SmartGen Grid Services User Guide (AP-SG-004 - Rev-E)

Conext SmartGen™ Series Grid Tie Photovoltaic
Inverter
Grid Services User Guide
AP-SG-004 Rev E
October 2019
http://solar.schneider-electric.com/
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Document Number: AP-SG-004 Rev E Date: October 2019
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Safety Information
Important Information
Read these instructions carefully and look at the equipment to become familiar with the
device before trying to install, operate, service or maintain it. The following special
messages may appear throughout this documentation or on the equipment to warn of
potential hazards or to call attention to information that clarifies or simplifies a procedure.
The addition of either symbol to a “Danger” or “Warning” safety label

indicates that an electrical hazard exists which will result in personal
injury if the instructions are not followed.
This is the safety alert symbol. It is used to alert you to potential personal
injury hazards. Obey all safety messages that follow this symbol to avoid
possible injury or death.
DANGER
DANGER indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious
injury.
WARNING
WARNING indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury.
CAUTION
CAUTION indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in minor or
moderate injury.
NOTICE
NOTICE is used to address practices not related to physical injury.
Please Note
Electrical equipment should be installed, operated, serviced, and maintained only by
qualified personnel. No responsibility is assumed by Schneider Electric for any
consequences arising out of the use of this material.
A qualified person is one who has skills and knowledge related to the construction,
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About
Purpose
This guide provides information for grid support services available on the Conext SmartGen
Series inverter.
Scope
This guide does not contain specific applications of grid support services.
Abbreviations and Acronyms

AC Alternating current
ACC Active current control
AGSF Autonomous grid support functions
AI Anti-islanding, analog input
CMD Command
CTB Communications Terminal Board
DC Direct current
DI Digital input
DRCS Dynamic reactive current support
EEI Edison electric institute
ES Energy storage
F Frequency
HVRT High voltage ride-through
I Current
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IS Current Saturation
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IIR Infinite-impulse response
LVRT Low voltage ride-through
max Maximum
min Minimum, minute/s
MPPT Maximum power point tracking
NaN Not a Number
P Power (active)
PF Power factor
PPC Power plant controller
PRF Producer reference frame
pu Per-unit
PV Photovoltaic (that is, solar)
PWM Pulse width modulation
Q Power (reactive)
RPV Reactive power variation
RTU Remote terminal unit
RTS Return to service
S Apparent Power
sec Second/s
TCP Transmission control protocol
UTIL Utility
V Volt
Vac Volts AC
Vdc Volts DC
var Volt-ampere reactive
W Watt
Related Documents
n Conext SmartGen Planning and Installation Manual (document number 990-9848)
n Conext SmartGen User Guide (document number 990-9847)
n Conext Viewer Online Help (document number SW-SG-017)
n Conext SmartGen Series Modbus Communication and Events App Note (document
number AP-SG-014)
Related Information
Find more information about Schneider Electric, as well as its products and services at:
http://www.schneider-electric.com.
For specific information on Solar products, visit the Schneider Electric Solar Business
website at: http://solar.schneider-electric.com.
Product Safety Information
DANGER
HAZARD OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, EXPLOSION, ARC FLASH, AND FIRE
This document is in addition to, and incorporates by reference, the relevant product manuals
for Conext SmartGen Series inverters. Before reviewing this document, you must read the
relevant product manuals. Unless specified, information on safety, specifications, installation
and operation is as shown in the primary documentation received with the product. Ensure
you are familiar with that information before proceeding.
Failure to follow these instructions will result in death or serious injury.

Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
Contents
Safety Information 2
About 3
Purpose 3
Scope 3
Abbreviations and Acronyms 3
Related Documents 4
Related Information 4
Product Safety Information 5
Introduction 13
Conext SmartGen Series Inverter 14
Functions 14
Parameters 14
Inverter Controls Architecture 17
Overview 18
Inverter Controls Architecture Block Diagram 18
Numeric Conventions 19
Active Power and Current Sign Convention 19
Reactive Power and Current Sign Convention 20
PF (Power Factor) Sign Convention 21
Power Control 23
Overview of Power Control 25
Power Control Set Points 25
PPC (Power Plant Controller) 25
Utility Inputs 30
Default Power Control Set Points 34
Active Power Control 36
Block Diagram 36
Inputs 36
Outputs 37
AGSF 37
Features 37
Reactive Power Control 40
Block Diagram 40
Inputs 40
Output 40
AGSF 41
Features 41
AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 6

Autonomous Grid Support Functions (AGSF) 44

Generic AGSF 46
∆P(f) Function 61
∆P(V) Function 63
∆Q(V) Function 65
En(P) Function 68
Q(P) Function 69
En(V) Function 73
Pmax(f) Function 76
Pmin(f) Function 79
Pmax(V) Function 80
Pmin(V) Function 83
Return to Service Function 84
Function Diagram 84
RTS Parameters 84
AC Current Control 87
Overview of AC Current Control 88
Power to Current Reference Conversion 88
MPPT Active Current Saturation 88
AC Current Ramp 88
AC Current Saturation 89
LVRT / HVRT Response 91
LVRT / HVRT Response Overview 92
Per-Unit AC Voltage Calculation 92
LVRT Detection 93
ACC (Active Current Control) Function 94
Overview 94
ACC Parameters 95
ACC During LVRT Examples 96
DRCS (Dynamic Reactive Current Support) Function 98
Overview 98
DRCS Curves 99
Static Range 101
Blocking Zone 102
Reactive Current Limitation 103
DRCS Parameters 104
DRCS During LVRT Examples 104
Voltage and Frequency Disconnect Settings 107

Overvoltage, Undervoltage, and Frequency Set Points 108

Rate of Change Of Frequency (ROCOF) Detection 110
Anti-Islanding Function 111

Figures
Figure 1 Relationship between inverter, PV array, and grid 14
Figure 2 Inverter controls architecture block diagram 18
Figure 3 Power / Current sign convention 19
Figure 4 Positive Reactive Power 20
Figure 5 Negative Reactive Power 20
Figure 6 EEI PF sign convention quadrant 22
Figure 7 Communication terminal board (CTB A316) - 3rd party plant controller I/O 31
Figure 8 Analog input scaling graph, example of the active power command 33
Figure 9 Active power controls 36
Figure 10 Reactive power controls 40
Figure 11 Generic function block diagram 46
Figure 12 Function output value graph 48
Figure 13 Pmax(f) function output without hysteresis 49
Figure 14 Pmax(f) function output with hysteresis 50
Figure 15 Generic function with hysteresis 51
Figure 16 Snapshot feature for Pmax(f) 55
Figure 17 Snapshot activation if start > stop 56
Figure 18 Snapshot activation if SnapshotStart < SnapshotStop 56
Figure 19 ∆P(f) function graph 62
Figure 20 ∆P(V) function graph 64
Figure 21 ∆Q(V) function graph 67
Figure 22 En(p) function graph 69
Figure 23 Qpu function graph 71
Figure 24 Q(P) function graph 72
Figure 25 En(V) function graph 75
Figure 26 Pmax(f) function graph 77
Figure 27 Pmax(V) function graph 81
Figure 28 Return to service function diagram 84
Figure 29 AC Current Control block diagram 88
Figure 30 Current saturation example 89
Figure 31 LVRT/HVRT inverter automatic response 92
Figure 32 LVRT detection 93
Figure 33 Symmetrical LVRT with ACC curve type 1 96
Figure 34 Asymmetrical LVRT with ACC curve type 2 97
Figure 35 DRCS curve delta voltage 98
Figure 36 DRCS activation and deactivation 99
Figure 37 DRCS curve type 1 100

