a
high degree of variability in activity
durations. Thus, it requires the user to
set 3 time estimates/durations that
constitute the practical range of the
duration for each activity.

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CONCEPT
THREE TIME DURATIONS
Optimistic Duration (to )

Most-Likely Duration (tm )
Pessimistic Duration (t p )

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CONCEPT
OPTIMISTIC DURATION (to )
This is the estimate of the shortest

possible time in which an activity can
be completed under ideal conditions.
For this estimate, no provision for
delays or setbacks are made.

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CONCEPT
PESSIMISTIC DURATION (t p )
This is the maximum possible time

which an activity could take to
accomplish the job. If everything went
wrong and abnormal situations
prevailed, this would be the time
estimate.
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CONCEPT
MOST-LIKELY DURATION (tm )
This is a time estimate of an activity

which lies between the optimistic and
the pessimistic time estimates. It
assumes that things go in a normal
way with few setbacks.

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CONCEPT
EXPECTED TIME DURATION (te )
The expected time is the average time
taken for the completion of the job.
to + 4t m + tp
te =
6

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
Expected Time Formula Variance Formula

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
A small project is composed of 10 activities whose time estimates are listed in the
table below. Activities are identified by their Immediate predecessors.
Draw the project network and identify

all the paths through it.
Find the expected time and variance for

each activity.
Find the Critical Path & Expected Project

Completion Time.
What is the probability of completing

the project on or before 22 weeks?
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PERT COMPUTATIONS
Find the expected time and variance for each activity.

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
Draw the project network and identify all the paths through it.

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PERT COMPUTATIONS

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PERT COMPUTATIONS

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PERT COMPUTATIONS

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
CONNECTED PATHS
1-2-5-8
1-3-6-7-8
1-4-6-7-8
1-4-7-8

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
Find the Critical Path & Expected Project Completion Time.

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
# Change Activity to Expected Time

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
CONDITIONS
Forward Pass
Earliest Starting Time
(Es) = max. (Esi + Dij)
Backward Pass
Latest Finish Time
(Lf) = min. (Lfj - Dij)

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
Critical Path
1-4-6-7-8
Expected Project
Completion Time
17 weeks

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PERT COMPUTATIONS
What is the probability of completing the project on or before 22 weeks?
SD is the square root

of Variance
Therefore, SD =
2.19
x = 22
Tcp = 17
TOTAL = 4.78
Z = 2.28
weeks
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PERT COMPUTATIONS
What is the probability of completing
the project on or before 22 weeks?
Z = 2.28 2.28 = 2.20 + 0.08
Therefore the
Probability
is 0.9887

STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION TABLE
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PERT VS CPM
Large-scale projects Complex but routine

Meaning projects
Time Focus Time and Cost Trade-off

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PERT VS CPM
Event-oriented Orientation Activity-oriented
Probalistic Activities Deterministic

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WHAT IS CRITICAL
PATH IN A PROJECT?
CRITICAL PATH
In project management, the
critical path is the longest
sequence of tasks that must be
completed to complete a
project.

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IMPORTANCE OF CRITICAL PATH

FOR PROJECT MANAGERS?
Accurately estimate the
total project duration
Identify task dependencies,
resource constraints and
project risks
Prioritize tasks and create
realistic project schedules

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WHAT IS CPM?
CRITICAL PATH METHOD

(CPM)
The critical path method (CPM)
is a technique that’s used by
project managers to create a
project schedule and estimate
the total duration of a project.

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l
TYPES OF CPM?
Gantt charts PERT charts
horizontal bar charts that display flowchart that displays tasks
tasks in a linear timeline with in separate boxes.
arrows for task dependencies.

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CPM HISTORY
The critical path method was
developed in the late 1950s by Morgan
R. Walker and James E. Kelley. Kelley
and Walker published a paper on their
research in 1959. Around the same
time, the U.S. Navy and Booz Allen
Hamilton developed a similar
technique⁠—PERT (Program Evaluation
and Review Technique)⁠—which is where
the term “critical path” originated. .

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IMPORTANCE OF CPM IN A PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Identify task dependencies, resource constraints and project risks
Accurately estimate the duration of each task
Prioritize tasks based on their float or slack time, which helps with
project scheduling and resource allocation
Identify critical tasks that have no slack and make sure those are
completed on time
Monitor your project progress and measure schedule variance
Use schedule compression techniques like crash duration or fast
tracking

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KEY ELEMENTS OF CPM
Earliest start time (ES) Earliest finish time (EF)
Latest start time (LS) Latest finish time (LF)
Float

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GRAPHING AND CALCULATIONS

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CONSTRUCTION
ESTIMATE AND VALUE
ENGINEERING
AMPARO, LHAREIGN
CASAS, ANRELLE
DANTA, TED LLOYD
FALCUNITIN, KIERBY
ORACION, RICO
PAGCALIWAGAN, DIANNE
VIRREY, KARYLLE MAE
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION
COST ESTIMATING?
It is a foundational principle in forecasting the cost
of constructing a structure.
To determine a project's feasibility, scope, and the
necessary budget allocations
Having proper construction estimation practices
prevent the contractor from losing money and the
client from overpaying
CONSTRUCTION
COST ESTIMATING
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WHO CREATES COST

ESTIMATES?
Construction estimators
Produce and revise estimates for a project.
Familiar with the design and expenses incurred in the
project.
Create multiple assessments on the pre-design and
design phases.
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BUDGETING
Accurate estimates ensure that
the project is within the
allocated budget.
IMPORTANCE
PLANNING
Aids in determining the
timeline of the project, the
resources required, and the
manpower needed to complete
the project.
PROCUREMENT
The materials needed for the
project can be purchased in
OF COST ESTIMATION advance to avoid delays and

potential cost overruns.
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BID SELECTION
IMPORTANCE
The builder can estimate the

costs and offer a competitive
bid, which will help in winning
the project.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
The detailed breakdown of the
costs involved in the project
can help in avoiding disputes
over payment later.
OF COST ESTIMATION
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COST Getting an accurate construction

