Integration of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy in a 3D Static Model: Example from the Echinocyamus

Formation in the Block X, Talara Basin, NW Perú*

José Daudt1, José Rejas1, Eris Gabriel1, Jorge Galloso1, Christian Huapaya1, and Cristian Grobav

Search and Discovery Article #20099 (2011)

Posted February 14, 2011

*Adapted from oral presentation at SPE Applied Workshop, Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields: Technical and Economic Challenges, Lima, Peru, August 23-25, 2006;
manuscript received August, 2010, revised manuscript received and accepted January 17, 2011.

1
Petrobras, Americas, Houston, Texas (jdaudt@petrobras-usa.com)

Two Key Questions

• Can we efficiently incorporate the Sedimentology and Stratigraphy in a 3D Static Model, considering the complexity of Talara
Reservoirs?

• What is the best way to integrate the diagenetic complexity in these models?

Objectives

• Characterize the facies associations to interpret the depositional model;

• Create a stratigraphic framework for propagation of petrophysical properties;

• Assess the diagenetic impact in determining the reservoir quality distribution;

• Expected Results: optimization, risk and uncertainty reduction in EOR projects.

Conclusion

The integration of sedimentology and stratigraphy, combined with geostatistical tools, provided a better understanding of geometrical
relationships and connectivity potential of the reservoirs within each stratigraphic unit.
The stratigraphic framework defined new surface-based compartmentalization that is important to guide new strategies of stimulation and
injection planning, resulting in an optimization of the project (better sweep efficiency);

Diagenetic studies will provide a reservoir petrofacies model that may establish the link between the FZI and the stratigraphic framework.

Reference

Daudt, J., and C.M. Scherer, 2006, Facies architecture and depositional model of the fluvio-deltaic reservoirs of the Echinocyamus
Formation (lower Eocene) in the Block X area, Talara Basin, NW Peru (written in Portuguese): Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras, v. 14,
no. 1, p.27-45.
 Integration of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
in a 3D Static Model:
Example from the Echinocyamus Formation
Formation,
in the Block X, Talara Basin, NW Perú

José
José Daudt
Daudt
José
José Rejas
Rejas
Eris
Eris Gabriel
Gabriel
Jorge
Jorge Galloso
Galloso
Christian
Christian Huapaya
Huapaya
Cristian
Cristian Groba
Groba

Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields:

Technical and Economic Challenges

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

Presenter's Notes: This work presents an example of integration of sedimentological and stratigraphic concepts in a 3D static model in order to support secondary
recovery projects.

1
 Can we efficiently incorporate the
Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
in a 3D Static Model, considering the
complexity of Talara Reservoirs?

What is the best way to integrate the

diagenetic complexity in these models?

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

2
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Objectives
- Characterize the facies associations to interpret the
depositional model;

- Create a stratigraphic framework for propagation

of petrophysical properties;

- Assess the diagenetic impact in determining the reservoir

quality distribution;

- Expected Results: optimization, risk and uncertainty

reduction in EOR projects.
ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

3
Presenter’s Notes:

The objectives:
1- To build more robust and logical depositional models that better represent the reservoir geometry and connectivity. In our
opinion, we need to put more depositional-model concepts in the 3D static models because this will be crucial for better
geometric characterization.

2- To understand the stratigraphic evolution based on variations in the depositional model. The stratigraphic framework will be
very important to the propagation of petrophysical properties, as the stratigraphic surfaces are the best constraint for it.

3- To create a methodological approach to incorporate diagenesis. This item is in progress; some some preliminary observation
and ideas are presented.

The expected results are related to optimization, risk and uncertainty reduction, especially in secondary recovery projects. The
optimization, with quite a wide array of concepts, may be represented by a series of different activities and plans to increase the oil
recovery (from drilling new wells to be more precise in determining the best interval to stimulate, for instance).
 General Information

Area
Area Block
Block X:
X:
470
470 km
km22

Atlantic
Ocean

11 Km
Km
Data
Data Base
Base (this
(this study):
study):
77 Cores
Cores (86
(86 plugs),
plugs), 400
400 m
m
Approx.
Approx. 4,500 wells in the Block X
4,500 wells in the Block X
48
48 wells
wells in
in the
the B9 Area
Area
No
No seismic
seismic available
available
Studied
Studied Area
Area (B9-Ballena):
(B9-Ballena):
3.8
3.8 km
km xx 1.1
1.1 km
km

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4
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

What we “think” we know...