Figure 38 DRCS curve type 2 101

Figure 39 DRCS curve static range 102
Figure 40 Blocking zone 102
Figure 41 Symmetrical LVRT with DRCS curve type 1 105
Figure 42 Asymmetrical LVRT with DRCS curve type 2 106
Figure 43 Reactive current test signal diagram 113

Tables
Table 1 Inverter controls architecture blocks 18
Table 2 Power control priority 25
Table 3 PPC power commands 26
Table 4 PPC command ramp time 26
Table 5 PPC Fast power commands 27
Table 6 PPC Fast return from fast ramp limits 27
Table 7 PPC communication loss handling parameters 29
Table 8 A316 J2, AI terminal 31
Table 9 A316 J3, DI terminal 32
Table 10 Analog signals 34
Table 11 Default power control set points 35
Table 12 Summary of autonomous grid support functions (AGSF) 44
Table 13 Scale values for each x variable 47
Table 14 Function points 48
Table 15 Function points for Figure 3 49
Table 16 Forward curve points 50
Table 17 Reverse curve points 50
Table 18 Forward / reverse curve points 51
Table 19 Function points for Figure 5 52
Table 20 Scale values for each x variable 54
Table 21 Snapshot values 55
Table 22 Configurable parameters for the snapshot feature 58
Table 23 Summary of AGSF parameters 59
Table 24 ∆P(f) function points 61
Table 25 ∆P(f) function configuration parameter values 62
Table 26 ∆P(V) function points 63
Table 27 ∆P(v) function configuration parameter values 64
Table 28 Options for the per-unit scale of the curve y variable 65
Table 29 ∆Q(V) function points 66
Table 30 ∆Q(V) function configuration parameter values 67
Table 31 En(p) function points 68
Table 32 En(P) function configuration parameter values 69
Table 33 Options for the per-unit scale of the curve y variable 70
Table 34 Qpu function values 72
Table 35 Q(P) function points 72
Table 36 Q(P) function configuration parameter values 73
Table 37 En(V) function points 74

Table 38 En(V) function configuration parameter values 75

Table 39 Pmax(f) function points 77
Table 40 Pmax(f) function configuration parameter values 77
Table 41 Pmax(V) function points 81
Table 42 Pmax(V) function configuration parameter values 81
Table 43 Overvoltage, undervoltage, and frequency 108
Table 44 ROCOF parameters 110
Table 45 ROCOF events 110

Introduction Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
1 Introduction
What's in This Chapter?
Conext SmartGen Series Inverter 14

Functions 14
Parameters 14
Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide Introduction
Conext SmartGen Series Inverter

The Schneider Electric Conext SmartGen Series inverters are designed to draw power
from photovoltaic (PV) arrays, convert it to alternating current, and transfer it to the utility
grid on demand. The relationship between the inverter, PV array, and grid is shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1 Relationship between inverter, PV array, and grid
This document explains how a Conext SmartGen Series inverter maintains continuous
operation and continuous output current during normal operating conditions and during
grid-related events.
Functions
The inverter's Power Control (see Overview of Power Control on page 25) includes many
functions for both user (or Power Plant Controller (PPC)) control and autonomous control
of active (real) and reactive power based upon external commands, grid voltage, grid
frequency, and inverter operating power level. Collectively, those functions that support
the grid are referred to as autonomous grid support functions or AGSF. Each AGSF may
be enabled or disabled independently. For more information, see Autonomous Grid
Support Functions (AGSF) on page 44.
Each AGSF is based upon a generic control block. The generic AGSF describes an
arbitrary curve, relating an input (independent) variable to an output (dependent) variable
such as the relation of output vars based on input grid voltage. In addition, the generic
AGSF includes configurable filtering, ramp rate limiting, and snapshot. Function curves
may be defined with or without hysteresis. For more information, see Generic AGSF on
page 46.
Parameters
The Conext SmartGen Series inverter uses parameters for configuring and monitoring all
inverter functions. Parameters (interchangeably called system variables or registers)
may be accessed directly using Conext Viewer, or indirectly through remote
communications.
In this User Guide, all parameters are identified by name consistent with IEC 61850, for
example, GenDRCT/FpgaRampA, which is the current ramp rate after a low voltage ride-
through event. For detailed information about each parameter, including data types, value
ranges, units of measure, and access control, see Communications Mapping Application
Note (document number AP-SG-014).
14 Property of Schneider Electric AP-SG-004 Rev E

Introduction Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
The values of most AGSF parameters are pre-determined by the utility region that is
assigned to the inverter prior to installation and then programmed into the inverter at the
factory or during site commissioning of the inverter.

Inverter Controls Architecture Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
2 Inverter Controls Architecture
Overview 18
Inverter Controls Architecture Block Diagram 18
Numeric Conventions 19
Active Power and Current Sign Convention 19
Reactive Power and Current Sign Convention 20
PF (Power Factor) Sign Convention 21
Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide Inverter Controls Architecture
Overview
This chapter describes and illustrates the Conext SmartGen Series inverter's power and
current control architecture as it applies to grid supporting services. It defines the sign
conventions for active power and current, reactive power and current, and power factor.
Inverter Controls Architecture Block Diagram

Figure 2 Inverter controls architecture block diagram
MPPT
ID MAX
P CMD ID CMD
EXTERNAL P, Q, PF, Power AC Current Inverter POWER

CONTROL Utility Commands Control Control Control CONVERSION
Q CMD IQ CMD +
+
Anti-Islanding
NOTE: Only shaded blocks are discussed in this User Guide.
Table 1 Inverter controls architecture blocks

MPPT: specifies maximum power point tracking (MPPT) target and computes the
1
corresponding maximum active current.
Power Control: receives external power and power factor set-points, contains the
power ramping, power limits, and power-based grid supporting services such as var
2
support and active power curtailment. For more information, see Overview of Power
Control on page 25.
AC Current Control: contains current ramping, current limiting, and current-based

3 grid supporting services such as dynamic reactive current support. For more
information, see Overview of AC Current Control on page 88.
Anti-Islanding: Contains the reactive current perturbation injection and islanding

4
detection algorithm. For more information see Anti-Islanding Function on page 112.
Inverter Control: lower level controls including the current controller and modulation
5
(PWM signal generation).

Numeric Conventions
Power, current, and power factor sign conventions used in Conext SmartGen Series are
explained in this section.
Active Power and Current Sign Convention

The sign convention for active (real) power and current can be established from either the
point of view of the generator or the consumer.
The sign convention for all inverter control features and functions is in the generator
frame of reference. From this reference frame, the inverter is the generator (or source)
and the utility grid is the consumer (or load). A positive sign means that power and current
flow from the inverter to the grid. Conversely, a negative sign means power and current
flow from the grid into the inverter.
Figure 3 Power / Current sign convention

+P,+Q, +I
MV transformer
–P,–Q, –I
Inverter/Generator Grid
(Source) (Load)

Reactive Power and Current Sign Convention

The sign convention for reactive power and current also uses the generator frame of
reference. A positive sign means that reactive power and current flow from the inverter to
the grid. Conversely, a negative sign means reactive power and current flow from the grid
into the inverter.
The analogy with a capacitive and inductive load are described below.
Positive Reactive Power/Current

When the SmartGen inverter is operating with a positive reactive power set-point it
behaves in a same way as a capacitive load bank.
Figure 4 Positive Reactive Power
SmartGen Grid
Grid
Impedance
E V
Q>0
In the case where the grid impedance is inductive and when the inverter is outputting
positive reactive current, the voltage E at the output of the inverter will increase to a value
higher than the grid voltage V.
Negative Reactive Power/Current

When the SmartGen inverter is operating with a negative reactive power set-point it
behaves in a same way as an inductive load bank.
Figure 5 Negative Reactive Power
SmartGen Grid
Grid
Impedance
E V
Q<0
In the case where the grid impedance is inductive and when the inverter is outputting
negative reactive current, the voltage E at the output of the inverter will decrease to a
value lower than the grid voltage V.