ESTIMATING estimate goes a long way to drive
PROCESS success in your construction.
Know Your
Use the Unit Cost
01 Customer’s 02 Method
Expectations
06
STICK ESTIMATE
Involves breaking down a construction
project into its individual components .
07
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UNIT COST
Breaking down your project into unit components allows
METHOD OF cost estimators to develop comprehensive estimations
that clearly detail the total cost of construction.
ESTIMATION
DESIGN ESTIMATES BID ESTIMATES

Early-stage estimate of construction Detailed estimate submitted by a contractor
project cost based on preliminary in responce to a request for proposal or
design plans and specification. invitation to bid.
08
UNIT COST ESTIMATE SAMPLE
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GET EXPERT ADVICE

Seek out those who understand
03
aspects of the construction
better than you do.
DON'T UNDERESTIMATE LABOR COSTS

Labor costs are where estimates
04
can be run off track.
CONSULT WITH SUPPLIERS

You want to have good
05
communication between
yourself and your suppliers,
10
WHAT ARE THE
BENEFITS OF COST 1.) Accurate Planning
ESTIMATING IN
CONSTRUCTION? 2.) Increased Profit Margins
3.) Management of Resources
4.) Better Reputation
11
1 ACCURATE PLANNING
Proper cost estimation
enables one to plan the
subtasks required to complete
a task correctly.
12
2 INCREASED PROFIT MARGINS
With proper estimating, one
account for both expected and
unexpected costs, where it
protects the profit margins.
13
3 MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES
With an insight into the tasks and
timelines at hand, this can ensure
that you have the skills to identify
resource gaps, hire people as needed
and take on projects with confidence.
14
4 BETTER REPUTATION
Proper planning helps a

builder finish the projects on
time and budget.
15
DIRECT COST
COMPONENTS
INDIRECT COST
KEY
LABOR COST
SUBCONTRACTOR COST
OF COST ESTIMATION
16
DIRECT COST
Specifically allocable to construction activities.
Made up of materials, labor, and equipment

cost.
17
INDIRECT COST
Not specifically allocable to construction
activities.
Made up of project overhead cost and general

overhead cost.
18
LABOR COST
Total hours of workers receiving an hourly wage

who are directly employed at the work site.
19
SUBCONTRACTOR COST
Estimate the cost of work that will be

contracted out to subcontractors.
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THE FIVE-LEVEL SYSTEM OF

ESTIMATE ACCURACY
1. ORDER OF 2. SCHEMATIC 3. DESIGN 4. CONSTRUCTION

5. BID
MAGNITUDE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
21
1 ORDER OF MAGNITUDE ESTIMATE
This is a preliminary
calculation that’s only
directionally accurate. A Level
1 estimate is useful for
determining whether a project
is feasible, but not much else.
22
2 SCHEMATIC DESIGN ESTIMATE
This estimate is made based
on the schematic design. It’s
useful for construction
companies to determine
whether it’s worth looking
closer at any given job.
23
3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ESTIMATE
This is the estimate in the

design development phase.
This is a rough estimate
drawn up based on the initial
design.
24
4 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT ESTIMATE
This is the estimate that is
taken off from construction
specifications and drawings. It
is based on proposed
blueprints and building
specifications.
25
5 BID ESTIMATE
This is the estimate based on
the construction documents
by the prices offered to the
client. It is a contractor’s final
estimate, based on all
available Blueprints, plans,
and material costs.
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VALUES
ENGINEERING
Values engineering can be defined as an organized
effort directed at analyzing designed building features,
systems, equipment, and material selections for the
purpose of achieving essential functions at the
lowest life cycle cost consistent with required
performance, quality, reliability, and safety.
27
VALUES ENGINEERING
In construction, it is a method your project team can employ to improve the value of your project by
examining the function of each item or element and its associated cost.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE...
that improving the value of your project does not
mean cutting costs. It means optimizing the
elements of the project through an analysis of all
factors–cost, upkeep, wear-and-tear, aesthetic value,
and others.
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The concept of value engineering evolved in the 1940s at

General Electric, in the midst of World War II.
UNDERSTANDING Due to the war, purchase engineer Lawrence Miles and
VALUES Harry Erlicher sought substitutes for materials and

components since there was a chronic shortage of them.
ENGINEERING These substitutes were often found to reduce costs and
provided equal or better performance.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE...
With value engineering, cost reduction should not affect the quality of the
product being developed or analyzed.
29
RATIO OF
FUNCTION TO COST
Miles defined product value as the ratio of two
elements: function to cost.
The function is further defined as the set targets to be
attained through the execution of an element or a set of
elements.
The ratio of function to cost implies that the value of a
product can be increased by either improving its
function or decreasing its cost.
PRODUCT VALUE = FUNCTION/COST
30
DECREASE COST
IMPROVE ITS FUNCTION
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For example, a transportation project that costs 100,000,000 dollars provides improved
traffic flow and reduced travel time. If the improved traffic flow and reduced travel time
are estimated to provide 200,000,000 dollars in benefits, what is the value of the said
project?
Given:
Function/Benefit = 200,000,000 dollars
Cost = 100,000,000 dollars
32
VALUE 1 INFORMATION PHASE
ENGINEERING 2 CREATIVE PHASE
PROCESS 3 EVALUATION PHASE
Goal: Find and eliminate 4 DEVELOPMENT PHASE

any unnecessary cost in
a project 5 PRESENTATION PHASE
6 IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
33
INFORMATION PHASE
PROJECT FAMILIARIZATION
VALUE ENGINEERING CREATIVE PHASE

BRAINSTORMING IDEAS
PROCESS
EVALUATION PHASE
CRITICAL JUDGEMENT
34
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVES
VALUE ENGINEERING PRESENTATION PHASE

PRESENTING ALTERNATIVES
PROCESS
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
IMPLEMENTING ALTERNATIVES
35
1 USE VALUE
TYPES OF 2 COST VALUE

VALUE 3 ESTEEM VALUE
4 EXCHANGE VALUE
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USE VALUE
It is the primary type of value and it

is determined by the attributes of
the good. These attributes define
what the product is able to do, how
it is used, and what its purpose is.
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The ratio of function to cost implies

