MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF LANTHANIDES

ASSIGNMENTt#t02……….SEMESTERtFALL-2020

SubmissiontDatet (December 15,t2020)

BY

Group # 6

SHOAIB NAVEED

18551507-079

CHEM-305(Inorganic Chemistry-II)

BS-V (B)

SubmittedtTo

Dr. Sajjad Hussain Sumrra

DepartmenttoftChemistry

UNIVERSITYtOFtGUJRAT

Table of Contents
 1. LANTHANIDES………………………………………………………………………………….3
1.1.OCCURENCE…………………………………………………………………………………3
1.2.RADIOACTIVE NATURE……………………………….......................................................3
1.3.ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION………………………...................................................4
1.4.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES……………………………….....................................................5
1.5.PARAMAGNETISM & FERROMAGNETISM…………………………………………….7

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………...8
1. Lanthanides:
The lanthanides (rare earth elements) are a group of 15 chemical elements, with atomic numbers 57
through 71. All of these elements have one valence electron in the 5d shell. The elements share
properties in common with the first element in the group -- lanthanum. The lanthanides are reactive,
silver-colored metals.
1.1. Elements:
Lanthanum (La)
Cerium (Ce)
Praseodymium (Pr)
Neodymium (Nd)
Promethium (Pm)
Samarium (Sm)
Europium (Eu)
Gadolinium (Gd)
Terbium (Tb)
Dysprosium (Dy)
Holmium (Ho)
Erbium (Er)
Thulium (Tm)
Ytterbium (Yb)
Lutetium (Lu)
1.2. Occurrence:
Lanthanides (elements 57–71) are fairly abundant in the earth's crust, despite their historic
characterization as rare earth elements. ... Most ores that contain these elements have low
concentrations of all the rare earth elements mixed together. The commercial applications
of lanthanides are growing rapidly.
1.3. Radioactive nature:
Promethium (Pm) is the only element among lanthanides which is radioactive in nature. Promethium is
relatively unstable in itself and there are other more stable isotopes that it can decay to.
1.4. Electronic configuration:
Lanthanides are the rare earth elements of the modern periodic table i.e. the elements with
atomic numbers from 58 to 71 following the element Lanthanum. ... The valence electrons of
these elements lie in the 4f orbital. Lanthanum, however, is a d-block element with
an electronic configuration of [Xe]5d16s2.
1.5. Magnetic properties of lanthanides:
Ions which contain all paired electrons are diamagnetic while those containing unpaired electrons are
paramagnetic . Among the lanthanides , La3+ [4f 0] & Lu3+ [4f 14] are diamagnetic. All
trivalent lanthanide ions are paramagnetic due to unpaired electrons.
The 4f electrons are responsible for the strong magnetism exhibited by the metals and compounds of the
lanthanides. In the incomplete 4f subshell the magnetic effects of the different electrons do not cancel out
each other as they do in a completed subshell, and this factor gives rise to the interesting magnetic
behavior of these elements. At higher temperatures, all the lanthanides except lutetium are paramagnetic
(weakly magnetic), and this Para magnetism frequently shows a strong anisotropy. As the temperature is
lowered, many of the metals exhibit a point below which they become anti ferromagnetism (i.e., magnetic
moments of the ions are aligned but some are opposed to others), and, as the temperatures are lowered
still further, many of them go through a series of spin rearrangements, which may or may not be in
conformity with the regular crystal lattice. Finally, at still lower temperatures, a number of these elements
become ferromagnetic (i.e., strongly magnetic, like iron). Some of the metals have saturation moments
(magnetism observed when all the magnetic moments of the ions are aligned) greater than iron, cobalt, or
nickel.
At higher temperatures, all the lanthanides except lutetium are paramagnetic (weakly magnetic), and this
Para magnetism frequently shows a strong anisotropy. As the temperature is lowered, many of the metals
exhibit a point below which they become anti ferromagnetism (i.e., magnetic moments of the ions are
aligned but some are opposed to others), and, as the temperatures are lowered still further, many of them
go through a series of spin rearrangements, which may or may not be in conformity with the regular
crystal lattice. Finally, at still lower temperatures, a number of these elements become ferromagnetic (i.e.,
strongly magnetic, like iron). Some of the metals have saturation moments (magnetism observed when all
the magnetic moments of the ions are aligned) greater than iron, cobalt, or nickel.
1.6. Para magnetism & Diamagnetism:

When considering the lanthanides in the context of MRI contrast agents, the magnetic properties of their
complex ions are important.

There are two possible contributions to the Para magnetism of a transition-metal complex. One arises
from the spin of the unpaired electrons.

You know that for transition metal complexes, the d orbitals are strongly split by the crystal field.

This splitting can quench the orbital angular momentum meaning that for first-row transition metal
complexes, the Para magnetism arises almost entirely from the spin of the unpaired electrons.

The magnetic moment is close to the ‘spin-only’ value and Equation 1 can be used to determine its
magnitude.

μS  = √ n ( n+2 ) μB 

Recall that μS is the spin-only magnetic moment, n is the number of unpaired electrons, and μ B is the Bohr
magnetron.

But for lanthanide complexes this isn’t the case – take a look at Table 3.

TABLE 3

Ion Electronic configuration μ/μB

La3+ 4f0 Diamagnetic

Ce3+ 4f1 2.51

Pr3+ 4f2 3.53

Nd3+ 4f3 3.55

Pm3+ 4f4 2.68

Sm3+ 4f5 1.46

Eu3+ 4f6 3.37

Gd3+ 4f7 8.00

Tb3+ 4f8 9.33

Dy3+ 4f9 10.55

Ho3+ 4f10 10.40

Er3+ 4f11 9.50

Tm3+ 4f12 7.35

Yb3+ 4f13 4.30

Lu3+ 4f14 Diamagnetic

The magnetic moments are plotted in Figure 12, along with the spin-only values calculated from Equation
1.
This, in turn, suggests that the exposure of the 4f orbitals to the ligands is small, and is further evidence
that the 4f electrons are close to being part of the noble-gas core.

The magnetic moments in Table 3 are very similar to those in other lanthanide compounds, and are
characteristic of the  configurations set alongside them. They can therefore be used to identify the
configuration concerned.

Note that any 4f configuration is associated with just one high-spin magnetic moment

 REFERENCES

 https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-element
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/lanthanides
 https://byjus.com/jee/lanthanides/
 https://chemistryonline.guru/lanthanides/
 https://psm.org.pk/magnetic-properties-of-lanthanides/
 https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/metals-medicine/content-section-
3.5.2
 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/magnetochemistry/special_issues/lanthanides_complexes