PF (Power Factor) Sign Convention

PF is defined as the ratio of active power (P) to apparent power (S). The power factor
angle ɸ is the phase angle between the current and voltage sinusoid waveforms.
PF Sign Convention
= cos( ) =
−1
= " #
The power factor equals one when the voltage and current are in phase. It equals zero
when the current leads or lags the voltage by 90 degrees. Power factors are usually
stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle of current with
respect to voltage. Voltage is designated as the base to which current angle is compared,
meaning that current is either "leading" or "lagging" voltage.
The Conext SmartGen Series inverter adopts the EEI (Edison Electric Institute) sign
convention for power factor. This designates a negative power factor when it is lagging
load and a positive power factor when it is leading load.
The EEI PF sign convention uses the following equation:
PF Sign Convention Equation
= − ( ) !
Figure 6 shows the sign of power factor for each quadrant on the P Q plane as defined in
the previous section.

Figure 6 EEI PF sign convention quadrant
[vars]
jQ
2 1
S = –P + jQ S = +P + jQ
PF = PF =
capacitive load capacitive load
P [watts]
PF = PF =
inductive load inductive load
S = –P – jQ S = +P – jQ
3 4
Active Power Reactive Power

Quadrant PF Sign
watts var
1 + + –
2 – + +
3 – – –
4 + – +

Power Control Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
3 Power Control
Overview of Power Control 25

Power Control Set Points 25
PPC (Power Plant Controller) 25
Utility Inputs 30
Default Power Control Set Points 34
Active Power Control 36
Block Diagram 36
Inputs 36
Outputs 37
AGSF 37
Features 37
Reactive Power Control 40
Block Diagram 40
Inputs 40
Output 40
AGSF 41
Features 41
Autonomous Grid Support Functions (AGSF) 44
Generic AGSF 46
∆P(f) Function 61
∆P(V) Function 63
∆Q(V) Function 65
En(P) Function 68
Q(P) Function 69
En(V) Function 73
Pmax(f) Function 76
Pmin(f) Function 79
Pmax(V) Function 80
Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide Power Control
Pmin(V) Function 83
Return to Service Function 84
Function Diagram 84
RTS Parameters 84

Overview of Power Control

The Power Control is responsible for determining the desired active and reactive power of
the inverter. This includes responding to external active power, reactive power, and
power factor commands, as well as power ramping, limiting, and adjustments.
Power Control Set Points

The inverter's power output levels are set by PPC (Power Plant Controller) command
messages, the utility inputs, or the default power output parameter settings.
The PPC commands are communication-based and can be sent to the inverter over
Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP, and Conext Viewer.
The utility inputs are hardware-based analog and digital connections to the inverter. If the
utility inputs are connected and in use, they have higher priority and override the PPC
commands and the default settings. The exception is the PPC Fast commands. The
PPC Fast commands have the highest priority of all the power commands, ignore ramp
rates, and override all the AGSF (autonomous grid support functions). The PPC Fast
commands are available to be used in situations that require immediate power
adjustment response by the inverter. If the PPC Fast commands and the utility inputs are
not in use, the inverter power output is controlled by the PPC commands.
If none of these are in use, the inverter power output is set by the default power output
parameter values.
Table 2 Power control priority

Priority Power Control
1st PPC Fast commands
2nd Utility inputs
3rd PPC commands
4th Default parameter values
PPC (Power Plant Controller)

Power Commands
The inverter's active and reactive power can be directly controlled by the user or the PPC
through communication-based power commands. The PPC commands (as shown in
Table 3) consist of an active power command and several commands to control the
reactive power in one of three modes.
Reactive power control modes:
n VAR control - In VAR control mode, the PPC sets the reactive power level of the
inverter directly with a reactive power command. This is the default and
recommended reactive power control mode.
n Power factor control - In power factor control mode, the PPC controls the reactive
power level output of the inverter indirectly by sending a power factor command. In

this mode, the inverter automatically adjusts its reactive power output, to maintain the
commanded power factor.
n Autonomous control - In autonomous control mode, the inverter's reactive power

output is controlled by an AGSF, which defines the reactive power output as a
function of active power output or Q(P).
Each mode above is mutually exclusive. The mode is set by the PPC command VAR
control mode as shown in Table 3
All external power commands are in units of PU (percent of unit) of the inverter power
limit settings, as defined in the table below.
Table 3 PPC power commands

Parameter Description Unit Range
PU: [+] values: GenZINV/AvalMaxPsW

-1.0 to
UtilDRCT/CmdW Watt Command [–] values: GenZINV/AvalMaxNgW
1.0
(stored as a negative number)
1: VAR Control
PwrDGSM/ModTyp VAR control mode 2: Power Factor Control 1 to 3
3: AGSF Q(P) Control
-1.0 to
UtilDRCT/CmdVAr VAR command PU: GenZINV/AvalMaxVAr
1.0
Power factor PF (see PF (Power Factor) Sign -1.0 to

UtilDRCT/CmdPF
command Convention on page 21) 1.0
Ramp Rates
All power commands and AGSF outputs are ramp-controlled according to the power ramp
rate parameter values to avoid any abrupt changes in power levels as explained in Table
3. In addition to the overall power ramp rates, each PPC command is ramped according
to a ramp time specified by the PPC as explained in Active Power Control on page 36.
When a PPC power command changes, the power level is adjusted from the current
power operating level to the new command value over the specified time, in seconds.
Table 4 PPC command ramp time

Parameter Description Unit
UtilDRCT/CmdWRampTms Watt Command Ramp Time sec
UtilDRCT/CmdVArRampTms VAR Command Ramp Time sec
UtilDRCT/CmdPFRampTms Power Factor Command Ramp Time sec
Fast Commands
The PPC Fast commands (as shown in Table 5) can be utilized in situations where a
quick power change from the inverter is required.
When one or both of the fast commands are active, the inverter power control set-points
for either active power, reactive power, or both, will follow these fast commands.

When the fast commands are disabled, by setting the command values to NaN, the
inverter power control will revert to control by the utility inputs, PPC commands, or
default parameter values according to the priority shown in Table 2.
When the PPC Fast commands are enabled and sent to the inverter, the power level will
respond to the new command without any power ramp.
When the PPC Fast commands are disabled, the power will transition with a return from
fast command ramp limit (as shown in Table 6) from the PPC Fast power level to the
previous power level, before the PPC Fast commands were sent.
Table 5 PPC Fast power commands

PU:
[+] values: GenZINV/WRtg
PPC Fast active
UtilDRCT/CmdW2 [–] values:GenZINV/NgWRtg -1.0 to 1.0
power command
(stored as a negative
number)
PPC Fast
UtilDRCT/CmdVAr2 reactive power PU: GenZINV/AvalMaxVAr -1.0 to 1.0
command
Table 6 PPC Fast return from fast ramp limits

Watt return
UtilDRCT/CmdWRampTms2 from PPC PU/sec (%GenZINV/WRtg/sec)
Fast ramp
Var return
UtilDRCT/CmdVArRampTms2 from PPC PU/sec (%GenZINV/AvalMaxVAr/sec)
Fast ramp
Power Plant Controller (PPC) Communication Loss Handling

In the event of a PPC communications loss the inverter will react in one of several ways
depending on the configuration settings of the inverter. Once the PPC communication is
re-established, the event will clear and the inverter will return to normal operation. Table 7
provides a summary of the parameters used in this section.
The PPC Communications Lost Event CanITCI/PpcConnLos can be configured as:
1. Do Nothing
2. Go Offline
3. Cease to Energize
4. Send Signal
Communication Lost Action 1: Do Nothing
When configured to "Do Nothing", the inverter will continue to operate based on the last
received power commands from the PPC.