COST VALUE
that the value of a product can be

increased by either improving its
function or decreasing its cost. In
value engineering, the cost related
to production, design, maintenance,
and replacement are included in the
analysis.
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ESTEEM VALUE
It is the additional premium price
which a product can attract because
of its intrinsic attractiveness to
purchasers. Certain properties of a
product do not increase its utility or
performance but they make it
esteemable which would induce
customers to purchase the product.
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It is the sum of the attributes which

EXCHANGE
enable the product to be exchanged

VALUE
or sold. Certain characteristics of a

product facilitate its exchange for
something else and what we get is
the exchange value of that product.
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VALUE ENGINEERING
VS. VALUE ANALYSIS
What is the difference between Value Engineering and Value
Analysis?
VALUE ENGINEERING is the technique often used before a

product has been fabricated.
VALUE ANALYSIS on the other hand is the technique used to

analyze an already existing product. Its goal is often to review an
existing set of costs and benefits with the intention of enhancing
its value.
41
VALUE ENGINEERING
occurs earlier to prevent value
loss
VALUE ENGINEERING VALUE ANALYSIS

occurs after-the-fact and may
VS. VALUE ANALYSIS

be used to remediate product
deficiencies
Value Engineering is generally used to

aid manufacturing, while Value Analysis
may sometimes be used more heavily in
the business or sales department.
42
VALUE
ENGINEERING VS. BASIS FOR VALUE VALUE
VALUE ANALYIS COMPARISON ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
Nature of Preventive Remedial
Process Process Process
To get better
To get better
Objective optimized
engineering results
commercial output
Prevention of Elimination of
Ensures
unnecessary cost unnecessary cost
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LET'S RECAP(FAQS)
What Are the Process of Value Engineering?
Why Is Value Engineering Important?
44
1 INFORMATION PHASE
VALUE 2 CREATIVE PHASE
ENGINEERING 3 EVALUATION PHASE
PROCESS 4 DEVELOPMENT PHASE
5 PRESENTATION PHASE
6 IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
45
WHY IS VALUE ENGINEERING
IMPORTANT?
Value engineering is the process to ensuring
your customer's satisfaction and utility of a
product is maximized.
Value engineering is important because it forces
a company to evaluate its future plans to
maximize profitability.
46
Studio
Shodwe
BOTTOM LINE
Value engineering is the process of ensuring a product doesn't waste
away its potential.
Products that lack purpose or drive value will get lost in the
marketplace, becoming cost centers for a company that yields little to
no profit.
By implementing value engineering, a company evaluates how a
product can better serve its customers, how value can be created, and
how costs can be minimized.
47
Studio
Shodwe
THANK YOU
GROUP 6
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
AND OPERATIONS
A L B A • M A G - A R A R U • M A N D I G M A • P O N C E
R O M A S A N T A • T A B I • T A B O R A
GROUP 6
MEMBERS
Earl Deommar Alba Jewelaine Mag-araru Karylle Mandigma Stephanie Kate Ponce
John David Romasanta Mia Rozen Tabi Nehemiah Joy Tabora

GROUP 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION
MODERN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
CLEARING THE SITE
LOCATING STRUCTURES
EARTHMOVING
STABILIZING EARTH AND STRUCTURE
SETTING FOUNDATION
BUILDING SUPERSTRUCTURES
INSTALLING UTILITIES
ENCLOSING FRAME SUPERSTRUCTURES
FINISHING THE PROJECTS
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INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
Construction is the process of
constructing a building or infrastructure.
Large-Scale construction requires
collaboration across multiple disciplines.
An Architect normally manages the job
and a Construction Manager, Design
Engineer, Construction Engineer or
Project Manager supervises it.
II. CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
Construction Methods are the procedures
and techniques utilized during
construction.
Construction methods are the means used
to create, modify, or alter resources into
constructed products, specifically in
buildings and infrastructures.
TWO TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Traditional Construction Methods
Modern Construction Methods
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TRADITIONAL
CONSTRUCTION
Traditional construction methods
refer to the techniques which have been
used for ages to build structures.
According to Springfield Mobile Ltd.
(2019), there are three common
examples of traditional construction
methods. The following are:
Brick and Block
Timber Frame
Steel Frame
01 02 03
BRICK AND BLOCK TIMBER FRAME STEEL FRAME

used in houses that used as the internal has the same approach as
involves the structure of the building, the other two, only here it
construction of blockwork with some bricks or stones utilizes steel frames as the
walls surrounded by bricks used in finishes. internal structure.
or stones as external walls.
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MODERN
CONSTRUCTION
This method is also called modular
construction.
Most modern construction methods are
off-site techniques.
These methods involve building
elements being constructed away from
the building site itself.
01 02 03
PRECAST FLAT 3D VOLUMETRIC TUNNEL FORM

PANEL SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION
This method is ideal for all This involves the This method is a formwork
repetitive cellular projects. production of three- system that allows the
dimensional units in contractor to build
controlled factory monolithic walls and slabs
conditions prior to in one operation on a daily
transportation to the site. cycle.
04 05 06
HYBRID CONCRETE THIN JOINT INSULATING CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MASONRY FORMWORK
This method combines all This method allows the This method consists of
the benefits of pre-casting depth of the mortar to be thin-walled expanded
with the advantages of reduced from 10mm to just polystyrene panels or
cast-in-situ construction. 3mm or less, resulting in blocks that are quickly built
faster laying and improved up to create formwork for
productivity. the walls of a building.
07
PRECAST
FOUNDATION
This method can be used to rapidly construct a foundation. This
method significantly improves productivity especially in adverse
weather conditions and also reduces the amount of excavation
required.
III. CONSTRUCTION
OPERATIONS
Generally, construction operations refer to any activities to
be executed that will help aid the realization of a
construction project.
Construction Operations are generally classified according
to specialized fields. These includes the following:
1. Clearing the Site
2. Locating Structures
3. Earthmoving
4. Stabilizing Earth and Structure
5. Setting foundation
6. Building Superstructures
7. Installing utilities
8. Enclosing Frame Superstructures
9. Finishing the Projects
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1. CLEARING THE SITE
Site clearing is the process of removing all features

from a site that interfere with construction. This is
the first step in any construction project. Site
clearing affects everything from planning to building
permits to project safety - but it's equally important
to do it in a way that minimizes the impact on the
land.
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The sole purpose of Site Clearance is to clear the land of any

existing buildings, debris or waste. It also involves clearing the
surface layer of topsoil – which is necessary to remove as it
cannot be built on.
It can also contain chemicals within the topsoil leading to plant
growth, which could affect new structures over time. The process
involves the use of specialist heavy machinery, a skilled team
with the expertise and knowledge of operating the required
equipment and the means to legally dispose of the waste.
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Some examples of important site factors:

