University that is focus that in a way that I am very much appreciative of this

presentation serves to give a backdrop of science but didn't really the story of the rapid

development have the safe and effective covid-19 mRNA vaccines really with a kind of

community facing agenda so that I can help anyone in the audience development came

about over the last year work went into it prior to the onset of so without further Ado I

am just a bit and I am the scientific need of the coronavirus vaccine team at the bar

which is this building in the background of slide situated at the National Institutes of

Health trial versus actually always posed as a candy mix read this family tree on the left

hand side of your screen shows to some families of coronavirus the First with your owl

coronavirus and II beta coronavirus has stood in the alpha and beta coronavirus of

family endemic or so-called seasonal Coronavirus Switch to date Holly over 8000

So coronavirus has always been a pandemic threat Situated Garces actually always

something in the first and the second there are seven coronavirus sit in the alpha and

beta coronavirus of families that called endemic or so-called seasonal are coronavirus

the other coronavirus is that ours not attack against that have been transmitted to

humans and cause epidemics Calliope has to date tally over 2,000 cases worldwide

black history continue to repeat itself we also understood from the laboratory

perspective by way of a Lab at the University of North Carolina is that Evolution showed

us that there were sars-like viruses that turned into a global pandemic now it's over a

100 million places worldwide is really the viruses way of saying I told you so we are

currently in our third way of covid-19 in the United States this graph shows the three

different ways the first of which started in the early spring of last year and then another
that started in late summer and then this last one would you could see the slope of this

line around the time of the holidays continues continues to ride so special that for United

States and I also show it from here in Maryland where I live so is estimated that about

60 or 70% of population Unity Murphy established in order for us to control covid-19 if

immunity with Sony dependent on a natural infection then about 40 or 50 million people

would have to come to covid-19 on acceptable do assets point a bad thing is needed to

so how did we accomplish this so-called world record idea behind open YouTube say to

develop that counts as one interested you can take a look Sebastian preparedness for

the Camden liable in universal what does that mean for fast vaccine technology that

must be able to poop be produced in reliable technology that must be produced in a

whole a reliable manufacturability standard and fast I have Universal and I have this as

those that are cheap that provide protection against us out of the way of making a real

so what does a what will occur in 19 so that is if I take a vaccine used transmission for

my doctors that nation is Unity service and let me tell you why because of the so-called

herd immunity where does six figures on this slide in the non-immune population are

blue and in a population that is the people that are mean are green do you want to

release a virus and the non-immune population population where the blue people who

were the only ones that were able to get you can see that they're only as scattered

amount of people who got covid-19 or that turn red and that means if there is low

transmission interesting thing that you can see that there's people that are red R6

further apart so you can see as as you add bring people in the population the virus

starts the transmission starts not the right time on four stars could be to mRNA vaccine

development please stop the music in January 10th virus has been called 2019 in or
novel coronavirus the Chinese government public 66 days are we in a world record for

Speed and it looks like there could be levels at your responsibility in this development

process with a lot of people don't know it's all of the work that went into the development

General 2013 all the way into the onset of protein is the person that sits on the surface

of irises so that was one of our site 39 grab onto a human cell receptor in the case of

stars can we shoot out of the H2 receptor it allows for the virus behaves himself so if

you want to see that reaction of The Binding of respite protein to the humans do so that

you can slap my block infection when I came into the laboratory research about how

those pictures of in any real high-definition the first structure of any human coronavirus

high protein at the same time another coronavirus pipe structure was published and

then there was really telling different coronavirus their function and excetera so that is

how well do those fight protein cause immune responses and this is my way of rationally

designing and merge coronavirus fight in this very intricate set of steps is second so you

want to start it and somebody have a scream in the middle of a fuse the area of these

proteins around this FBI or the human temp I question what type of mutation would

allow us to block that preseason from expressing Mars like with the two communication

is beautiful blue eyes so it's a beautiful homogeneous mixture that supersedes that that

you can't even see it flipped into it supposed to be today the answer is not always that

bad we did this to collaboration with McDonald's where they use Messenger to deliver

they pick up message Elaine cats make that message and formulated into a lipid

nanoparticles the message inside injected into the muscle in the messenger or

messenger RNA and then it starts because that's what sales do they read messages

and it remembers what it was like the cool thing about the MRNA platform is that as fast
and it's reliable and true and it's Universal enough Zoey texted that concept using the

word fight with the two following patients would bring it by messenger RNA in

collaboration with you can deliver that merged with Mars Count so if you get a dose of