Communication Lost Action 2: Go Offline
When configured to "Go Offline", the inverter will stop producing power and go offline.
Communication Lost Action 3: Cease to Energize
When configured to "Cease to Energize", the inverter will stop producing power but will
stay physically connected.
Communication Lost Action 4: Send Signal
When configured to "Send Signal", the inverter will choose what action to take based on
the following configuration values.
The active power and reactive power actions can be configured independently when PPC
communication is lost, as described below.
n Configuring active power actions:
l Active power actions can be configured to "Maintain" or "Go to default value"

with PwrDGSM/FltActW:
o 1 = Maintain
o 2 = Go to default value
l If configured as "Maintain", the inverter will continue to operate based on the

last received active power command.
l If configured as "Go to default value", the inverter will use the default active
power setting (PwrDGSM/CmdW) from configuration as the active power
command.
l Once PPC communication is re-established, the active power command will

be set to the received PPC active power command.
n Configuring reactive power actions:
l Reactive power actions can be configured to "Maintain" or "Go to default

value" with PwrDGSM/FltActVAr:
o 1 = Maintain
o 2 = Go to default value
l If configured as "Maintain", the inverter will continue to operate based on the

last received values for the reactive power commands (Q, Pf, and QMode).
l If configured as "Go to default value", the inverter will use the default reactive
power settings from configuration (Q, Pf, and QMode, shown below) as the
reactive power commands:
o Q: PwrDGSM/CmdVAr
o Pf: PwrDGSM/CmdPF
o QMode: PwrDGSM/ModTyp
l Once PPC communication is re-established, the reactive power commands

will be set to the received PPC reactive power commands.

Table 7 PPC communication loss handling parameters

The
communications
watchdog on ICB
CanITCI/PpcConnLos detects loss of N/A true/false
communications
with power plant
controller.
Default PPC P
command value
1= Maintain
PwrDGSM/FltActW during a 1-2
2 = Go to Default Value
communication
loss.
Persistent value of
active power (P)
command. The
value set here
PwrDGSM/CmdW defines the initial PU 1.0 to 1.0
value of
UtilDRCT/CmdW
when the inverter
powers on.
Default PPC Q
command value
1= Maintain
PwrDGSM/FltActVAr during a 1 to 2
2 = Go to Default Value
communication
loss.
Persistent value of
reactive power (Q)
command. The
value set here
PwrDGSM/CmdVAr defines the initial PU -1.0 to 1.0
value of
UtilDRCT/CmdVAr
when the inverter
powers on.

Persistent value of
power factor (PF)
command. The
value set here
PwrDGSM/CmdPF defines the initial cos(phi) -1.0 to 1.0
value of
UtilDRCT/CmdPF
when the inverter
powers on.
VAR control mode

PwrDGSM/ModTyp 1 = VAR 2 = PF 3 = Q(P) 1 to 3
setting.
Utility Inputs
The inverter's active and reactive power can be controlled with the utility digital and
analog inputs. These inputs are located on the LV and Communications section of the
inverter on the communication terminal board (CTB) A316. See Figure 7 on page 31.
Three analog inputs (AI) control the active power, reactive power, and power factor. The
reactive power and power factor analog controls are mutually exclusive, and if both are in
use, the reactive power control overrides the power factor control.
Four digital inputs (DI) can be used to set active power limits. Each DI has a unique
parameter associated with it to set the active power level limit, specified in Table 10 on
page 34.
If a DI is turned on, then the active power output of the inverter is limited to the configured
value specified in Table 10 on page 34. The digital input power limit levels are not required
to be in any decreasing or increasing order. And, if more than one active power limit level
is active, then the minimum value from all active DIs, limits the active power output of
the inverter.
Both the analog and digital command levels are defined in percentage of the inverter
parameter values of active and reactive power capabilities, shown in Table 10 on page
34.

Figure 7 Communication terminal board (CTB A316) - 3rd party plant controller I/O
1 A316 J2 Analog Input (AI) terminal, 6 pins, see Table 8
2 A316 J3 Digital Input (DI) terminal, 8 pins, see Table 9
° Indicates Pin 1
Table 8 A316 J2, AI terminal

Signal Circuit
Pin Description Notes
Name Type
Internal power supply,

24V_
1 PWR 24 VDC, for inputs on
UPC
this board
n 4-20 mA analog inputs from the
AI_4- P request from plant
2 AI_4-20 plant controller
20_100 controller
n One pin for internal 24 V supply
AI_4- Q request from plant
3 AI_4-20 and one pin for signal common is
20_101 controller
given for all analog input circuits
PF request from plant
AI_4- n P, Q, and PF scaling are settable
4 AI_4-20 controller when Q is set
20_102 parameters defined in Table 10 on
to 0 mA
page 34
AI_4-
5 AI_4-20 Spare 4-20 mA input
20_103
6 G_UPC GND Signal common

Table 9 A316 J3, DI terminal

Signal Circuit
Pin Description Notes
Name Type
Internal power
24V_
1 PWR supply, 24 VDC, for
UPC
inputs on this board
Active Power
2 DI_104 DI_24 Curtailment Level 1 n Digital inputs from the plant controller
(example 90%)
n One pin for internal 24V supply and
Active Power one pin for signal common is given for
3 DI_107 DI_24 Curtailment Level 2 all digital input circuits
(example 60%)
n If no external equipment is installed for
Active Power
the remote inverter shutdown option,
4 DI_105 DI_24 Curtailment Level 3
pins 1 and 6 are jumpered to help
(example 30%)
create fail-safe circuits
Active Power
n Active Power Curtailment Levels are
5 DI_108 DI_24 Curtailment Level 4
settable by parameters defined in
(example 0%)
Table 10 on page 34
Remote inverter
6 DI_106 DI_24
shutdown
7 DI_103 DI_24 Spare digital input
8 G_UPC GND Signal common
Analog Input Scaling

Each analog input is scaled from 4-20 mA input to the scaled command value, according
to the UtilDRCT/...LimMax and UtilDRCT/...LimMin parameter values.

Figure 8 Analog input scaling graph, example of the active power command
command
value
UtilDRCT/...LimMax
4mA analog
input
20mA [mA]
Dy
G
O
Dx
UtilDRCT/...LimMin
UtilDRCT/...LimMax – UtilDRCT/...LimMin
GAIN G =
20 – 4
OFFSET O = UtilDRCT/...LimMax – 4 × G
The command value is then defined as:
CommandValue = AnalogInput × G + O

Analog Input Active

Each analog input is considered to be active, if the command value is within the range
defined by the UtilDRCT/...LimMaxVld and UtilDRCT/...LimMinVld parameters,
defined in Table 10 on page 34. If the input is active, it controls the power output level of
the inverter according to the power control priority table defined in Table 2 on page 25.
Utility Input Parameters

Table 10 Analog signals
Signal Global
Signal Description Scaled Range Active Range Units
Range Parameter
PU: [+] values:

UtilDRCT/WLimMax, UtilDRCT/WLimMaxVld, GenZINV/WRtg
4 - 20 UtilDRCT/WSetFil
AI 1 Watt command UtilDRCT/WLimMin UtilDRCT/WLimMinVld [–] values:
mA (Read only)
(Typical: -1.0 to 1.0) Typical: -1.05 to 1.05 GenZINV/NgWRtg
VAR command
UtilDRCT/VArLimMax, UtilDRCT/VArLimMaxVld,
4 - 20 PU: UtilDRCT/VArSetFil
AI 2 (higher priority UtilDRCT/VArLimMin UtilDRCT/VArLimMinVld
mA GenZINV/AvalMaxVAr (Read only)
(Typical: -1.0 to 1.0) Typical: -1.05 to 1.05
than AI 3)
Power factor
control 4 - 20
UtilDRCT/PFLimMax, UtilDRCT/PFLimMaxVld, PF (see PF (Power
UtilDRCT/PFSetFil
AI 3 UtilDRCT/PFLimMin UtilDRCT/PFLimMinVld Factor) Sign Convention
mA (Read only)
(lower priority (Typical: -1.0 to 1.0) Typical: -1.05 to 1.05 on page 21)
than AI 2)
PU: [+] values:
Active power limit ON / GenZINV/WRtg