❖ Size of the site
❖ The amount of natural growth
❖ Man-made and natural obstacles
❖ Location of the site
❖ What is around the site
01
DEMOLISHING
Demolition is the dismantling, razing, destroying or wrecking of any building or structure or
any part thereof.
If we demolish by using high explosive, we call this operation blasting. Demolition by controlled
blasting technique is based on rupture of critical elements of the structure that produce the same
imbalance and as a result his downfall in a predetermined direction.
When bulldozers or wrecking balls are used, it is called wrecking. A wrecking ball is a heavy steel
ball, usually hung from a crane, that is used for demolishing large buildings. This type of demolition
uses a wrecking ball, which can weigh up to 13,500 pounds.
BLASTING WRECKING BALL METHOD
02
SALVAGING
Saving things from being demolished (destroyed) is called salvaging. This can be done
by tearing down, taking apart, or removing the wanted material from the site.
There are two main classifications of materials that are salvaged from deconstructed
buildings:
Salvaged lengths of wood to be used in future construction (construction
materials)
appliances and ornamental items that may be fitted into an existing home.
03
CUTTING
In wooded areas, cutting means bringing down timber by using axes,
explosives, or saws. Cutting also can be done with a torch to cut through
pieces of metal.
04
BURNING
When wood cannot be used or vegetation has to be cleared, one of the
best ways of destroying it is by burning.
05
EARTHMOVING
Earthmoving (or earthworks) is the process of moving, removing, or
adding soil or unformed rock from one location to another and
processing it so that it meets construction requirements as part of
engineering works.
Earthmoving is a major application of heavy equipment. Earth moving
involves digging, grading, and moving earth.
06
DISPOSING
Disposing means removing from the site materials that are not wanted.
Disposing may be done by burying, burning, or hauling away.
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2. LOCATING THE
STRUCTURES
SURVEYING is a means of making relatively large-

scale, accurate measurements of the Earth’s
surfaces. It includes the determination of the
measurement data, the reduction and interpretation
of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the
establishment of relative position and size according
to given measurement requirements.
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LOCATING THE
STRUCTURES
SURVEYOR - is the individual with training and

equipment needed to do this job.
A surveyor uses a measuring tape and transit to
measure horizontal distances and angles.
To measure vertical distance, he uses an engineer’s level
and a level rod.
The surveyor shows construction workers the exact
location and size of the structure they build.
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LOCATING THE
STRUCTURES
A. Highway Surveys
Highway surveys are a professional form of land
survey usually undertaken by public authorities during
the planning phases of a road project. A review of
highway construction during the construction process
will ensure that progress is made as it should, and
that the highway is built exactly where it should be.
Procedure on
Surveying for Find the correct When the cut, fill, and
1
Highways direction
5
other earthwork is
done, the surveyor must
Systematic Steps in Surveying put up new stakes
Set the stakes or markers
2 surveyors use in surveying
projects Other workers will then
6 lay the pavement by
following the surveyor’s
Use level and rod to find the
stakes.
3 height of the ground at
each of the center line
stakes.
Proceed with cut or fill on

4
the earth soil
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LOCATING THE
STRUCTURES
B. Building Surveys
A building survey is the inspection and

investigation of the construction and services of a
property in sufficient depth to enable a surveyor to
advise what impact the condition of that property will
have upon a client/owner.
Procedure on Surveying for Buildings
Systematic Steps in Surveying
A plumb bob then is

Utilize Nails are hung from the wire
markings to driven into the which is stretched
edge of the between the batter
set control
batter boards boards
points
1 3 5 7
2 4 6
Develop Use of batter Sketch a wire A surveyor looks
Building plans boards to be or cord through his transit to
fastened at the between the make sure that
top of skates nails to find correct locations are
maintained.
the wall line
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3. EARTHMOVING
Moving earth, both soil and rock, has always been

important to man. Early man was limited in what
earthmoving he could do because he relied highly on
his own strength. Now, man has huge pieces of
machinery for earthmoving. It is now possible to do
more work than before.
Earthmoving Equipments
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EARTHMOVING
A. EXCAVATING
Earthmoving is usually done by excavating (digging)
material in one area and transferring (moving) it to another
place.
Excavating is done:
1. To reach a good base for a foundation,
2. To build basements
3. To make cuts through hilly land for travel routes
4. To level uneven ground
01 02 03
BULK PIT BULK WIDE-AREA LOOSE BULK

This is the digging up of a These areas are wide The material is not
wide and deep area. The but fairly shallow, and hauled away, as in the
loose material must be there is easy access to above two, but it is piled
hauled away from the them. into a new position.
site.
04 05 06
LIMITED-AREA VERTICAL TRENCHING DREDGING

This kind of excavation is In trenching, the This kind of excavation
done mainly by digging excavation is long and deals with the removal of
vertically. It may be used narrow. soil or other materials
to dig a basement. from under water.
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TUNNEL EXCAVATING
Tunneling is not usually considered under the
heading of general excavation.
TECHNIQUES FOR LOOSENING SOIL MATERIALS
BLASTING SCARIFYING
01 Is done mostly to 03
Usually done in the
rock. upper 18” of the soil
BREAKING RIPPING
02 Used instead of blasting
The application of strong 04
blows to tear up hard wherever ripping equipment
materials. can get the area
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EARTHMOVING
B. TRANSPOSING AND DISPOSING

Transferring and Disposing are often some
of the same equipment used for both
operations. Transferring liquid waste such as
water from construction sites takes different
kinds of equipment and operation.
TYPES OF TRANSPOSING AND DISPOSING
FILLING
01 Filling is the leveling of low spots.
TOP DRESSING
Top dressing is the spreading 02
of a thin coat over an area
and improve the soil
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4. STABILIZING EARTH
AND STRUCTURE
This part of the construction method and

operation is done to prepare the site for the next
operation which involves setting foundations. This
is also done for protection of workers.
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2 TYPES
1 2
TRIMMING STABILIZING
1 TRIMMING
Trimming is the process of preparing the

construction site ready for the excavation of
foundation.
FOUR WAYS TO PERFORM TRIMMING