MERS virus into their nose they die they do not or they don't even really need my friend

almost it wasn't just that the weight loss show Thomas so that the Long Bar alone and

the amount of disease by way of lung Hemorrhage Giant in from having wrong with you

and Joseph mcfashion I given the murdered by Christine Feehan of messenger on it so

we knew exactly what to do to be tested it even down to these doses that were needed

in small animal models using my messenger RNA we had established a collaboration

and we had a really cool understanding and I'm confident that we will win the Super just

came out on January the production what is a backseat when that we came up with

Medina was able to ship of messenger RNA as a very terrible the phase one clinical trial

started on March 16th in between them at a lot of people don't even know about

because that's not what you mean I don't know we were testing monkey are the reason

why we were able to proceed ropes so let's talk about this what we showed is that really

cool 102 the first dose what is a blitz in neutralizing antibody responses so you see this

swapping into life that is on par for what you see in the dark vaccine-induced showing

the responses when is the phase 2 clinical trial honestly as everyone knows control

base wonderful people. with Mr Nussbaum Trini Curry or saltwater they went off and

they were able to if they got symptoms that looks like they might be proved it will there

be a headache or scene or otherwise they contact their trial position and got diagnosed

as a Coby case we're not a time accrued over the course of the vaccine study was Halle

and how you get back to me at the agency is by asking a question how much
percentage more of Kobe cases you have a nice day. Clinical trial actually had some

really cool dip graphics and I do want to talk about being only for a little bit about 10% of

the pastry from pouches events for black Raptor American 20% with comorbidities such

as diabetes sitting here with a really large 36 having diabetes and obesity and etcetera.

Covid-19 looking at the efficacy and safety of mRNA is called 73 in the face of 3 income

analysis what does interment mean or Placebo Placebo is purple line just one dose with

an arrow and then there's a second dose with another are out those doses. 2 weeks

after the second dose whereas people wouldn't all in all it was about 11 people in the

MRNA covid-19 interesting facts about 30% about the side effects of E coli And I had

the key and some pain at my injection site QuickBooks I must make because I am

talking about a messenger RNA that we know is that there is no way that this vaccine

will alter your DNA there is no way that this vaccine will alter any of your hand as well

on Interstate recompile here with no deaths that are attributed to M on April 7th in the

general population giving a brief overview just quickly of the total Global that game I

want so they're about 200 most of which are in the building are priests allowed to which

are in the United States before you I talked a lot about the Monona vaccine candidate is

also defined by an adventure which is an adenovirus is just normal cold virus to a virus

but also gives you immunity to Pacifica all together one of the things that we can stand

out on this ride are the word Fusion Staples remember that we Define that's to be

stabilizing a patient Define vaccine candidates and then also with that I like to take the

time to fix my laboratory of sugar disease people development especially animal

experiments beginning of all this very brilliant messenger RNA vaccine platform but I'm

also for structure vibrate with Jason MccLellan laboratory and descriptive Research
Institute Studies have been conducted the development of the MRNA vaccine and for

the people who are currently enrolling into the child as well how do you know if there's

any way of knowing how affected the Caribbean

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There are two subfamilies of coronavirus which are Alpha-CoV and Beta-CoV. There

are seven coronaviruses known to infect human beings, four of which sit in the Alpha

and Beta CoV sub families that cause epidemics or so called seasonal coronavirus

disease like the sniffles during flu season. Then there are the other coronaviruses that

are zoonotic pathogens that have been transmitted to humans and cause epidemics.

First of which is SARS which has to date about eight thousand four hundred and thirty

seven cases world wide. Then there is MARS which has to date about two thousand

four hundred and ninety four cases. It goes without saying that history has continued to

repeat itself, but one thing that was understood from a laboratory perspective is that

viral evolution showed us that there were SARS like viruses that were poised for human

emergencies. We are currently in our third wave of COVID-19 in the US. It is estimated

that until 60 - 70 % of population immunity is established, it is unlikely for COVID-19 to

be controlled well enough to resume normal activities. If immunity remains solely

dependent on infection, even at a case fatality rate of 1%, more than 40 million people

could succumb to COVID-19 globally, at this point a vaccine is needed to prevent the

dynamics of the pandemic. The way the vaccine was developed so fast was by

prototype pathogen approach to pandemic preparedness. The coronaviruses were

studied by way of a prototype virus in that family. The MARS coronaviruses which is

closest related to CoV-2. Enough knowledge was generated around that prototype virus

so it can be applied to the viral family in all. The second prong of this approach is said to

develop this countermeasure mainly the vaccines through phase 1 clinical trial and this

allows the development of the countermeasure for other viruses within that family to be
sped up. The imminent threat of the emerging coronaviruses, we need a fast, reliable

and universal vaccine solution. A COVID-19 vaccine would benefit the individual by

reducing the severity of the illness and preventing the infection, and the vaccine would

also benefit the community by reducing transmission and making it safer to resume

normal activities. It is believed that vaccination is community service by the concept

population or herd immunity. Where if a virus was let out into a community with no

immunity there would be high transmission rates whereas if a virus was to be let out into

a partially immune community there would be significantly low transmission rates. The

rapid timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development where it went into a phase 1

clinical trial after 66 days may seem odd, but in actuality all the research that was done

for the coronavirus as a whole went into and was adapted for its development. The

vaccine targets the coronavirus spike protein, which sits on top of the viruses and is the

reason the viruses get into the human body cells. This is why a reliable vaccine is

needed to stop this process by blocking infection. At first nothing was known about the

coronavirus spike protein, so research was done in great detail to fully understand it.

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