UtilDRCT/WLimIn0 UtilDRCT/PwrLim0
DI 1 Not applicable [–] values:
level 1 OFF (0 to 1.0) (Read only)
GenZINV/NgWRtg
PU: [+] values:

GenZINV/NgWRtg
PU: [+] values:

GenZINV/NgWRtg
PU: [+] values:

GenZINV/NgWRtg
Default Power Control Set Points

According to the power control priority table defined in Table 2 on page 25, when the PPC
Fast commands, utility inputs, and PPC commands are not in use, the inverter output

power levels are determined by the default power control set point parameter values
listed in Table 11. The QMode (var control mode) is defined in Table 3.
Table 11 Default power control set

points
Power Control Global Parameter
Active power PwrDGSM/CmdW

Reactive power PwrDGSM/CmdVAr
Power factor PwrDGSM/CmdPF

QMode PwrDGSM/ModTyp

Active Power Control

The block diagram below provides an overview of the active (real) power control.
Block Diagram
Figure 9 Active power controls
PPC CMD
ACTIVE PPC POWER UTIL CMD
RAMP OVERRIDE
PPC WATT CMD
DEFAULT WATT CMD
UTIL WATT CMD POWER INVERTER

PFAST CMD
CURTAILMENT POWER RAMP OVERRIDE INVERTER POWER
SATURATION
ΔP(f) ADD
ACTIVE POWER
SETPOINT
PFAST CMD
ΔP(v) REACTIVE POWER

SETPOINT
Pmax(f)
MAX POWER LEVEL

Pmax(v) MIN
UTIL WATT LIMIT

PPC WATT CMD INPUT
-1 PPC WATT CMD OUTPUT
MIN POWER LEVEL AUTONOMOUS GRID

Pmin(f) MAX ΔP(f)
SUPPORT FUNCTION
Pmin(v)
Inputs
The PPC watt command, PPC fast command, and utility watt command are defined in
Power Control Set Points on page 25.
PU [+] values:
GenZINV/WRtg
PU [–] values:
UtilDRCT/CmdW PPC Watt Command -1.0 to 1.0
GenZINV/NgWRtg
number)
PU [+] values:
GenZINV/WRtg
PU [–] values:
UtilDRCT/CmdW2 PPC Fast Command -1.0 to 1.0
GenZINV/NgWRtg
number)

See Utility Inputs on Utility Watt

See Utility Inputs on page 30.
page 30. Command
Outputs
The desired active power output of the Conext SmartGen Series inverter is the output of
the active power control block. This value is read only.
UtilDRCT/CmdWVal Desired active power

Watts n/a
(read-only) output
The desired active power output may not be achieved because of the following reasons:
n Energy Source Limitations. The system cannot produce power that it does not
have available from connected photovoltaic panels. The maximum active power it
can reach is the maximum power point of the photovoltaic panels based on many
factors such as sun irradiance, temperature, and age.
n Current control limitations. The desired active power output may not be achieved
because of current control limits and the inverter AC voltage. For example, during a
voltage sag of 0.95 pu, while the inverter is outputting 1.0 pu of current the power is
limited to 0.95 pu even though the desired power setpoint is 1.0 pu. For more
information on current control, see ACC (Active Current Control) Function on page
94.
AGSF
The following Autonomous Grid Support Functions (AGSFs) are available for active
power adjustment and limitation (curtailment).
Function Description
∆P(f)
∆P(v)
Pmax(f) For more information on these functions including on how to

configure them, see Autonomous Grid Support Functions
Pmin(f) (AGSF) on page 44.
Pmax(v)
Pmin(v)
Features
PPC Power Ramp
The PPC watt command is ramped per a ramp time specified by the PPC as explained in
Table 4 on page 26. When a PPC watt command changes, the power level is ramped
from the previous command value to the new command value over the specified time, in
seconds.

PPC Watt Command

UtilDRCT/CmdWRampTms sec
Ramp Time
Utility Command Override

As explained in Table 2 on page 25, the utility inputs have higher priority than the PPC
commands. If the utility inputs are active, they are used to control the power output of the
inverter and the PPC commands are ignored.
Power Adjustment
The desired active power output is adjusted according to the ∆P(f) and ∆P(V) functions.
These AGSFs can be enabled and configured to adjust the active power output to assist
in stabilizing the grid when the frequency or voltage deviates from the nominal value. For
more information, see Autonomous Grid Support Functions (AGSF) on page 44.
Power Curtailment
Power curtailment can be achieved by the Pmax(f) and Pmax(V) AGSF as well as the
utility watt limit inputs. The AGSF can be enabled and configured to reduce the power
output of the inverter to assist in stabilizing the grid when the frequency or voltage rises
above its nominal value. For more information, see Autonomous Grid Support Functions
(AGSF) on page 44. Refer to Inputs on page 36 for more information on the utility watt
limit inputs.
For photovoltaic (PV) applications, the minimum value for power curtailment is not
applicable as the minimum value is always zero. Negative, or charging, active power is
only applicable for energy storage (ES) applications.
Inverter Power Ramp

The inverter active power ramp is applied to the desired power level after it has been
adjusted and curtailed by the AGFSs, as shown in Block Diagram on page 36. The ramp
rate is defined by the parameters listed in the following table.
Ramp rate of active power

UtilDRCT/RampRtPsWLimInc pu / sec
when increasing
Ramp rate of active power

UtilDRCT/RampRtPsWLimDec pu / sec
when decreasing
Fast Command Override

As explained in Table 2 on page 25, the PPC fast command has the highest priority of all
the external power commands. As shown in Block Diagram on page 36, the fast
command is not adjusted or curtailed by the AGSFs, and is not subject to the inverter
power ramp rate. For more information on the operation of the PPC fast command and
applicable parameters, see PPC (Power Plant Controller) on page 25.

Inverter Power Saturation

The inverter power saturation is applied to the desired active power level after all AGSF
adjustments, ramps, and fast command overrides as shown in Block Diagram on page
36. This ensures that the commanded power level is always within the operating range of
the inverter. The active power will be limited to the minimum of the following values:
Nameplate Value
The nameplate active power limit GenZINV/WNamplt is programmed into the Conext
SmartGen Series inverter at the factory. This is a read-only parameter.
Customer Limit
The customer or user may set an active power limit equal to or lower than the nameplate
limit by setting the parameter GenZINV/WRtg.
Apparent Power Limit
The user maximum apparent power GenZINV/VARtg may also limit the active power
command of the inverter as reactive power command has a higher priority than active
power command. The maximum available active power is calculated based on the
reactive power set point of the inverter following the equation:
S: GenZINV/VARtg
Pmax available = √ S2 ― Q2cmd