1. Cleaning and washing
2. Grading
3. Sloping
4. Treating
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CLEANING AND WASHING GRADING

Cleaning and washing is the process of Grading is the work or act of assuring a
removing mud from the base rock which level base or precise slope in
is commonly done by spraying the rocks construction or excavation. The ground
using high pressure water hosting. level, or elevation at any particular
position, is referred to as grade.
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SLOPING TREATING
Sloping is simply the process of shaping Soil freezing helps to stabilize the soil
the soil into an inclined surface. An and control the water underground
inclined ground surface whose since the concept is to convert water
inclination may be represented as the into ice wherein the soil will be more
ratio of horizontal distance to vertical firm
distance is referred to as a slope.
2 STABILIZING
Soil stabilization is a technique to improve the

engineering properties of a soil.
FIVE WAYS TO STABILIZE EARTWORKS

1. Compacting
2. Sheathing
3. Bracing and Shoring,
4. Piling
5. Coffer damming
COMPACTING SHEATHING
Soil compaction is a technique used to increase Sheathing is when a wall is formed at the trench
the density of a soil by lowering the quantity of to prevent foreign materials such as soil, water,
void space, or air between soil particles. and more out of the excavated area.
BRACING & SHORING PILING
Bracing and Shoring are used to support a Piling is described as foundations that are driven
building, structure, or trench in order to reduce or bored into the ground across a certain length
the risk of collapse during demolition or other of land to bear and transmit loads to soil that is
structural changes. structurally weak due to soil conditions.
COFFER DAMMING
A cofferdam is a structure that holds water and allows employees to pour concrete, dig,
repair, and weld in a dewatered work area.
SETTING
FOUNDATION
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6. SETTING FOUNDATION
In Construction, foundation is the member or

structure that provides support or stability for the
whole building by transferring their load to the soil.
To construct a foundation, trenches are dug into the
soil until proper depth is reached. These trenches
are filled with reinforcement cage for the footing and
will be connected to the reinforcement bar for the
substructure above. Lastly, it will be filled with
concrete.
2 TYPES
01 02
SHALLOW FOUNDATION DEEP FOUNDATION
01 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
The term "shallow foundations" refers to

foundations that are less than a foot below
the ground level and are frequently utilized in
low to mid-rise buildings. With a depth that is
generally smaller than its width they are also
known as footings.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
A SPREAD FOOTING
Spread footing is a classification of

Shallow foundation, which is
constructed by increasing the area
of the base of the foundation
through offsets
01 05
02 03
WALL FOOTINGS MASONRY PILLAR CONCRETE COLUMN

A wall footing or strip footing FOOTING FOOTING
The foundation is designed to one which is provided under a
is a continuous strip of column or either similar
concrete that serves to support a single column, which
member for distributing
spread the weight of a load- sits on its own square pad or
concentrated load in the form of
bearing wall across an area of footing and columns uniformly loads on the soil
soil. constructed in masonry. below.
FOUNDATION
B GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS
Grillage foundation is a type of foundation that
consists of one or two levels of wooden or rolled
steel sections placed at a right angle with concrete
filling in the gaps between them. In order to keep
the intensity of pressure within the soil's safe
bearing capacity, this style of construction avoids
extensive excavation limited between 1 to 1.5m in
depth.
FOUNDATION
C RAFT FOUNDATION
A raft foundation is a sort of shallow foundation in
which a massive concrete slab supports the walls
and columns above it. They're ideal for low-bearing-
capacity soils and enable for more even load
distribution for huge constructions. It's also the type
of foundation utilized in huge basements, such as
parking garages, public buildings, office buildings,
school buildings, residential quarters etc.
FOUNDATION
D STEPPED FOUNDATION
This kind of foundation prevents excessive changes
in level or slope which could lead to weakening and
movement of the structure. To construct a stepped
foundation some things must be considered such as,
each step in the foundation should be no more than
the foundation’s thickness.
FOUNDATION
E INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION
Inverted Arch Footing/Foundation is used to be
provided for multi-storeyed buildings in olden times.
However, with the advent of reinforced cement
concrete construction practice, inverted arch
foooting is rarely done these days. This method is
less used in the foundations of buildings. But more
suitable for bridges, tanks, drainage line supports
etc.
02 DEEP FOUNDATION
Another major type of foundation is called

the Deep foundation, usually it is constructed
way below ground level since it is commonly
utilized to support high-rise buildings. The
depth of its footing is greater than its width
and is used because of a low bearing capacity
of a soil.
2 TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
01 02
PILE FOUNDATION WELL OR CAISSON
FOUNDATION
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
A PILE FOUNDATION
A pile foundation is a foundation
(spread footing or grillage) that is
supported by piles. A pile foundation is
often made out of a spread footing or
grillage base with piles at the bottom.
The load of the structure is distributed
to the earth in contact by friction alone
or friction combined with bearing at the
ends of the piles.
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
B CAISSON FOUNDATION
Well Foundation is also known as
Caisson foundation, it is often used as
foundations for bridges since it is
utilized mostly below the water level.
Caisson refers to box-like construction,
either round or rectangular, that is sunk
to a desired depth from the surface of
either land or water.
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BUILDING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
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01. What is a
Mass Superstructures SUPERSTRUCTURE?