A geological
A geological “point
“point of
of view”...
view”...

We may be able to explain the production trends, the HC

distribution and its displacement by…
- Tectonics: syn & pos-depositional
sin -& post-depositionalstructural
structuraltrends;
trends;
- Sedimentology:
a) facies architecture
b) facies architecture + Diagenesis
- Stratigraphy: stratigraphic framework

KEY WORD:
INTEGRATION

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5
Presenter’s Notes:

General ideas to explain the hydrocarbon distribution, considering different scales and kinds of reservoir compartmentalization. The
structural approach has always been very important in Talara Basin. The tectonics, of course, plays a very important role in
determining the first-order reservoir compartmentalization. However, for secondary recovery projects, Sedimentology and
Stratigraphy begin to increase in importance--in characterizing smaller-scale heterogeneities. In any case, the integration of these three
disciplines is vital for better models that aim to incorporate different scales of reservoir heterogeneities.
 Example of Geological Characterization
in the B9-Ballena Area, Block X, Talara Basin, Peru
Unit: Echinocyamus Formation
(Lower Eocene)

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

Presenter's Notes: Presented is an example of static reservoir characterization of the B9, Ballena Area, Block X, Talara.

6
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Facies Characterization
St
St Sm
Sm Sp
Sp Sb
Sb Gm
Gm Sr
Sr
(wide
(wide gran range)
gran range) (cemented)
(cemented)

Decreasing Reservoir Quality

Facies
Facies
Associations
Associations

ATW
ATW – Opportunities
– Opportunities in Mature
in Mature Oil Fields
Oil FieldsPag Daudt
Daudt &
& Scherer,
Scherer, 2006
2006

7
Presenter’s Notes:

The model was built after examination of almost 400 meters of core descriptions allowed us to identify 7 or 8 main lithofacies (some
of them with different range in grain size). After this, these lithofacies were considered in an associated way, attempting to
characterize sub-environments of deposition (or, what we called “Major Facies Associations”). Two main depositional domains were
established: fluvial and the deltaic (the latter one was subdivided in smaller units according to the Major Facies Associations: delta
plain, delta front and prodelta).
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy

Time Span:
Time Span:
Aprox.
Aprox.
1.2 My
1.2 My
(3rd order)
(3rd order)
PSet: 25
PSet: 25 aa 55
55 m
m

Stratigraphic
Stratigraphic
Model
Model vs
vs
Eletrical
Eletrical Logs
Logs

Predictive
Predictive
Model
Model

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields Daudt

Daudt &
& Scherer,
Scherer, 2006
2006

8
Presenter’s Notes:

The depositional model makes possible the generation of a new stratigraphic framework that shows an interplay between the marine-
influenced section (the lowermost part, compound by a series of parasequence sets, each of which is about 100-130 ft, and a fluvial-
prone interval that cuts the previous section. This is slightly different from the traditional lithostratigraphical approach. Allowing for a
more detailed reservoir compartmentalization is very important in secondary recovery projects. The stratigraphic model was also
correlated to the electrical logs what allowed us to build a predictive model for uncored wells.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

A Deltaic Parasequence Set

Phi:
Phi: 14
14 %
%
K:
K: 121
121 mD
mD

c
Phi:
Phi: 55 %
%
K:
K: 5.3
5.3 mD
mD

Phi:
Phi: 12
12 %
%
K:
K: 0.22
0.22 mD
mD
C.U.
C.U.
Units
Units

Phi:
Phi: 10
10 %
%
K:
K: 0.06
0.06 mD
mD
ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

9
Presenter’s Notes:

This view shows a typical parasequence set in the studied area, in the marine-influenced interval (parasequence sets). Observe that
there is not a direct relationship between porosity and permeability, probably due to the diagenetic influence. Regarding the porosity,
it is possible that the presence of authigenic minerals increased the storage capacity due to the high amount of microporosity.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