Reactive Power Control

The block diagram below provides an overview of the reactive power control.
Block Diagram
Figure 10 Reactive power controls
UTIL VAR
OVERRIDE
UTIL VAR CMD
UTIL PF
OVERRIDE INVERTER QFAST CMD INVERTER
PF POWER RAMP OVERRIDE POWER
UTIL PF CMD SATURATION
PPC CMD Q ADD REACTIVE
ACTIVE PPC POWER POWER
RAMP SETPOINT
PPC VAR CMD
1
QFAST CMD
DEFAULT VAR CMD
PPC CMD
ACTIVE
PPC PF RAMP
PPC PF CMD PF 2
DEFAULT PF CMD Q
Q(P)
3
En(v)
PPC VAR CMD INPUT
PPC VAR MODE
ΔQ(v) POWER SETPOINT OUTPUT
AUTONOMOUS GRID
En(P) Q(P)
SUPPORT FUNCTION
Inputs
The PPC var and power factor command, PPC fast command, and utility var and power
factor commands are defined in Power Control Set Points on page 25.
UtilDRCT/CmdVAr PPC var Command PU: GenZINV/AvalMaxVAr -1.0 to 1.0
PF (see Numeric
UtilDRCT/CmdPF PPC Pf Command -1.0 to 1.0
Conventions on page 19)
UtilDRCT/CmdW2 PPC Fast Command PU: GenZINV/AvalMaxVAr -1.0 to 1.0
See Utility Inputs on Utility var Command

See Utility Inputs on page 30.
page 30. Utility Pf Command
Output
The desired reactive power output of the Conext SmartGen Series inverter is the output
of the reactive power control block. This value is read only.
UtilDRCT/CmdVArVal Desired reactive

vars n/a
(read-only) power output

The desired reactive power output may not be achieved because of current control limits,
thermal derating, or the inverter AC voltage. For example, during a voltage sag of 0.95 pu,
while the inverter is outputting 1.0 pu of current the power is limited to 0.95 pu even
though the desired power setpoint is 1.0 pu. For more information on current control, see
DRCS (Dynamic Reactive Current Support) Function on page 98.
AGSF
The following Autonomous Grid Support Functions (AGSFs) are available for reactive
power adjustment and control.
Q(P)
En(v) For more information on these functions including on how to

configure them, see Autonomous Grid Support Functions
∆Q(v) (AGSF) on page 44.
En(P)
Features
PPC Power and PF Ramp
The PPC var and power factor commands are ramped per a ramp time specified by the
PPC as explained in Table 4 on page 26. When a PPC var or power factor command
changes, the power level or power factor is ramped from the previous command value to
the new command value over the specified time, in seconds.
var Command Ramp

UtilDRCT/CmdVArRampTms sec
Time
Power Factor Command

UtilDRCT/CmdPFRampTms sec
Ramp Time
Power Factor to Q Conversion

To achieve the desired power factor, set by either the PPC or utility power factor
commands, the inverter will output the correct amount of reactive power based on the
operating level of active power. This control is attained by converting the power factor
command to a reactive power command according to the power factor sign convention
mentioned in Numeric Conventions on page 19. The conversion is based on the
measurement of active power output of the inverter.
PPC VAR Mode

The reactive power output of the inverter can be set by the PPC or other means of
external communications in three different modes.
n Var control - the PPC sets the reactive power level of the inverter directly with a
reactive power command.

n Power factor control - the PPC controls the reactive power level output of the inverter
indirectly by sending a power factor command. In this mode the inverter will
automatically adjust it's reactive power output to maintain the commanded power
factor.
n Autonomous control - the inverter reactive power output is controlled by an AGSF,

which defines the reactive power output as a function of active power output, or Q(P).
Each mode is mutually exclusive, and the mode is set by the PPC command var
Control Mode.
In Q(P) control the reactive power output can be dynamically enabled or disabled based
on the grid voltage with the En(V) function, if required. For more information, see En(V)
Function on page 73.
1: VAR Control
PwrDGSM/ModTyp var Control Mode 2: Power Factor Control 1 to 3
3: AGSF Q(P) Control
Utility var and PF Command Override

As explained in Table 2 on page 25, the utility inputs have higher priority than the PPC
commands or Q(P) AGSF. If both utility commands are active, the utility VAR command
has higher priority than the utility PF command.
Power Adjustment
The desired reactive power output from the PPC, utility, or Q(P) function is adjusted
according to the ∆Q(v) function. This can be enabled and configured to adjust the reactive
power output to assist in stabilizing the grid when the voltage deviates from the nominal
value. For more information, see Autonomous Grid Support Functions (AGSF) on page
44.
Inverter Power Ramp

The inverter reactive power ramp is applied to the desired power level after it has been
adjusted and curtailed by the AGFSs, as shown in Reactive Power Control on page 40.
The ramp rate is defined by the parameters listed in the following table.
Ramp rate of reactive power

UtilDRCT/RampRtVArLimInc pu / sec
when increasing
Ramp rate of reactive power

UtilDRCT/RampRtVArLimDec pu / sec
when decreasing
Fast Command Override

As explained in Table 2 on page 25, the PPC fast command has the highest priority of all
the external power commands. As shown in Reactive Power Control on page 40, the fast
command is not adjusted by the AGSFs, and is not subject to the inverter power ramp

rate. For more information on the operation of the PPC fast command and applicable
parameters, see PPC (Power Plant Controller) on page 25.
Inverter Power Saturation

The inverter power saturation is applied to the desired reactive power level after all AGSF
adjustments, ramps, and fast command overrides as shown in Reactive Power Control
on page 40. This ensures that the commanded power level is always within the operating
range of the inverter. The reactive power set-point will be limited to the minimum of the
following values:
Nameplate Value
The nameplate reactive power limit GenZINV/VarNamplt is programmed into the Conext
SmartGen Series inverter at the factory. This is a read-only parameter.
Customer Limit
The customer or user may set a reactive power limit equal to or lower than the nameplate
limit by setting the parameter GenZINV/VarRtg.

Autonomous Grid Support Functions (AGSF)

The inverter's Power Control includes several autonomous grid support functions (AGSF)
for the autonomous control of active and reactive power based upon grid voltage, grid
frequency, and the inverter operating power level. These AGSFs can be utilized to fulfill
the grid supporting features required by various utility grid codes such as active power
curtailment with increased frequency, reactive power adjustment with changes in grid
voltage, increased active power with decreased frequency, and others. Information on
each AGSF and their applicable configuration parameters is available in succeeding
sections.
Each AGSF calculates an output variable value based on a measured input variable. The
output variables are an active or reactive power level, or power adjustment level. The
input variables are the measured grid voltage, grid frequency, or the inverter output power
level. The AGSFs available in the Conext SmartGen Series inverter, their input variable,
output variable, and the typical use cases are provided in Table 12. Although each AGSF
is unique in its purpose, all configurable options such as input filters, output ramp rates,
activation delays, and others are identical for each AGSF and explained in Generic AGSF
on page 46.
Table 12 Summary of autonomous grid support functions (AGSF)

Function Description Input Parameter/s Output Parameter/s Use Case
Increased active power

Active power adjustment
∆P(f) frequency active power output with falling
based on frequency.
frequency.
Increased active power

Active power adjustment
∆P(V) AC voltage active power output with falling grid
based on AC voltage.
voltage.
Active power reduction

Active power maximum level
Pmax(f) frequency active power with increased grid
based on frequency.
frequency.
Not applicable for PV.

Active power minimum level
Pmin(f) frequency active power Used for energy
based on frequency.
storage.
Active power reduction

Active power maximum level
Pmax(V) AC voltage active power with increased grid
voltage.
Not applicable for PV.

Active power minimum level
Pmin(V) AC voltage active power Used for energy
storage.
Reactive power level based Control inverter power

Q(P) on the inverter active power active power reactive power factor as a function of
level output. active output power.

Table 12 Summary of autonomous grid support functions (AGSF)

Function Description Input Parameter/s Output Parameter/s Use Case
Enable or Disable the

Enable or disable Q(P) based
En(V) AC voltage enable/disable Q(P) function based on
on AC voltage.
AC voltage value.
Reactive power adjustment Reactive power output

∆Qv) AC voltage reactive power
based on AC voltage. based on AC voltage.
Enable or Disable the

Enable or disable ∆Q(v)
∆Q(v) function based
En(P) based on the inverter active active power enable/disable
on based on active
power level output.
power.