02. A superstructure is defined as the building’s
structural component that is constructed above
Bearing Wall Superstructures
the substructure. It includes beams, columns,
slab, walls, windows, doors, roof, and anything
03. else. Superstructure serves the purpose of the
structure's intended use and safely transfers
Framed Superstructures loads to the substructure, which comprises the
footing and plinth of the building, then further
distributes each one of them to the underlying
earth.
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Building Superstructure
MASS SUPERSTRUCTURE
Mass superstructures are structures made by

combining similar materials into a certain shape or
design. It is not necessarily solid as it can be
layered and sometimes be built with a hollow area
that helps the structure perform a special function.
Mass structures rely on their own weight to resist
loads.
Building
Highway
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BUILDING HIGHWAY
Mass superstructures may be built using various materials The surface of airports and highways are kind of mass
such as: superstructures. These surfaces can be built using :
Soil Rocks
Concrete Asphalt/ Bituminous
Concrete
Cemented Aggregates
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BEARING WALL
SUPERSTRUCTURES
also called load-bearing structures
have walls that are load-bearing that transmits the loads to
the foundations.
the oldest and most common type of structure in which the
loads of the roofs as well as lateral loads are borne by walls
typically built with thick walls made of stone or brick held
together with mortar
Bricks are used for building many

bearing wall superstructures
however, they are not usually used in
mass superstructures
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FRAMED SUPERSTRUCTURE
A frame superstructure is a structure having the

combination of beam, column and slab to resist
the lateral and gravity loads. These structures are
usually used to overcome the large moments
developing due to the applied loading. Materials
such as wood, steel, and reinforced concrete,
which are strong in both tension and
compression, make the best members for
framing.
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STEEL CONCRETE WOOD
1 2 3
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When vertical and horizontal structural

elements are formed by a system of
structural steel beams and columns to
be used as skeleton HIGHWAY frames, the building
is known asofsteel
The surface airports frame building.
and highways are kind of massThese
superstructures. These surfaces can be built using :
columns and beams support the floors
and transfer the weight of the whole
Framed Superstructures
building to its foundation.
STEEL FRAMES
Erecting Steel Frames Rigging and Handling Connecting Steel Fastening Steel Shapes Plumbing and Bracing
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Steel Frames
ERECTING STEEL FRAMES

Steel frames are generally erected at the construction
site one piece at a time which each must be of proper
size.
The steel used in a structural steel

framework is made in long pieces
called shapes. Depending on each
project’s applicable specifications,
I-Beam HSS Channels
Itthe steel sections
consists might have
of rigid straight various
lengths, curved lengths of flexible tubing, and fittings such
asshapes, sizestees,
couplings, andells/elbows
gauges made by
at various angles, Y’s, crosses, reducers, and unions
hot or cold rolling, others are made
by welding together flat or bent
plates. Plates Angles
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Steel Frames
RIGGING AND HANDLING

Rigging involves the use of cranes and other large pieces
Riggers also act as signalmen. It requires
of equipment to lift steel and other materials. Accidents
special knowledge about hoisting frames,
on site are bound to happen, but the majority of crane cables, and ropes, and about hand signals.
accidents resulting in fatalities and injuries are The hand signals are used to tell the crane
preventable. operator what to do. Often the crane
operator is out of hearing range so hand
signals are necessary.
Rigging safety is a critical part of shipyard and
construction employment, used to lift heavy materials to
heights with cranes and other devices.
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Steel Frames
SETTING SUPPORTING/
CONNECTING STEEL
To set up a steel skeleton, we must first set the
bottom pieces of supporting steel. Anchor bolts are
used to fasten the structural steel frame to the
foundations. Columns for buildings or the legs of
towers have a steel plate welded to the bottom of
them. This is called a base plate. The base plate has
holes drilled in it to match the position of the anchor
bolts.
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After the supporting members of a structural steel frame are

set, the connecting pieces of the frame are placed. All
members of the frame, whether partly assembled or not, are
delivered to the site by truck or, on bridge construction, by
barge. To help identify it, each piece had a number mark on it
at the steel shop. Riveting is the particular method of
connecting together pieces of metal. HIGHWAY
This process is conducted
by inserting the ductile metal
The surface pins and
of airports called a rivet
highways into
are kind the holes
of mass
of pieces to be joined and forming a head at the end of the
rivet to prevent each metal piece from coming out. Another
method used is the use of connections such as bolted
connections. This connection has the advantage of flexibility in
assembling parts of the structure.
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Steel Frames
FASTENING STEEL SHAPES
All fasteners perform the same function—

mechanically joining and securing two or more
parts together. However, differences in type,
quality, shape, and material significantly influence
the fastener’s performance and service life.
Understanding the functional varieties of the

different types available, including nuts, bolts, and
washers, is essential to selecting the appropriate
fastener for your project.
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Bolts are one of the most versatile structural fasteners,

available in a vast array of configurations to suit different
Bolts
materials and strength requirements.
Nuts, another type of fastener, are available in a variety of

shapes, sizes, materials, and thread patterns.
Nuts
Washers, on the other hand, are disk-shaped components
that provide enhanced control over locking and friction when
used with other fasteners.
Washers
These fasteners may also feature teeth, indentations, and
other unique structural mechanisms for use in more
specialized applications.
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Steel Frames
PLUMBING AND BRACING

Before the final riveting, bolting, or welding can be
done, the first part of the frame to be braced must be
leveled, plumbed, and then held in position with guy
wires.
Guy wires are made of steel wire rope. In a building frame,

they may be fastened from the bottom of one column to
the top of another column. Guy wires also may be
fastened from the upper part of a column to a long iron
stake driven into the ground some distance away from the
column. The columns are plumbed by hanging a plumb
bob from a string beside the column. When the face of the
column lines up with the string, the column is plumb.
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When the first part of the framework has been

plumbed, leveled, and temporarily braced with
guy wires, grout is forced in around the shims
between the base plate and the concrete
foundation. Grout isHIGHWAY a mixture of sand and
cementThewith very
surface littleandwater
of airports highwaysadded tomass
are kind of it. The
grout will be set up, like concrete, and hold the
base plate in place. When the steel for the top of
the structure has been set in place, the
structure is said to be “topped out’’.
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Concrete for the frames of superstructures is

made in the same way as the concrete used in
foundations. The only difference is that stronger
concrete is needed. The strength is measured by
how heavy a load it can support after it has
HIGHWAY
hardened for 28 days. Concrete used in
The surface of airports and highways are kind of mass
foundations is strong
superstructures. Theseenough ifbeit built
surfaces can canusing
support
: a
weight of 2,000 pounds on each square inch of its
surface. The concrete used in frames is made by
putting more cement into the same quantity of
sand and gravel.
CONCRETE FRAMES
Erecting Concrete Frames
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Conncrete Frames
ERECTING CONCRETE FRAMES

