Chapter 4

Response of Materials to

Surface Traction

1
 Response of Materials

1. Deformation of the surface and

subsurface

2. Fracture of Solids

2
Point Force Applied to a Semi-Infinite

Elastic Solid

D
φ r
R

z m
σθθ σrr
σrz
σ
zz
Point force P is applied at the origin of the
cylindrical coordinate system(r, θ, z). 3
Point Force Applied to a Semi-Infinite

Elastic Solid (Boussinesq solution)

4
 Point Force Applied to a Semi-Infinite

Elastic Solid -- Resultant stress on face m

3P z2 3P cos φ 3P 12
σ =σ +σ =
R 2
zz
2
rz = =
2π (r + z ) 2π (r + z ) 2π D
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

where
D is the diameter of the sphere passing throu
5
Point Force Applied to a Semi-Infinite

Elastic Solid

6
 Trajectory of Principal stresses due to a Point

Force

Diagram removed for copyright reasons.

See Figure 4.2 in [Suh 1986]: Suh, N. P. Tribophysics. Englewood Cliffs NJ:

Prentice-Hall, 1986. ISBN: 0139309837.

7
 Contour of Principal Normal Stresses

(ν=0.25)

Diagram removed for copyright reasons.

See Figure 4.3 in [Suh 1986]: Suh, N. P. Tribophysics. Englewood Cliffs NJ:

Prentice-Hall, 1986. ISBN: 0139309837.

8
 Angular Variation of Principal Stress

Components in Boussinesq Field (ν=0.25)

Diagram removed for copyright reasons.

See Figure 4.4 in [Suh 1986]: Suh, N. P. Tribophysics. Englewood Cliffs NJ:

Prentice-Hall, 1986. ISBN: 0139309837.

9
 Hertzian Contact
z1

y
R1

R2

z2

Figure 4.5 Two spherical bodies in contact.

10

At zero load the contact occurs at a point x = y = z1 = z2 = 0.

Hertzian Stress due to Spherical Indenters

(Normal Stress Distribution)

11
Hertzian Stress due to Spherical Indenters

(Normal Stress Distribution)

12
 Location of the Max. Radial Stress

1.8

1.6 y
eor K=0.4
h
l ip t
rmax/a

e te s
pl
m

No-slip theory
1.4 Co
0.3

1.2 0.2
0.1
1.0
0.2 0.4
Coefficient of friction, µ
13
Figure 4.6 Position of the maximum radial tensile stress

 Stress Field due to Line Load

P
Q
x

θ
z

Figure 4.7 Semi-infinite elastic solid loaded by a concentrated

load
14
Stress Field due to Line Load

15
Semi-infinite elastic solid loaded by a

elliptical distributed load

p0

-a q0 a
ξ || dξ

Figure 4.8 Semi-infinite elastic solid loaded by a elliptical

distributed load. The maximum normal and tangential stresses
are p0 and q0, respectively.
16
 Semi-infinite elastic solid loaded by a

elliptical distributed load

17

The maximum normal and tangential stresses are p0 and q0, respectively.
 Semi-infinite elastic solid loaded by a

elliptical distributed load

18

The maximum normal and tangential stresses are p0 and q0, respectively.
 Semi-infinite elastic solid loaded by a

elliptical distributed load

19

The maximum normal and tangential stresses are p0 and q0, respectively.
 Semi-infinite elastic solid loaded by a

elliptical distributed load

20

The maximum normal and tangential stresses are p0 and q0, respectively.
 Semi-infinite elastic solid loaded by a

elliptical distributed load

21

The maximum normal and tangential stresses are p0 and q0, respectively.
Contour and Variation of Stress

Graphs removed for copyright reasons.

See Figures 4.9 through 4.15 in [Suh 1986].

22
 Crack Growth of Hertzian Crack

(soda-lime glass in air)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
Figure 4.16
23
Surface Traces of Hertzian Cracks on

Surface of Silicon

Photos removed for copyright reasons.

See Figure 4.18 in [Suh 1986].

24
Crack Patterns on Sod-lime Glass Produced by

Sliding Tungsten Carbide Sphere

Photos removed for copyright reasons.

See Figure 4.17 in [Suh 1986].

25
“Star” Crack in Soda-Lime Glass produced

by Conical Indenter

Photos removed for copyright reasons.

See Figure 4.19 in [Suh 1986].

26
Sequence of Crack Formation and Growth

Events during Loading and Unloading

Photos removed for copyright reasons.

See Figure 4.20 in [Suh 1986].

27