Generic AGSF
All of the AGSFs listed Table 12 have identical features, options, and configurable
parameters available. They are all implemented by the same generic AGSF structure.
The generic AGSF is essentially a curve or a piecewise linear line made up of x,y points
that define the relationship between the input variable (x) and the output variable (y). For
example, with the ∆P(f) function the output (y) active power adjustment, is based on the
input (x) frequency. In addition to the x-y curve, there is normalization and low pass
filtering on the input variable, scaling and ramping on the output variable, and a snapshot
feature. Each of these features, and the parameters used to configure them are explained
in more detail below.
NOTE: A function is also referred to as a curve.
Block Diagram
Figure 11 Generic function block diagram
Input Low Pass Curve Ramp Output Scale

Normalization Filter and Offset
Input (x) (x') (x") (y") (y') Output (y)
Enable or Disable
Each AGSF can be enabled or disabled.
If an AGSF is enabled, the output of the function is dependent on the input, parameter(s),
and the response of the low pass filter, curve profile, ramp rate, etc.
If an AGSF is disabled, then each function outputs a safe value. The disabled value
output for each AGSF is specified in the following sections. The AGSF can be enabled or
disabled by utilizing the curveEnable parameter.
Enable or disable a
curveEnable n/a True / False
function
Input Normalization
AGSFs that utilize frequency as the input variable define their x points of the curve in Hz
therefore, normalization is not necessary. However, for AGSFs that have voltage (V) and
active power (P) as their input variable, the x points of the curve are defined in per-unit
(pu). Therefore, voltage and active power are normalized.
The input normalization supports a positive and negative scale depending on the sign of
x. The input normalization, per the sign of x, is such that:
if x >= 0
x'= (x – xOffset) / xScalePositive
else
x'= (x – xOffset) / xScaleNegative

The values of xScalePositive, xScaleNegative, and xOffset for each of the AGSF input
x variables are provided in the following table.
Table 13 Scale values for each x variable

AGSF
xOffset xScalePositive xScaleNegative
x variable
Frequency 0 1 1
Active power 0 GenZINV/WRtg GenZINV/NgWRtg
Voltage GenZINV/VRefOfs AcAVCO/SptVol AcAVCO/SptVol
Low Pass Filter

The input low pass filter is a first order low pass filter applied to the normalized input
variable. The input filter is utilized to avoid unwanted reactions by the AGSF to quick
transients to the grid frequency or voltage. The settling time, defined as the time when
the filtered value is equal to 95% of the input value after a step change, is configurable
with the SettleTimeSec parameter in seconds.
settling time of the

SettleTimeSec seconds 0 to 60
low pass filter
Function Shape Definition (Curve)

The function (or curve) block defines a relationship between the filtered input variable and
the output variable.
Curves are defined as a table or an array of x and y coordinates, each with an index.
Curves are represented by Point[i]x and Point[i]y. A pair of coordinates is a single point
on the curve. The number of points on each AGSF curve may be set between 2 and 20,
inclusive. The number of points is set by the parameter NumPoints.
Hz or
Point[i]x List of x coordinates defining the curve shape -inf to +inf
pu
pu of
Point[i]y List of y coordinates defining the curve shape -inf to +inf
yScale
The number of points set in x[i] and y[i] which

NumPoints n/a 2 to 20
define the curve shape
Function Output Value
As illustrated in the block diagram in Figure 11 on page 46, the input variable just prior to
the function (or curve) is defined as x'' and the output variable defined as y''. Assuming a
curve has been defined with x and y points from 0 to imax (where imax is the maximum
index for the points and is equal to the number of points minus 1), then the following
describes the relationship between y'' and x''.
For x'' values < x[0], the y'' value is y[0].

For x'' values > x[imax], the y'' value is y[imax].
For x'' values between two points on a function, the y'' value is
linearly interpolated between the two points.
The following is an example of an input-output relationship, or curve, and the parameter

values that define it.
Figure 12 Function output value graph
(–80, 100)
(10, 0)
(–10, 0)
(80, –100)
Table 14 Function points

i x[i] y[i]
0 -80 100
1 -10 0
2 10 0
3 80 -100
NumPoints = 4
Function output value with hysteresis
Hysteresis is the dependence of a system on its history. This applies to a curve where
there is no singular definition for what the output value is based on the present input
value. The output value is based on the input value and the history of what the previous
input values have been. For example, the active power output should be decreased with
increasing frequency but as the frequency returns towards the nominal value, the output
power should remain at the reduced level, until the frequency returns below a certain
value. This implies that the output (active power) is not singularly defined by the
frequency (input) as the output value when frequency is increasing, is different than the
output value when frequency is decreasing, even for the same frequency value.
The following example shows a simple curve definition for Pmax(f) which decreases
active power with increased frequency. However, the active power is increased along the
same curve when frequency recovers, as the output is a single function of the input.

Figure 13 Pmax(f) function output without hysteresis
P0 P1
Watt (P)
P2
Frequency (F)
Table 15 Function points for Figure 13

Label i x[i] y[i]
P0 0 -80 100
P1 1 -10 0
P2 2 10 0

To have a different response when frequency recovers a curve with hysteresis is used.
Figure 14 Pmax(f) function output with hysteresis
P0 P1
Watt (P)
P2
Frequency (F)
P3
In Figure 14, the forward curve (blue line) is the same as the forward curve in Figure 13
however, there is the addition of the reverse curve (orange line). This is the curve shape
that defines the active power when the frequency recovers (or moves in the left
direction). The green arrows show that when frequency moves between the two curves,
the active power output from the curve is constant. If active power is being reduced, as
you move down the blue line and then frequency decreases, the value is held until you hit
the reverse curve, and then the reverse curve is followed. If you are on the reverse curve,
and frequency starts to increase again, the active power output is held constant until you
move along the forward curve.
As represented by the grey points in the above image, the first and last points of the
forward and reverse curves are always the same. They ensure that the hysteresis region
is defined correctly.
Table 16 Forward curve points

i x_forward[i] y_forward[i]
0 xp0 yp0
1 xp1 yp1
2 xp2 yp2
Table 17 Reverse curve points

i x_reverse[i] y_reverse[i]
0 xp2 yp2
1 xp3 yp3
2 xp0 yp0
The complete array to define this curve is the forward curve points, followed by the
reverse curve points. The last point on the forward curve is also the first on the reverse,

so it is not entered twice. And the first point on the forward curve is also the last curve on
the reverse, so it is not entered twice.
Table 18 Forward / reverse curve points

forward reverse
Label i x[i] y[i]
curve curve
P0 0 xp0 yp0 <- <-
P1 1 xp1 yp1 <-
P2 2 xp2 yp2 <- <-
P3 3 xp3 yp3 <-
The number of points to define this curve with hysteresis is 4.
Having the input variable defined as x'' and the output variable defined as y'' and
assuming a curve has been defined with x and y points from 0 to ixmax (where ixmax is
the index of the maximum x value), then the following describes the relationship between
y'' and x'' for a curve with hysteresis.
For x'' values < x[0], the y'' value is y[0].
For x'' values > x[ixmax], the y'' value is y[ixmax].
The y'' value output is defined by the forward function, the reverse function, and the
hysteresis region between the two functions. For increasing values of x'', the y'' output is
determined by the forward function, and for decreasing values of x'', the y'' output is
determined by the reverse function, by linearly interpolating between the points defined
along the function.
When the direction of x'' changes within a hysteresis region, the y'' value output is
maintained at its present value. The y'' value is held constant, even with continual
change in x'' (whether increase or decrease) until it is capped by the forward/reverse
function, and then with additional changes in x'', it will follow the forward/reverse
function.
Figure 15 Generic function with hysteresis
P0 P1
(–90, 100) (–80, 100)
P2 P3 P4
(–10, 0) (10, 0) (20, 0) ixmax
(–20, 0) (–10, 0) (10, 0)