The Fluvial Facies Architecture

Phi:
Phi: 12
12 %
%
K:
K: 0.41
0.41 mD
mD

Phi:
Phi: 11%
11%
K:
K: 0.6
0.6 mD
mD
Phi:
Phi: 17.1
17.1 %
%
Phi:
Phi: 12%
12% K:
K: 34.3
34.3 mD
mD
K:
K: 0.14
0.14 mD
mD

Phi:
Phi: 16
16 %
%
K:
K: 0.55
0.55 mD
mD F.U.
F.U. Units
Units
High
High frequency
frequency cyclicity;
cyclicity;
High
High %% of
of volc
vulc frag
Phi:
Phi: 17.5
17.5 %
% and
and high
high %% of
of Diagenetic
Diagenetic
K:
K: 1.13
1.13 mD
mD Smectite
Smectite
ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

10
Presenter’s Notes:

This view shows a typical fluvial interval (in thin section). Observe that the fining-upward general trend is in some cases cut by higher
frequency small cycles of coarser-grained sandstones which present better petrophysical properties. High proportion of volcanic
fragments enhanced the formation of authigenic smectite. Again, there is no direct relationship between porosity and permeability,
probably due to diagenetic imprint. It is possible that the higher permeability layers had its original porosity preserved due to the very
early mechanical infiltration of smectite. The general grain size is fine to medium.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Methodological Steps
11 -- Structural
Structural Framework
Framework

22 –– MFA
MFA correlation
correlation in
in wells
wells

33 –– Stratigraphic
Stratigraphic surface
surface
generation
generation

“Surface-Based Modelling”
“Surface-Based Modelling”

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

11
Presenter’s Notes:

The methodological steps after the initial phase of sedimentological characterization. The first-order reservoir heterogeneity is defined
by the structural framework. After this, an important and very time-demanding step is the MFA correlation of each well, based on
electrical-log patterns. This approach is known as “surface-based modelling” where the surfaces are created, considering the shifts
between the depositional systems (in other words, modelling strong influenced by the sequence stratigraphic interpretation).
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Geostatistic Analysis
Geostatistical Analysisand
and3D
3DMapping
Mapping

V.P.C.
V.P.C. for
for each
Variograms:
Variograms:

each unit
Vertical/Horizontal
Vertical/Horizontal

unit
EA2149
EA2201

EA2139

EA2151
EA5857
EA2287

“Soft”
“Soft” Trend
Trend for
for K:
K: Productivity
EA10224

Productivity
EA2146 EA2331
EA6581 EA10226 EA2292
EA331 EA9199
EA1348
EA10227 EA10133 EA2143
EA2138 EA2279
EA10523
EA7904 EA2148 EA10522
EA6788 EA2319
EA2382 EA7929
EA10228

Index
Index map
map (general)
EA2233P EA9409

(general)
EA379 EA9719
EA2106P EA2302 EA1536
EA2332
EA2147
EA7916 EA5692 EA10144
EA2303E EA10134 EA1952
EA1875 EA10232
EA2293 EA1967
EA2344

EA9797
EA10233 EA2281 EA9543
EA2328
EA2299

EA9601
EA940
J Echino
0.01 0.20 0.40

“Soft”
“Soft” Trends
Trends for
for Phi:
Phi:
HC
HC shows
shows inin cuttings
cuttings for
for
each genetic unit
each genetic unit
ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

12
Presenter’s Notes:

Basic geostatistical tools: Vertical Proportion Curves (V.P.C.) and vertical/horizontal variograms allow assessment of reservoir
heterogeneity. The “soft” trends used for modelling include the productivity index map (Q/Pressure drawdown) for K propagation and
the thickness of HC shows observed in cuttings (made for each genetic unit) for Phi propagation.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

3D Properties Mapping: Average PHI

HST ps_A

ps_B
TST

LST ps_C
Marine

Fluvial

ps_D
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13
Presenter’s Notes:

