LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

LESSON DESCRIPTION:

CONCEPT OF MATRIX: The concept of matrices was first prevented by Arther Kelley, an eminent
mathematician, in the middle of 19th century, and its use in different scientific disciplines has since been
increasing day by day.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES with MELCs:

Learning Objectives:

The learners will be able to…

LASALLIAN GUIDED PRINCIPLE (LGP)

1. Challenge learners to realize their full potentials.

POLAR COORDINATES
Eccentricity of a Conic

KNOWLEDGE ACTIVATION
MATH FOCUS
TOWARDS BETTER UNDERSTANDING

MATRICES IN CHEMISTRY:

1) Any symmetry operation about a symmetry element in a molecule involves the transformation of a set of
coordinates x, y and z of an atom into a set of new coordinates x`, y` and z`.
2) The two sets of coordinates of the atom can be related by a set of equations. This set of equations may also be
formulated in matrix notation.
 LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

3) Thus each symmetry operation can be represented by a specific matrix.

4) Knowledge of the matrices of various operations in a molecule will be useful to solve structural problems in
chemistry.
5) For Example: The symmetry of vibrational modes in molecules can be analyzed using the matrices for
different operation.

MATRIX:-

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or symbol for numbers arranged in rows and columns.

i. In mathematical terms, Matrices (plural of matrix) are rectangular or, square tables whose elements
are written in order in the form of rows and columns.
ii. Matrices are usually represented by the capital letters of English alphabets i.e. A, B, C, D, E… and
their numbers are shown by small letters of English alphabets i.e. a, b, c, d, e…

iii. Horizontal entries in matrix are called its Rows, (denoted by i). iv. While vertical entries are called
its columns, (denoted by j). v. Though it is not necessary that a matrix should have equal number of
rows and columns, but it is necessary that number of members in different rows or columns should
be equal.

iv. For example: if the numbers in members in the first row of a matrix is 3 then the numbers of
elements in all other rows will be 3. Similarly if there are 2 elements in first column of a matrix then
all other columns of the same matrix will also have 2 elements.

ORDER OR, DIMENSION OF A MATRIX:-

Numbers of rows and columns in a matrix represent the order or dimension of a matrix.

For Example: if the number of rows in a matrix is m and the number of columns be n then order or dimension of
matrix will be m × n.

Remember that order m × n does not mean the product of “m” and “n”. It’s read as “m by n”.

i.e. order of matrix = no. of rows × no. of columns

 LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

KINDS OF A MATRICES:-

1) ROW MATRIX: A matrix consist of only one row and n column is called row matrix.

Examples are the following:

2) COLUMN MATRIX: A matrix consists of only one column and m rows is called column matrix.

Examples are the following :

3) SQUARE MATRIX: A matrix in which the numbers of rows is equal to the number of column is called
square matrix.

Examples are the following:

4) RECTANGULAR MATRIX: A matrix in which the numbers of rows is not equal to the number of column is
called square matrix.
 LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

5) DIAGONAL MATRIX: A square matrix in which all the elements is zero “0”, except its diagonal
elements is called diagonal matrix.

Consider a square matrix elements a11, a22, a33, called its diagonal elements.

6) UNIT OR IDENTITYMATRIX: “A square matrix in which their diagonal element is equal to one (w.r.t
multiplication) and every non diagonal element is equal to zero is called diagonal matrix”. 

It is usually denoted by I.

Example are the following

7) ZERO/NULL MATRIX: A square or, rectangular matrix in which their all the element is equal to zero is
called zero or null matrix. –
It is usually denoted by letter “O” of English alphabet.

Examples are the following

 LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

8) SCALAR MATRIX: A square matrix in which the diagonal elements are the same is called scalar
matrix. –
Examples are the following

9) NEGATIVE OF MATRIX: - “If the signs of all the elements of a matrix are changed then new matrix
are formed is called negative of the matrix or, additive inverse of the matrix”.

Examples are the following

10) TRANSPOSEOF MATRIX: The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and
columns are called transpose of the matrix. -It is usually denoted by At or Ã. If the order of matrix is m
× n new matrix obtained order is n × m called transpose of the matrix.

Example are the following

MATH FOCUS
LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
 LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

MIND STRAINERS
DEVELOPING YOUR SKILLS
LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
LESSON: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES