BIO KERJA KURSUS

1) Osteoporosis
 Symptom of osteoporosis

 Fragility-related fractures. These occur when even mild impact causes a fracture of
the wrist, back, hip or other bones.
 Height loss. More than two inches in height can be lost over time.
 Receding gums. ...
 A curved, stooped shape to the spine. ...
 Lower back pain.

Main cause osteoporosis

A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium
intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of
fractures. Eating disorders. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens
bone in both men and women.
Way prevent to osteoporosis

 Get enough calcium and vitamin D and eat a well balanced diet.
 Engage in regular exercise.
 Eat foods that are good for bone health, such as fruits and vegetables.

Treatment

2) Ricket
SYMPTOM OF RICKET
Delayed growth.
Delayed motor skills.
Pain in the spine, pelvis and legs.
Muscle weakness.

CAUSE OF RICKET
The most common cause of rickets is a lack of vitamin D or calcium in a child's diet. Both are
essential for children to develop strong and healthy bones. Sources of vitamin D are: sunlight – your
skin produces vitamin D when it's exposed to the sun, and we get most of our vitamin D this way.

Prevention
Rickets can easily be prevented by eating a diet that includes vitamin D and calcium,
spending some time in sunlight, and if necessary, taking vitamin D supplements.

Treatment
As most cases of rickets are caused by a vitamin D and calcium deficiency, it's usually
treated by increasing a child's intake of vitamin D and calcium. Vitamin D and calcium
levels can be increased by: eating more foods that are rich in calcium and vitamin D. taking
daily calcium and vitamin D supplements.

3) Sindrom cri du chat

Symptom of cri du chat

a high-pitched, cat-like cry or weak cry.

low birth weight.
a small head.
a rounded face.
a broad, flattened bridge of the nose.
eyes spaced wide apart.
folds of skin over the eyelids.
abnormalities of the palate, such as an unusually narrow and high palate.

Cause of cri di chat

Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion of the end of the short (p) arm of
chromosome 5. This chromosomal change is written as 5p-.

5p deletions are most commonly de novo occurrences, which are paternal in origin in 80–90% of
cases, possibly arising from chromosome breakage during gamete formation in males. Ten to 15%
are the result of an unbalanced parental translocation.
 4) Hemofilia

Symptoms
Unexplained and excessive bleeding from cuts or injuries, or after surgery or dental
work.
Many large or deep bruises.
Unusual bleeding after vaccinations.
Pain, swelling or tightness in your joints.
Blood in your urine or stool.
Nosebleeds without a known cause.
In infants, unexplained irritability.

Cause of haemophilia

Hemophilia is caused by a mutation or change, in one of the genes, that provides

instructions for making the clotting factor proteins needed to form a blood clot. This
change or mutation can prevent the clotting protein from working properly or to be missing
altogether. These genes are located on the X chromosome.

Types of haemophilia

 Hemophilia A: Caused by a lack of the blood clotting factor VIII; approximately 85%
of hemophiliacs have type A disease.
 Hemophilia B: Caused by a deficiency of factor IX.
 Hemophilia C: Some doctors use this term to refer to a lack of clotting factor XI.

Clotting factor

Factor VII, also called proconvertin, is one such clotting factor produced by the liver.
It requires vitamin K for its production. Along with other clotting factors and blood cells, it
promotes blood clotting at the site of an injury. It forms normal blood clots and closes the
wound to prevent blood loss.
Factor IX (FIX, Christmas factor) is a blood clotting factor, a zymogen of serine
protease. Upon activation, FIX is converted into the active serine protease and, in the
presence of Ca 2+ and membrane phospholipids, it hydrolyses one arginine-isoleucine bond
in factor X to form the activated factor X (Xa)
Factor XI (FXI) is the zymogen of a serine protease enzyme in the intrinsic pathway of
blood coagulation and is an important factor in the creation of a stable fibrin clot.

5) Hiv
 Symptom of hiv(men)

Stage 1

Fever.
Chills.
Rash.
Night sweats.
Muscle aches.
Sore throat.
Fatigue.
Swollen lymph nodes.

Stage 2

Fever.
Headache.
Fatigue.
Sore throat.
Skin rash.
Swollen lymph glands.
Diarrhea.
Night sweats.

Stage 3

nausea.
vomiting.
persistent diarrhea.
chronic fatigue.
rapid weight loss.
cough.
shortness of breath.
recurring fever, chills, and night sweats.

Stage 4(also known as AIDS)

Extreme fatigue.
Fast weight loss.
Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week.
Pneumonia.
Sores in your mouth, anus, or genitals.
Fever or severe night sweats that keep coming back.
Memory loss.
Red, brown, pink, or purple blotches on or under the skin.

CAUSE OF HIV
HIV is caused by a virus. It can spread through sexual contact, illicit injection drug use or
sharing needles, contact with infected blood, or from mother to child during pregnancy,
childbirth or breastfeeding. HIV destroys CD4 T cells — white blood cells that play a large
role in helping your body fight disease.

Treatment
 6) Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood
sugar (glucose).

Symptom of diabetes mellitus

Feeling more thirsty than usual.

Urinating often.
Losing weight without trying.
Presence of ketones in the urine. ...
Feeling tired and weak.
Feeling irritable or having other mood changes.
Having blurry vision.
Having slow-healing sores.

Cause of diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes occurs when your immune system, the body’s system for fighting infection, attacks and
destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Scientists think type 1 diabetes is caused
by genes and environmental factors, such as viruses, that might trigger the disease. Studies such
as TrialNet are working to pinpoint causes of type 1 diabetes and possible ways to prevent or slow the
External link

disease.
 Treatment

There are a number of treatments available to help you manage and treat your diabetes.
Everyone is different, so treatment will vary depending on your own individual needs. ...
Insulin pumps. ...
Islet cell transplant. ...
Tablets and medication. ...
Weight loss surgery. ...
Diet and exercise. ...
Insulin. ...

Prevention

1. Cut sugar and refined carbohydrates from your diet. Eating foods high in
refined carbohydrates and sugar increases blood sugar and insulin levels,
which may lead to diabetes over time. Examples of refined carbohydrates
include white bread, potatoes and many breakfast cereals. Instead, limit
sugar and choose complex carbohydrates such as vegetables, oatmeal and
whole grains.
2. Quit smoking if you are a current tobacco user. Smoking can contribute to
insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. Quitting has been
shown to reduce this risk of type 2 diabetes over time.
3. Watch your portions. Avoiding large portion sizes can help reduce insulin
and blood sugar levels and decrease the risk of diabetes. Eating too much
food at one time has been shown to cause higher blood sugar and insulin
levels in people at risk of diabetes.
4. Aim for 30. Try to be intentionally active by taking a walk, dancing, lifting
weights or swimming for 30 minutes, five days per week. If you get no or
very little physical activity—and you sit during most of your day—then you
lead a sedentary lifestyle, and it's time to get moving.
5. Drink water. Drinking water instead of other beverages may help control
blood sugar and insulin levels, thereby reducing the risk of diabetes.
Sticking with water most of the time helps you avoid beverages that are
high in sugar, preservatives and other unneeded ingredients.
6. Eat fiber. Getting plenty of fiber is beneficial for gut health and weight
management. Consuming a good fiber source at each meal can help
prevent spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels, which may help reduce
your risk of developing diabetes.

7) Anemia sel sabit

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. Red blood
cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen. Healthy red blood cells are
round, and they move through small blood vessels to carry oxygen to all parts of the
body. In someone who has SCD, the hemoglobin is abnormal, which causes the red
blood cells to become hard and sticky and look like a C-shaped farm tool called a
“sickle.” The sickle cells die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood
cells. Also, when they travel through small blood vessels, they get stuck and clog the
blood flow. This can cause pain and other serious complications (health problems)
such as infection, acute chest syndrome and stroke.

Cause

SCD is a genetic condition that is present at birth. It is inherited when a child receives
two genes—one from each parent—that code for abnormal hemoglobin.

Symptom

Anemia. Sickle cells break apart easily and die. Red blood cells usually live for about
120 days before they need to be replaced. But sickle cells typically die in 10 to 20 days,
leaving a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). Without enough red blood cells, the
body can't get enough oxygen and this causes fatigue.
 Episodes of pain. Periodic episodes of extreme pain, called pain crises, are a major
symptom of sickle cell anemia. Pain develops when sickle-shaped red blood cells block
blood flow through tiny blood vessels to your chest, abdomen and joints.

The pain varies in intensity and can last for a few hours to a few days. Some people
have only a few pain crises a year. Others have a dozen or more a year. A severe pain
crisis requires a hospital stay.

Some adolescents and adults with sickle cell anemia also have chronic pain, which can
result from bone and joint damage, ulcers, and other causes.

Swelling of hands and feet. The swelling is caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells
blocking blood circulation in the hands and feet.

Frequent infections. Sickle cells can damage the spleen, increasing vulnerability to
infections. Infants and children with sickle cell anemia commonly receive vaccinations
and antibiotics to prevent potentially life-threatening infections, such as pneumonia.

Delayed growth or puberty. Red blood cells provide the body with the oxygen and
nutrients needed for growth. A shortage of healthy red blood cells can slow growth in
infants and children and delay puberty in teenagers.

Vision problems. Tiny blood vessels that supply the eyes can become plugged with
sickle cells. This can damage the retina — the portion of the eye that processes visual
images — and lead to vision problems.

Treatment
A blood and bone marrow transplant is currently the only cure for some patients who have sickle
cell disease. After early diagnosis, your healthcare provider may recommend medicines or
transfusions to manage complications, including chronic pain.

Prevention
Can’t be prevent

8) Stroke

Symptom

Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying. You may experience
confusion, slur words or have difficulty understanding speech.

Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg. You may develop sudden numbness,
weakness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg. This often affects just one side of the body.
Try to raise both your arms over your head at the same time. If one arm begins to fall, you
may be having a stroke. Also, one side of your mouth may droop when you try to smile.

Problems seeing in one or both eyes. You may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision
in one or both eyes, and you may see double.

Headache. A sudden, severe headache, which may be accompanied by vomiting, dizziness

or altered consciousness, may indicate that you're having a stroke.

Trouble walking. You may stumble or lose your balance. You may also have sudden
dizziness or a loss of coordination

Cause of stroke

High blood pressure. Your doctor may call it hypertension. It's the
biggest cause of strokes. If your blood pressure is typically 130/80 or
higher, your doctor will discuss treatments with you.
Tobacco. Smoking or chewing it raises your odds of a stroke. Nicotine
makes your blood pressure go up. Cigarette smoke causes a fatty
buildup in your main neck artery. It also thickens your blood and makes
it more likely to clot. Even second-hand smoke can affect you.
Heart disease. This condition includes defective heart valves as well as atrial
fibrillation, or irregular heartbeat, which causes a quarter of all strokes
among the very elderly. You can also have clogged arteries from fatty
deposits.
Diabetes.People who have it often have high blood pressure and are
more likely to be overweight. Both raise the chance of a stroke. Diabetes
damages your blood vessels, which makes a stroke more likely. If you
have a stroke when your blood sugar levels are high, the injury to your
brain is greater.

Weight and exercise. Your chances of a stroke may go up if you're

overweight. You can lower your odds by working out every day. Take a
brisk 30-minute walk, or do muscle-strengthening exercises like
pushups and working with weights.
Medications. Some medicines can raise your chances of stroke. For
instance, blood-thinning drugs, which doctors suggest to prevent blood
clots, can sometimes make a stroke more likely through bleeding.
Studies have linked hormone therapy, used for menopause symptoms
like hot flashes, with a higher risk of strokes. And low-dose estrogen in
birth control pills may also make your odds go up.
Age. Anyone could have a stroke, even babies in the womb. Generally,
your chances go up as you get older. They double every decade after
age 55.
Family. Strokes can run in families. You and your relatives may share a
tendency to get high blood pressure or diabetes. Some strokes can be
brought on by a genetic disorder that blocks blood flow to the brain.
Gender. Women are slightly less likely to have a stroke than men of the
same age. But women have strokes at a later age, which make them
less likely to recover and more likely to die as a result.
Race. Strokes affect African-Americans and nonwhite Hispanic
Americans much more often than any other group in the U.S. Sickle cell
disease, a genetic condition that can narrow arteries and interrupt
blood flow, is also more common in these groups and in people whose
families came from the Mediterranean, the Middle East, or Asia.