Concrete columns are also anchored to the foundation but
in a different way. Pieces of reinforcing steel called dowels
are placed in the foundation concrete so that they will stick
up where the column is to be built. Around these dowels,
the surface of the foundation concrete is left rough so that
the concrete in the column will bond the concrete in the
foundation.
The long reinforcing bars that are used in the column are tied
Concrete columns are also anchored to the foundation but
to the dowels with wire. The long bars are then held in place
in a different way. Pieces of reinforcing steel called dowels
with hoops of smaller steel bars the same way that they were
are placed in the foundation concrete so that they will stick
in the building of foundation piers. The panels are fastened
up where the column is to be built. Around these dowels,
together with short pieces of waler that are overlapped at the
the surface of the foundation concrete is left rough so that
corners and nailed to each other. Panels also may be fastened
the concrete in the column will bond the concrete in the
together with metal bars called column clamps.
foundation.
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The connecting pieces for a concrete frame may be

of any size or shape but they are called beams.
They may connect columns, two pieces of wall, or a
column and a piece of wall. Column or wall forms
are built up to the level of the beams, and then the
beam forms are built before any concrete is placed.
The concrete is placed into the columns and the
beams at the same time so they will be formed
together. All of the concrete that was placed for the
foundations was supported on a bearing surface or
on a footing.
Erecting Concrete Frames

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Wood frames are generally used for small

buildings such as residential houses. Wood
frames can be categorized into three:
HIGHWAY
a. Floor framing
b. Wall framing
c. Roof framing
WOOD FRAMES
Erecting Wood Frames Setting Sills Assembling Joists Assembling Girders Laying Subflooring
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FLOOR FRAMING 1
uses horizontal members

called joists.
WALL FRAMING 2
uses vertical members

called studs.
ROOF FRAMING 3
uses sloped members

called rafters.
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The process of erecting wood frames starts

from laying out and marking the locations
and position of the framing members
according to the structuralHIGHWAY plan. Next is to
mark off the lengths
The surface ofhighways
of airports and lumber toofbe
are kind masssawed.
The parts needed are then to be
assembled. Lastly, the framing members

are to be leveled and plumbed.
Wood Frames
ERECTING WOOD FRAMES
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Sill is a horizontal piece of lumber and is the bottom

piece of the frame. It is laid on top of the construction
to begin the construction of the frame. Holes are
marked and drilled in the sill so that the sill can drop
down over the anchor boards. A thin layer of grout,
which is a mixture of sand, cement, and water, may be
placed under the sill to help level it. After the sill is
leveled, it is held in place by tightening knots down on
the threads of the anchor bolts. To secure and hold
wood framing to the foundation an anchor bolt is first
set every 5’ or 6’ along the center of the footing or
Wood Frames
wall.
SETTING SILLS
Group 6
Joists are planks set on edge. They are placed

to give a base on which the flooring materials
can rest. Joist rests on sills and extends from
one foundation wall to the foundation wall on
the other side.
HIGHWAY
Wood Frames
ASSEMBLING JOISTS
Group 6
When the distance between two foundation

walls is great, a girder may be used to support
the joist. A girder is stronger than the joist
used in a frame.
Wood Frames
ASSEMBLING GIRDERS
Group 6
A subfloor is nailed to the top of the joists.

Because a second is always placed on top of
it, this floor is called the rough flooring or
subflooring. Boards or pieces of ply woods
HIGHWAY
are used for the sub flooring. The boards
have tongues and
superstructures. grooves
These ofbethe
surfaces can builtnext
using :
boards. This keeps the boards from twisting
and makes a tighter floor.
Wood Frames
LAYING SUBFLOORING
INSTALLING
UTILITIES
1 PLUMBING SYSTEM
1 2 3
PIPING TRENCHING LAYING PIPE

01 PIPING
It consists of rigid straight lengths, curved lengths of flexible tubing, and fittings such
as couplings, tees, ells/elbows at various angles, Y’s, crosses, reducers, and unions
02 TRENCHING
1. Backhoe - has a long, jointed arm with a bucket on the end
2. Trencher - has a large wheel to which small buckets are attached
03 PIPE LAYING
It must be placed in the trench at exactly the correct height and slope.
ELECTRICAL POWER SYTEM
2
cannot start until the project is dried in or the

weather exterior resistant surfaces are complete
must be keep out wind, rain, and weather in
general as you cannot keep electrical
components where they may be exposed to
these elements
3 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Most ITS, Traffic, FMS systems use fiber
optic, or copper cable as the primary
communications transport medium.
The general procedures and requirements

apply for all fiber optic communications
cable:
a. Receiving and inspecting the cable
b. Unloading, moving and storing the cable
c. Testing cable on reels
d. Documentation and record maintenance
e. Cable Installation
ENCLOSING
FRAME
SUPERSTURTURE
Enclosing Frame
Superstructures
refers chiefly to buildings with a framed or skeleton-type of
the superstructure.
The following are the reasons for confining the framework:

To keep out the sun, snow, wind, heat, cold, and air
pollutants such as dust and smoke.
Need for one or more floors for the people, equipment, and
materials
For certain buildings, such as warehouses and some
factories, only the outside of the superstructure needs to be
enclosed.
Permits control of temperature, humidity, light, and noise
inside the building
To improve the appearance by hiding the utility lines and
providing attractive textures, colors, and decorative details.
FOUR PARTS OF ENCLOSING FRAME STRUCTURES
01 02
ROOFING INSTALLING EXTERIOR WALLS

03 04
INSTALLING INSULATION SCALING A BUILDING

01 ROOFING
To provide shelter and protection from heat, wind, and rain or snow. It prevents the
pouring of water into the structure and insulates the building.
1 Roof Framing
Roofing
2 Installation of Sheathing
3 Laying Down Underlayment

Process 4 Installation of Singles
5 Placement of Flashing
1 Built-Up Roofing
Roofing
2 Metal Roofing
3 Shingles Roofing
Types 4 Green Roofing
5 Solar Power Roofing

