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Initially the infant drinks only breast milk or formula
milk but later begins to eat some foods. Common sense
in the selection of infant foods along with a nurturing
relaxed enviornment supports in infants health and well
begin.
 An infant grows fast during the first year.Growth
directly reflects nutrient intake and is an important
factor in assessing the nutrition status of infants and
children.Health care professionals measure the height
and weight of an infant or children at intervals and
compare the measurements with standard growth
charts for gender and age.
 Recommendation for energy nutrients carbohydrates
fats and proteins during the first 6 months of life
based on the average intakes of healthy full term
infants fed breast milk.During the second 6 months of
life.Carbohydrates provide energy to all cells of body
but those in the brain depend primarily on glucose to
fuel activities.Relative to the size of body, the size of
an infants brain is greater than that of an adults.An
infants brain weight is about 12 percent of body
weight whereas an glucose about 60 percent of the
days total energy intake.
 An infants needs for most nutrients in proportion to
body weight are more than double than those of
adult.A five month old infants need per unit of body
weight with those of an adult man.Some of the
difference is are extraordiary.Infant reccomendations
are based on the average amount of nutrients
consumed by thriving infants breastfed by well
nourished mothers.
 One of the most essential nutrients for instants as for
everyone is water. The younger the infant the greater
the percentage of body weight is water. During early
infancy breast milk of infant formula normally
provides enough water to replace fluid loses in a
healthy infant.If the temperature is extremly high
infants need supplemental water.Because much of the
fluid in an infants body is located outside the cell
between the cells and within the bloodvessels rapid
fluid losses and the resulting dehydration can be life
threatening.
In united states, the two dietary practices that have
most significant effect on an infants nutrition are the
milk the infant recieves and the age at which
complementary foods are introduced.The american
academy of pediatrics strongly reccomends breast
feeding for healthy full term infants except where
specific contradictions exist.Breast milk excels as a
source of nutrients for infants.Its unique nutrient
commposition and protective factors promote optimal
infant health and development throughout first year
of life.
 For 6 months and breastfeeding with complementary
foods for at least 12 months.
 Experts add though that iron fortified formula which
imitates the nutrient composition of breast milk is an
acceptable alternative.After all primary goal is to
provide the infant nourishment in a relaxed loving
enviornment.
 Breast milk is more easily and competely digested than
formula so breastfed infants do.During the first few
weeks approx 8 to 12 feeding a day.The infant shows
early signs of hunger such as increased
alertness,activity,or suckling motions.Such a schedule
promotes optimal milk production and infant
growth.Crying is a late indicator of hunger.An infant who
nurses every 2 to 3 hours and sleeps contendenly between
feedings is adequately nourished.As the infant gets older
stomach capacity enlarges and the mothers milk
production increases allowing for longer intervals
between feedings.
 The energy nutrient composition of breast milk differs
dramatically from that reccommended for adult diets.Yet
for infants breast milk is natures most nearly perfect
food,providing the clear lesson that people at different
stages of life have different nutrient needs.The main
carbohydrate is breast milk is natures most nearly perfect
food,providing the clear lesson that people at different
stages of life have diiferent nutrient need.The min
carbohydrate in breast milk(and standard infant formula)
is the disaccharide lactose.In addition to beign easily
digested lactose enhances calcium absorption
 With the exception of vitamin D the vitamins are
ample to support infant growth.The vitamin D in
breast milk is low however vitamin D deficiency
impairs bone minerilization.VitaminD deficiency is
most likely in infants who are not exposed to sunlight
daily have darkly pigmented skin and recieved breast
milk without vitamin D supplementation
The calcium content of breast milk is ideal for infant
bone growth and the calcium is well absorbed.Breast
milk contain contain small amount of iron has a high
bioavailibility.Zinc also has high bioavailibility to
the presence of zinc binding protein .Breast milk low
in sodium another benefit for the infants immature
kidneys.Flouride promotes the development of strong
teeth but breast milk is not a good source.
 Many pediatricians routinely prescribe liquid
supplements containing vitamin D,iron and
fluoride.In addition infants recieve a single dose of
vitamin k at birth to protect from bleeding to death.
 Immunological Protection

In addition to its nutritional benefits breast milk offers

immunological protection.Not only is breast milk
sterile but it also protects against diseases and illness.
 Breastfeeding may offer some protection against
excessive weight gain later although findings are
inconsistent.Researches note that many other factors
socioeconomic status other infant and child feed
practices and especially the mothers weight strongly
predict a child body weight.The possibility that
breastfeeding may possibility affect later
intelligence.It may be that some specific component
of breastmilk such as DHA stimulates brain
development.
woman who breastfeeds for a year can wean her
infant to cows milk bypassing the need for infant
formula.A woman who decides to feed her infant
formula from birth to wean to formula after less than
a year of breastfeeding or to substitute formula for
breastfeeding on occassion must select an
appropriate infant formula and learn to prepare
it.Cows milk is inappropriate during the first year of
life.
 Caregivers must use only products designed for
infants soy beverages for example are nutritionally
incomplete for infant.Goat milk is also inappropriate
for infants in part because of its low folate content.An
infant recieving goats milk is likely to develop goat
milk anemia an anemia characteristic of folate
deficiency.
 An infant cannot be allowed to sleep with a bottle
because of the potential damage to developing teeth.
Salivary flow which normally cleanses the mouth
diminishes as infants falls asleep.Prolonged sucking
on a bottle of formula milk or juice bathes the upper
teeth in a carbohydrate rich fluid that nourishes decay
producing bacteria.To prevent nursing bottle tooth
decay and infants should be put to bed with a bottle
of nourishing fluid.
 The age at which cows milk should be introduced to
the infants diet has long been a source of
controversy.The American academy of pediatrics
advises that cows milk is not appropriate during the
first year.For some infants particularly those younger
than 6 months of age cows milk may cause intestinal
bleeding which can lead to iron deficiency.Cows
milk also a poor source of iron.It both causes iron
loss and fails to place iron.Iron from infant cereal is
reduced when cows milk replaces breast milk or iron
fortified formula during the first year.
 The high nutrient needs of infancy are met first by
breast milk or formula only and then by the limited
addition of selected foods overtime.Infants gradually
develop the ability to chew,swallow,and digest the
wide variety of foods available to adults.The
caregiver selection of appropriate foods at the
appropriate stages of development supports the
infants optimal growth and health.
 In addition to breast milk or formula an infant can
begin caring complementary foods between 4 and 6
months.The American Academy of pediatrics
supports exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months but
recognizes that infants are often developmentally
ready to accept complementary foods between 4 and
6 months of age.The main purpose of introducing
complementry foods is to provide needed nutrients
that are no longer supplied adequately by breast milk
or formula alone.
 To prevent allergies and facilitate prompt identification
should they occur experts recommend introducing single
ingredient foods,one at a time, a small portions waiting 3
to 5 days before introducing the next new food.For
example rice cereal is usually the first cereal introduced
because it is the least allergenic.When it is clear that rice
cereal is not causing an allergy another grain barley and
oats is introduced.If a cereal causes an allergic reaction
such as a skin rash,digestive upset,or respiratory
discomfort it should be discontinued before introducing
the next food.
 Whitney ,E.,& Rolfs , S. Understanding Nutrition.