Prevention
Choose healthy foods and drinks. Choosing healthy meal and snack options can help you prevent
stroke.
Keep a healthy weight.
Get regular physical activity.
Don't smoke.
Limit alcohol.
Check cholesterol.
Control blood pressure.
Control diabetes.

Treatment

Thrombolysis – "clot buster" medicine

Ischaemic strokes can often be treated using injections of a medicine called alteplase, which
dissolves blood clots and restores blood flow to the brain.

This use of "clot-busting" medicine is known as thrombolysis.

Alteplase is most effective if started as soon as possible after the stroke occurs – and
certainly within 4.5 hours.

It's not generally recommended if more than 4.5 hours have passed, as it's not clear how
beneficial it is when used after this time.

Before alteplase can be used, it's very important that a brain scan is done to confirm a
diagnosis of an ischaemic stroke.

This is because the medicine can make the bleeding that occurs in haemorrhagic strokes
worse.

Thrombectomy

A small number of severe ischaemic strokes can be treated by an emergency

procedure called a thrombectomy.

This removes blood clots and helps restore blood flow to the brain.
Thrombectomy is only effective at treating ischaemic strokes caused by a blood clot in a
large artery in the brain.

It's most effective when started as soon as possible after a stroke.

The procedure involves inserting a catheter into an artery, often in the groin. A small device
is passed through the catheter into the artery in the brain.

The blood clot can then be removed using the device, or through suction. The procedure can
be done under local anaesthetic or general anaesthetic.

Aspirin and other antiplatelets

Most people will be given aspirin straight after having an ischaemic stroke. As well as being
a painkiller, aspirin is an antiplatelet, which reduces the chances of another clot forming.

Other antiplatelet medicines may be used later, such as clopidogrel and dipyridamole.

Anticoagulants

Some people may be offered an anticoagulant to help reduce their risk of developing new
blood clots in the future.

Anticoagulants prevent blood clots by changing the chemical composition of the blood in a
way that prevents clots from forming.

Warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxaban are examples of anticoagulants

for long-term use.

There are also a number of anticoagulants called heparins, which can only be given by
injection and are used short term.

Anticoagulants may be offered if you:

 have a type of irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation, which can cause blood clots
 have a history of blood clots
 develop a blood clot in your leg veins (deep vein thrombosis (DVT)) because a stroke has left
you unable to move one of your legs
Blood pressure medicines

If your blood pressure is too high, you may be offered medicines to lower it.

Medicines that are commonly used include:

  thiazide diuretics
 angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
 calcium channel blockers
 beta blockers
 alpha-blockers

Statins

You'll usually be advised to take a medicine known as a statin.

Statins reduce the level of cholesterol in your blood by blocking a chemical (enzyme) in the
liver that produces cholesterol.

You may be offered a statin even if your cholesterol level is not particularly high, as it may
help reduce your risk of stroke whatever your cholesterol level is.

Carotid endarterectomy

Some ischaemic strokes are caused by narrowing of an artery in the neck called the carotid
artery, which carries blood to the brain.

The narrowing, known as carotid stenosis, is caused by a build-up of fatty plaques.

If the carotid stenosis is very severe, surgery may be used to unblock the artery. This is
called a carotid endarterectomy.

It involves the surgeon making a cut (incision) in your neck to open up the carotid artery and
remove the fatty deposits.

Treating haemorrhagic strokes

As with ischaemic strokes, some people who have had a haemorrhagic stroke will also be
offered medicine to lower their blood pressure and prevent further strokes.

If you were taking anticoagulants before you had your stroke, you may also need treatment
to reverse the effects of the medicine and reduce your risk of further bleeding.

Surgery
Occasionally, emergency surgery may be needed to remove any blood from the brain and
repair any burst blood vessels. This is usually done using a surgical procedure known as a
craniotomy.

During a craniotomy, a section of the skull is removed to allow the surgeon access to the
source of the bleeding.

The surgeon will repair any damaged blood vessels and ensure there are no blood clots
present that may restrict the blood flow to the brain.

After the bleeding has been stopped, the piece of bone removed from the skull is replaced,
often by an artificial metal plate.

Surgery for hydrocephalus

Surgery can also be done to treat a complication of haemorrhagic strokes

called hydrocephalus.

This is where damage resulting from a stroke causes cerebrospinal fluid to build up in the
cavities (ventricles) of the brain, causing symptoms such as headaches, sickness, drowsiness,
vomiting and loss of balance.

Hydrocephalus can be treated by putting a tube called a shunt into the brain to allow the
fluid to drain.
 9) Bronchitis chronic

Symptom

Frequent and severe infections that affect your airways

Narrowing and plugging of your breathing tubes (bronchi)
Trouble breathing
Bluish fingernails, lips, and skin because of lower oxygen levels
Wheezing and crackling sounds with breathing
Swollen feet
Heart failure

Cause
Cigarette smoke. People who smoke or who live with a smoker are at higher risk of both acute
bronchitis and chronic bronchitis.
Low resistance. This may result from another acute illness, such as a cold, or from a chronic
condition that compromises your immune system. Older adults, infants and young children have
greater vulnerability to infection.
Exposure to irritants on the job. Your risk of developing bronchitis is greater if you work around
certain lung irritants, such as grains or textiles, or are exposed to chemical fumes.
Gastric reflux. Repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate your throat and make you more
prone to developing bronchitis.
Treatment
Quitting smoking
Staying away from second-hand smoke and other lung irritants
Taking medicines by mouth (oral) to open airways and help clear away mucus
Taking inhaled medicines, such as bronchodilators and steroids
Getting oxygen from portable containers
Having lung reduction surgery to take out damaged areas of the lung
Getting a lung transplant, in rare cases
Humidifying the air
Pulmonary rehab to help you learn how to live with your breathing problems and stay active

Prevention
Avoid cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke increases your risk of chronic bronchitis.
Get vaccinated. Many cases of acute bronchitis result from influenza, a virus. Getting a yearly flu
vaccine can help protect you from getting the flu. You may also want to consider vaccination that
protects against some types of pneumonia.
Wash your hands. To reduce your risk of catching a viral infection, wash your hands frequently and
get in the habit of using alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
Wear a surgical mask. If you have COPD, you might consider wearing a face mask at work if you're
exposed to dust or fumes, and when you're going to be among crowds, such as while traveling.

10) Alzheimer
 Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain
to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common
cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills
that affects a person's ability to function independently

Symptom

Memory loss that disrupts daily life

Challenges in planning or solving problems
Difficulty completing familiar tasks
Confusion with time or place
Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships
New problems with words in speaking or writing
Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
Decreased or poor judgment
Withdrawal from work or social activities
Changes in mood and personality
 Cause

Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around
brain cells. One of the proteins involved is called amyloid, deposits of which form plaques around
brain cells. The other protein is called tau, deposits of which form tangles within brain cells.

Treatment

Donepezil (Aricept) is approved to treat all stages of the disease. It's taken once a day
as a pill.
Galantamine (Razadyne) is approved to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's. ...
Rivastigmine (Exelon) is approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Prevention

 stopping smoking.
 keeping alcohol to a minimum.
 eating a healthy, balanced diet, including at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables
every day.
 exercising for at least 150 minutes every week by doing moderate-intensity aerobic
activity (such as cycling or fast walking), or as much as you're able to.

11) Parkinson’s disease

Symptom
Tremor. A tremor, or rhythmic shaking, usually begins in a limb, often your hand or fingers. ...
Slowed movement (bradykinesia).
Rigid muscles.
Impaired posture and balance. .
Loss of automatic movements.
Speech changes.
Writing changes.