02 INSTALLING EXTERIOR WALLS
The outside walls of the building are of two types: load-bearing and non-load bearing.
Many one-story buildings have no framework, which means the wall carries the entire
load. For building more than two stories high, walls had to be quite thick at the
bottom to support the heavy loads.
1 2 3 4
MASONRY WOOD PANELS STUCCO
I. Sheathing I. Scratch coat
II. Vapor Barrier II. Skim coat
III. Wood Sliding III. Texture coat
03 INSTALLING INSULATION
Insulation consists of sheets of wood or plant fiber, fiberglass, cork, or foamed
plastics. Insulating the walls of the building restricts the flow of heat, retards the
spread of fire, absorbs noise, and serves as a vapor barrier.
1 2 3
LOOSE-FILL INSULATION BATT OR BLANKET RIGID INSULATION

It pours into spaces. Sometimes air
INSULATION
Rigid insulation nails in place
pressure is used to blow loose Batt insulation is glued or wrapped and used as sheathing. This
insulation into place. It reaches tight to a single sheet of multi-layer kraft insulation takes longer to
spaces. Fiberglass is the common paper. This insulation is nailed or install than loose-fill and batt
budget-friendly insulation material stapled to the sides of the framing insulations.
used in loose-fill insulation. members using a paper flange on
the edge.
04 SCALING A BUILDING
1. Roof Flashing -The joints in the exterior walls, especially around window and door frames,
must be caulked with plastic putty.
2. Weather-stripping - will help prevent the passage of air around windows and doors. The
dead air space between the storm and regular windows or inside windows with two layers of
glass reduces the transfer of heat and condensation of water effectively.
FINISHING THE
PROJECTS
FOUR PARTS IN FINISHING THE PROJECT
01 02
TRIMMING PAINTING
03 04
INSTALLING
COMPLETING THE SITE
ACCESSORIES
01 TRIMMING
in Trimming, the finish carpentry encloses window and door frames, cover joint between
walls and floors or ceilings, and build stairs and install cabinet work.
02 PAINTING
Paint is a mixture of a vehicle and a pigment. The “vehicle” is a liquid which can be an oil such
linseed oil, water, rubber or petroleum derivation. It is often classified depending on the type
of vehicle. It can be oil-based paints, water-based paints, including latex, polyvinyl acetates,
alkyds and asphaltic-based paints
GROUP 6
The pigment is a solid grounded into a

fine powder. Powder gives body and
color to the paint.
Paints can be made mildew resistant.

They may have a chalk substance
where part of the surface turns
gradually to a chalk substance that rubs
off to help the surface. Some enamel
paints are glossy, while flat paints
(matte paint) are full and nonreflective.
GROUP 6
VARNISHING
Varnish is a solution of linseed oil and
resins. It is used for transparent and
hard surfaces and is resistant to water.
03 INSTALLING ACCESSORIES
Accessories are commonly called fixtures. These are permanently attached to structures.
Generally, no accessories are installed in a building until the structure can be locked or
guarded.
PLUMBING FIXTURES ELECTRICAL FIXTURES
HEATING, COOLING, AND COMMUNICATION FIXTURES

VENTILATING FIXTURES
IRONWORK HARDWARE
THE FOLLOWING PARTS ARE:
04
PROVING
ACCESS ROAD
BUILDING EXTERIOR
FEATURES
CLEANING UP
AND INSPECTION
COMPLETING THE SITE
1. PROVING ACCESS ROAD
The final part of the site completion is the installation of the end base courses,
surfaces, pavements, and drainage structures. In addition, there are sidewalks,
walkways, parking spaces and drives constructed
2. BUILDING EXTERIOR FEATURES
Similar to access roads, features such as patios, fences, walls, benches, pools,
statues, plant boxes, and exterior lights is installed after the structure is
complete.
3. CLEANING UP AND INSPECTION
The last phase of completing the site is clean up. This includes
• Removal of temporary structures and equipment
• Collecting and disposing of trash and debris
• Removal of all equipment and surplus materials from the site.
3. CLEANING UP AND INSPECTION
For quality and compliance, regular inspection is a critical aspect in ensuring the
continuous progress of the project. Throughout a project, various reasons urge the
conduct of numerous inspections.
GROUP 6
THANK YOU!
A L B A • M A G - A R A R U • M A N D I G M A • P O N C E
R O M A S A N T A • T A B I • T A B O R A

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GROUP 1

time-consuming, and organized

process of constructing, renovating, and

retrofitting physical structures or

DEFINITION Establish broad project

PLANNING Create project plan

All housing types are included, including single family

Schools, sports stadiums, shopping malls, hospitals,

A project like a retail store is typically commissioned by a

Refers to infrastructure facilities, systems, and

Soft infrastructure refers to Hard infrastructure comprises

Critical infrastructure makes up all the

An industrial project is a proposal for an investment

Industrial buildings include buildings used directly

and project cost and schedule

Iterative process - add in and delete items to

get desired final product

Need to gather as much info as possible

Rehab work uncovers many unknowns

Permits are started and applications made

Estimate +/- 25%, Schedule +/- month

Looking at methods and materials to

Begin setting up work packages

Long lead time items

Preliminary estimate (+/- 10%) and

schedule are completed

Make system choices based on cost

Prequalification process for binders

contract documents and

determination of work packages

Fair cost estimate and schedule

Project Close out

environment, Subsurface conditions,

Project - Complexity, Planned

technoogies, Degree of finishes,

Materials, Mechanical/Electrical system

Process - Project funding, timetable,

Preconstruction info, Project unknowns

Owner Org - Sophistication, Org

structure, Decision making

1. Identify potential 3. Develop a 5. Monitor and

It is an agreement that specifies

Defective Schedule and Failure to Perform

It is a document that defines the scope

● What work will be done

Project Contract Payment

This section should also specify how

Schedule Document Construction

It should include specific Any applicable legal requirements, such as Mars

Depending on the project and the

This type of agreement defines the

An executed contract agreement

A conditional contract agreement is an

PROVIDE AVOID CONTRACT

In this type of contract, the

Cost Plus Contracts

Time and Materials Contracts

Unit Price Contracts

Prescriptive Performance Proprietary

- Also known as materials and method

● This document typically provides

The driving force behind every organization is its

Some companies have shown steadiness if not