Inclusive education in the 21st century 19and alterations to government legislation and policy, but also

because Australia tends to ‘policy borrow’ from the United Kingdom and the United States (Graham &
Jahnukainen 2011). A pattern of the United States leading and the United Kingdom and Australia
following is evident in Table 1.1 below; however, it would be a mistake to think that the United States
has always led well or that it is leading now. For example, the United States is a signatory to the CRPD
(United Nations 2008), but it has not ratified it and is therefore not legally bound by it. Indeed, under
President Donald Trump, the United States appears to be trying to dismantle the multilateral peace-
keeping arrangements that have so far prevented the occurrence of a third world war, in the belief that
globalism and an unelected bureaucracy in the form of the United Nations and World Trade
Organization impinge on American sovereignty (Emerson 2019). It is worrying that the United States was
more progressive and inclusive in the 1970s than it is now.Within three years of the Education for All
Handicapped Children Actin 1975—the forerunner to IDEA—the Warnock Report was tabled. It was the
result of a parliamentary inquiry led by Baroness Warnock in the United Kingdom (see Table 1.1). Among
other things, the report recommended that initial teacher- education programs include at least one
mandatory unit to prepare all classroom teachers to teach students with disability. The Warnock Report
was hugely influential both in the United Kingdom and Australia, but it was the International Year of
Disabled Persons in 1981 that had the most effect in Australia (Forlin 2006), contributing: to a national
policy consensus that every child should be able to attend their neighbourhood school where possible
and in the best interests of the child. Enrolment statistics indicate the number of students enrolled in
government special schools across Australia dropped by 37per cent from 23,350 in 1982 to 14,768 in
1992. (Graham & Jahnu-kainen 2011: 266)This was an important achievement but, returning to the
definitions that have been at the heart of this chapter, transferring students from 20Inclusive Education
for the 21st CenturyTable 1.1: Key historical events in the journey towards inclusive
educationYearTitleOrigin1948Universal Declaration of Human RightsUnited Nations1954Brown v. Board
of EducationUnited States1959Declaration of the Rights of the ChildUnited Nations1965International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial DiscriminationUnited Nations1971Declaration on
the Rights of Mentally Retarded PersonsUnited Nations1971PARC v. The Commonwealth of
PennsylvaniaUnited States1973The Karmel Report ‘Schools in Australia: Report of the Interim
Committee for the Australian Schools Commission’Australia1975Education for All Handicapped Children
ActUnited States1975Declaration on the Rights of Disabled PersonsUnited Nations1978The Warnock
Report ‘Special Educational Needs: Report of the Committee of Enquir y into the Education of
Handicapped Children and Young People’United Kingdom1981International Year of Disabled
PersonsInternational1989Convention on the Rights of the ChildUnited Nations1990Individuals with
Disabilities Education ActUnited States1990World Declaration on Education for All and Framework for
Action to Meet Basic Learning Needs (Jomtien, Thailand)UNESCO1992Disability Discrimination Act
1992Australia1994Salamanca Statement & Framework for Action on Special Needs Education
(Salamanca, Spain)UNESCO2005Disability Standards for EducationAustralia2006Convention on the
Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesUnited Nations2012Goal 4: Quality Education, #Envision2030:
Sustainable Development GoalsUnited Nations2016General Comment No. 4 on Article 24: Right to
Inclusive EducationUnited Nations2018Queensland Department of Education Inclusive Education Policy
Statemen

MLA 8th Edition (Modern Language Assoc.)

Linda Graham. Inclusive Education for the 21st Century : Theory, Policy and Practice. Routledge, 2020.
APA 7th Edition (American Psychological Assoc.)
Linda Graham. (2020). Inclusive Education for the 21st Century : Theory, Policy and Practice. Routledge.