The result of the propagation of Phi in the block 9 of Ballena (average map of Phi for each stratigraphic interval). It is possible that
some reservoir geometries show definitive patterns, as in the LST, TST and ps_C. Some parasequences do not show well defined
geometries (e.g., ps_A), probably due to the erosion by the overlying genetic unit (in this case, the fluvial part of the LST).
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

3D Properties Mapping: Average K

HST ps_A

ps_B
TST

LST ps_C
Marine

Fluvial

ps_D
ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

14
Presenter’s Notes:

The result of the propagation of K in the block 9 of Ballena (average map of K for each stratigraphic interval). Observe that the
general distribution of K is different in the marine and in the fluvial intervals. Both intervals allow us to predict at least 3 different
qualities in reservoir performance (flow units?) for each main domain (marine and fluvial). It is also observed that in the fluvial
interval the number of samples of higher permeability is small. The preliminary petrographic analysis suggests that this is the result of
the presence of very thin layers, probably of great horizontal continuity.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Workflow for K Estimation

420 plugs
plugs φ3 1014
420 K=
(53 new)
(53 new) (1 − φ ) Fsτ 2 S gv
2

33 ROCK
ROCK TYPES
TYPES

Fluvial
Fluvial
Domain
Domain FZI &
FZI & Log
Log FZI
FZI 0.0314 K
φ
FZI =
φ
( )
NNW
NNW 1−φ
(to estimate
(to estimate FZI)
FZI)

Deltaic
Deltaic
FZI &
FZI & Log
Log FZI
FZI K curve
K curve
Domain
Domain

33 ROCK
ROCK TYPES
TYPES K constrained
K constrained by
by
190 plugs
190 plugs
the HR
the HR stratigraphy
stratigraphy
(33 new)
(33 new)
(fluvial &
(fluvial & deltaic
deltaic domains)
domains)

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

15
Presenter’s Notes:

Workflow that was followed for K estimation, based on the Flow-Zone-Indicator Methodology (FZI), associated with NNW (Neural
NetWorks). The input data (basic petrophysical analysis) were initially constrained by the stratigraphic model. The flow zone
indicator methodology is based on the Kozeny-Carman equation for K estimation. This methodology made it possible to constrain the
K distribution within the stratigraphic model.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Stratigraphical
Diagenesis vs. Stratigraphic Model
Model

rS B
SB
O
O rddeer
r
44tthh

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

16
Presenter’s Notes:

This analysis is incomplete, but we present some preliminary observations. This figure shows the traditional lithostratigraphy and the
high-frequency sequence stratigraphy that predict the existence of a 4th-order sequence boundary in the reservoir.

The lowermost part of the figure (the marine-influenced interval, composed of 4 parasequence sets) shows its boundaries
approximately coincident (but not always coincident) with the lithostratigraphy.

However, what is the diagenetic behavior of each compartment?

Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Fluvial Domain: Preliminary Petrographic Analysis

P1 P2

rS B
SB
O
O rddeer
r
44tthh
Phi: 12 % Phi: 10.6 %
K: 0.7 mD K: 0.85 mD

Histogram Log FZI - Fluvial Domain P3

80 1.20
ps 1.00
60
F re q u e n c y

0.80
40 0.60

20 ps 0.40
0.20
0 0.00
P1 P2 P3
0

2
4

6
8
-1
.2

.8

.6
.4
.2

Phi: 17 %
0.
0.

0.
0.

or

ps
-1

-0

-0
-0
-0

Classes of 0.1
K: 34 mD

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

17
Presenter’s Notes:

The fluvial domain was analyzed using the Flow-Zone-Indicator Methodology (FZI). It has been possible to identify three different
populations in the LOG FZI chart (three different FLOW UNITS [of reservoir quality]). The worst, P1, is more abundant and has a
high proportion of authigenic minerals (mainly smectite). The best one, P3, is the least common, showing the least amount of
authigenic clays (mainly mechanically infiltrated smectite that probably has preserved some depositional characteristics).
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Deltaic Domain: Preliminary Petrographic Analysis

Histogram - Log FZI - Deltaic Domain

P1
30 1.5

Frequency
20 1.0

10 0.5

rSSBB
O
O rddeer
r
0
thhrd
P1
tO er SSP2
BB P3
4thh44O
0.0

4t rder
Phi: 9 %

e
.8

.3
.8

.3

.8
.3

2
7

7
2
or
0.

1.

1.
2.
0.
-2

-2
-1

-1

-0
-0

M
K: 0.22 mD 0.25 Class

P2 P3

Phi: 5 % Phi: 14%

K: 5.3 mD K: 121 mD

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

18
Presenter’s Notes:

Following the Flow Zone Indicator Methodology, the deltaic domain presents three different populations in the LOG FZI chart (a
fourth population may be predicted, but it is not so clear). More detailed study of the habit, distribution and volumes of the authigenic
clay minerals may determine the correct relationship between the reservoir petrofacies and this methodology.
 Implications for Reservoir Management
Lithostratigraphic
Lithostratigraphic
Approach
Approach

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

Presenter's Notes: This view shows the traditional lithostratigraphic compartmentalization of the Echynocyamus Formation.

19
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Assuming good continuity...

Lithostratigraphical
Lithostratigraphic
Approach
Approach

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

20
Presenter’s Notes:

Assuming that the lithostratigraphy is known with accuracy, we would expect good continuity and good horizontal connection and a
relatively high-sweep efficiency. In this case, the reserves estimated for this secondary recovery project would be consistent with this
lateral and vertical sweep efficiency.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

If we consider the HRSS

Some Bypassed
Some Bypassed Oil
Oil
Remains untouched!
Remains untouched!

??
rS B
SB
O
O rddeer
r
44tthh

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

21
Presenter’s Notes:

Considering High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy (HRSS), we may expect a different behavior in the flooding pattern, assuming
that the 4th-order sequence boundary (4th-order SB) is a surface that is potentially a flow barrier. It is possible that some amount of
hydrocarbons within the reservoir will never be efficiently swept by the water flooding, resulting in some bypassing of oil. This will
cause an impact in the horizontal- and vertical-sweep efficiency that will, in turn, affect the secondary reserve estimate.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Radioactivity Tool Log in an Injector Well

75%
75% of
of the
the injected
injected water
water
goes
goes here
here

Nothing
Nothing is
is “drunk”
“drunk” here!
here!

20%
20% of
of the
the injected
injected water
water
goes
goes here
here

5%
5% of
of the
the injected
injected water
water
goes
goes here
here

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

22
Presenter’s Notes:

This view shows some preliminary observations in the radioactivity tool log that delivers some clues about the reservoir quality in
terms of permeability. It is possible to observe that the fluvial interval (higher % of smectite, lower permeability in general but with
higher-permeability thin layers) has a lower injectivity than the marine-influenced interval. This is important to guide the stimulation
strategy for optimization.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Relative Importance of Each Compartment

Vooip: 14MMBBLS
(30% Vooip total B9 in
SB
about 15% of net thickness) ddeerr S B
O
O r
r
44tthh

Vooip: 42MMBBLS
(70% Vooip total B9 in
about 85% of net thickness)

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

23
Presenter’s Notes:

Another impact is a better characterization of the reserve distribution. The relative importance of each compartment is shown in this
figure. Observe that the fluvial interval, despite its smaller net thickness and higher % of smectite, presents an important hydrocarbon
volume (high microporosity). Of course, all the marine interval, when considered in general, presents a much higher hydrocarbon
volume due to its greater thickness.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide
Facies+MFA
Facies+MFA Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy 3 Surface-based
Surface-based
Modeling
Modeling 5
1 2
Well xx MFA
Well MFA
3
Layering
Layering
4
construction
construction
7b Structural
Structural
Framework
Framework

7a
FZI Plugs

16
14
1.5

?
7c
12
Frequen cy

1.0
10
8
6
0.5
4

Petrofacies
2
0 0.0
e
5
5
5
5
.7 5

5
.3 5

5
0.05

25
0.45

65
0.85
or
.5
.3
.1
.9

.5

.1

0.

0.
-1
-1
-1
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0

0.2 Class

NNW 7d 11
vs. FU´s
K Property
K Property Upscaled
Petrophysic
Petrophysic
Grid
constrained
constrained
by SM
by SM
Property
Property
Propagation 10
P7
Geostatistic I:I:
Geostatistic Distribution
(Phi, Sw,
(Phi, Sw, Vcl,
Vcl, K)
K) High K
High K layers
layers
Faciesaa Propagation
FaciesDistribution filtered
filtered
8
G T G
6 7 9a
Geostatistic IIII
9 OOIP
OOIP
Trends Maps:
Trends Maps: Geostatistic
“Fine Grid”
“Fine Grid” Estimation
Estimation
Production data
Production data (to
(to K)
K)
HC
ATW – OpportunitiesHC showsOil
shows
in Mature (toFields
(to Phi)
Phi)

24
Presenter’s Notes:

Intention of this view intends to show a general workflow for this kind of approach, where sedimentology and stratigraphy play an
important role in the very beginning. This allows one to build a coherent stratigraphic framework in which all the properties will be
constrained. The main question in this workflow is how to deal with the petrofacies model, how to integrate it in the workflow and
how to use it to predict diagenesis behavior in uncored wells. This work proposes the use of the FZI (Flow Zone Indicator)
methodology associated with neural networks, correlating the petrofacies model with the different flow units identified with the FZI.
We have not concluded this study because the petrographic analysis is currently being processed.
 Final Comments

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

25
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Final Comments

-The integration
-The integration of
of Sedimentology
Sedimentology andand Stratigraphy,
Stratigraphy, combined
combined
with
with Geostatistical
Geostatistical tools,
tools, provided
provided aa better
better understanding
understanding
of
of geometrical
geometrical relationships
relationships and
and connectivity
connectivity potential
potential of
of
the reservoirs within each stratigraphic unit;
the reservoirs within each stratigraphical unit;

-The stratigraphic
-The framework
stratigraphical framework defined
defined new
newsurface-based
surface-based
compartmentalization
compartmentalization thatthat is
is important
important to to guide
guide new
new
strategies
strategies of
of stimulation
stimulation and
and injection
injection planning,
plannning,resulting
resultingin
an optimization of the project (better sweep efficiency);
an optimization of the project (better sweep efficiency);

-Diagenetic
-Diagenetic studies
studies will
will provide
provide aa reservoir
reservoir petrofacies
petrofacies model
model that
that
may
may establish
establish the
the link
link between
between the
the FZI
FZI and
and the
the
stratigraphic
stratigraphicalframework.
framework.

ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

26
Presenter’s Notes:

The integration of sedimentology and stratigraphy is important to better understand the geometry and connectivity of the reservoir
bodies within each stratigraphic unit. This methodology is necessary to get more reliable reservoir geometries, as it incorporates more
and more depositional-model concepts. The stratigraphic model allowed reduction in the risks in reserve estimation, especially
because of a better characterization of where the HC is located. Also, the sweep efficiency may be improved as we have a much better
understanding of the reserve distribution.

Diagenesis is still an open point. A reservoir petrofacies model will be correlated to the FZI. The type, habit and volume distribution
of the different authigenic minerals will provide a better understanding of the relationship between the petrophysical properties and the
Flow-Zone-Indicator Methodology. The final objective is to create a predictive model that integrates sedimentology, stratigraphy and
diagenesis to reduce uncertainties in secondary recovery projects.
Click to view Presenter's Notes for the slide

Decide yourself...

x The geoscientists are overlooking important things

OR
x The geoscientists are overworking too much

Thank
Thank you
you for
for your
your attention!
attention!
ATW – Opportunities in Mature Oil Fields

27
Presenter’s Notes:

Are we going in the right direction? This question is presented here as a brainstorm: do we always need to spend a lot of time in highly
detailed reservoir characterization? Probably no, but we need to be make sure that each case is considered as an individual case. In
highly complex basins (such as Talara) where reservoir-quality distribution (and even the geology) is still poorly understood, detailed
reservoir characterization is the best approach to be used.