P9 P8 P7
(80, –100) (90, –100)

P6 P5

Table 19 Function points for Figure 15

Label i x[i] y[i]
P0 0 -90 100
P1 1 -80 0
P2 2 -10 0
P3 3 10 0
P4 4 20 0
P5 5 90 -100
P6 6 80 -100
P7 7 10 0
P8 8 -10 0
P9 9 -20 0
NumPoints = 10
Valid Function (Curve)
A curve or function defined by arrays of x[i] and y[i] points, where i is from 0 to
NumPoints – 1, and ixmax is the index of the maximum x value in the array, is only valid
if it adheres to the following rules:
1. The number of points must be between 2 and 20 inclusively.
2. If the function does not have hysteresis (see "Function output value with hysteresis"
on page 48 for the definition of hysteresis) the following rule applies:
l The x values must be in order from smallest to largest (increase

monotonically).
3. If the function does have hysteresis the following rules apply:
l There is no array index i (0 <= i < ixmax), where xi > xi+1 (x values must
increase monotonically in the forward function).
l There is no array index i (ixmax <= i < NumPoints-1), where xi < xi+1, (x
values must decrease monotonically in the reverse function).
l x(0) <= x(NumPoints-1), to ensure that the entire reverse function is

monotonically decreasing as x(0) is the final x value in the reverse function.

Output Ramp
To avoid abrupt changes in the output value, the rate of change of the output value may
be limited by a configurable ramp rate.
The rate of change of the output value (y'') when the output value is increasing is limited
to RampIncrease. RampIncrease is in units of pu per second.
The rate of change of the output value (y'') when the output value is decreasing is limited
to RampDecrease. RampDecrease is in units of pu per second.
An alternative ramp rate is configured by AltRampRate and is in units of pu per second.

If AltRampRate is enabled, the increasing and decreasing ramp rate is set by
AltRampRate and the limitations of RampIncrease and RampDecrease are ignored.
The alternative ramp is enabled or disabled with the AltRamp parameter.
ramp rate
RampIncrease incrementing y'' value pu per sec 0 to inf
in seconds
ramp rate
RampDecrease decrementing y'' value pu per sec 0 to inf
in seconds
alternative ramp rate

incrementing and
AltRampRate decrementing when pu per sec 0 to inf
alternative ramp is
enabled
enable or disable the

AltRamp n/a True / False
alternative ramp
Output Scaling
For the active and reactive power AGSFs, the curves are defined in per-unit (pu) but the
output of the AGSF is in engineering units (watt or vars).

The output scaling is according to:
y = yScale × y'
where y' is in pu and y is in engineering units
The parameters of yScale are defined in Table 20. For active power curves the yScale is
the rated active power of the inverter. For reactive power curves the yScale is selectable
between rated reactive power, available reactive power, or rated active power with the
CurveYScale parameter. Setting the yScale to the available reactive power can be used
to dynamically change the scale of the curve based on the available reactive power
without decreasing the active power. This can be used to have active power priority on
grid supporting features.
Table 20 Scale values for each x variable

AGSF y variable yScale
Active power GenZINV/WRtg
Selectable between:
Reactive power GenZINV/VarRtg, available
vars, GenZINV/WRtg
1: GenZINV/VarRtg
Selection of the
CurveYScale yScale for reactive n/a 2: available vars
current curves
3: GenZINV/WRtg
Snapshot
Snapshot allows the dependent (output) value of the function, defined in per-unit (pu), to
be related to per-unit of a measured value, instead of a static value. For example, when
activated, the snapshot feature can relate a function that goes from 0% to 100% of rated
active power output, to be related to 0% to 100% of the measured value of the inverter
active (real) power output when snapshot is triggered. This can be used to immediately
reduce the power output when the system voltage goes above a threshold, no matter the
current level of operating power.
Snapshot is optional. It may be enabled or disabled for each function. If the snapshot
feature is enabled, then snapshot is automatically activated when the input value goes
higher than the snapshot start value (SnapshotStart). The snapshot remains active until
the input value goes lower than the stop value (SnapshotStop).
The snapshot feature is compatible with functions with or without hysteresis. The
snapshot start and stop trigger values are in units of the function's input parameter x''.
This is hertz for frequency, and per-unit for voltage and active power. When snapshot is
activated, the operating value of active or reactive power is frozen as Ysnapshot, and the
function output scale (yScale) is set to Ysnapshot instead of the yScale mentioned
above. This allows the curve to operate based on the operating power level, and not the
nominal rated power level.

To prevent abrupt changes in the output value (y) when the snapshot feature is
deactivated, the output is limited by the ramp rate SnapshotReleaseRamp.
SnapshotReleaseRamp is set in the units of pu/sec.
The following example is how snapshot is utilized for the Maximum Watt Output (Pmax)
as a function of frequency (f) AGSF, or Pmax(f).
Input parameter (x): Frequency
Output parameter (y): Watts
The third column is per-unit scale of percent of rated active power, or percent of operating
active power when snapshot is triggered.
Figure 16 Snapshot feature for Pmax(f)
Watt (P) P0 P1
P2
Frequency (F)
Table 21 Snapshot values

y (pu-rated/operating
Label x (Hz)
power)
P0 60.06 100
P1 60.2 100
P2 62.7 0
Without snapshot, the function output is defined by rated active power. As the frequency
increases above P1, the maximum watt output is limited by this function. However, if the
inverter is currently producing 50% active power due to a user command or limited
available PV energy, then the maximum watt output limitation from this function will not
decrease the inverter active power output with frequency increases until the output limit
is lower than 50%. With snapshot, and a SnapshotStart set to 60.2, and a
SnapshotStop set to 60.06, then as the frequency increases above 60.2, the curve
yScale is set to the present value of active power output, which is 50%. As the frequency
increases above 60.2, the inverter output is immediately limited as the function output is
defined as a percentage of operating power. This provides immediate action based on
present operating conditions and not absolute values. The snapshot is active until the

frequency recovers below 60.06 Hz. When snapshot is deactivated, the

SnapshotReleaseRamp is used to ramp the output limit.
Snapshot is able to trigger with either rising or falling values of the input variable. The
direction of the activation and deactivation is dependent on the values of the start and
stop triggers. As shown in Figure 17, if start > stop, then snapshot activation is a rising
trigger (input variable >= start), and deactivation is a falling trigger (input variable <=
stop).
Figure 17 Snapshot activation if start > stop

start > stop
stop start
deactivate on activate on
falling trigger rising trigger
As shown in Figure 18, if start < stop, then snapshot activation is a falling trigger (input
variable <= start) and deactivation is a rising trigger (input variable >= stop).
Figure 18 Snapshot activation if SnapshotStart < SnapshotStop

start < stop
start stop
activate on deactivate on
falling trigger rising trigger
Both the start and stop points must be defined on the curve, and their y value must be 1.0
pu.

An activation delay may be configured if required. The activation delay, in seconds,

defines the amount of time that the input variable must be higher or lower than the start
trigger value, depending if the snapshot is a rising or falling trigger, for the snapshot
feature to activate.
For example, if the snapshot feature is used with the Pmax(f) function to curtail active
power with increasing frequency and an activation delay of 10 seconds was configured,
this would correspond to the active power reduction not becoming active until the
frequency was above the start trigger value continuously for more than 10 seconds.
Setting the activation delay value to zero disables this feature. For information regarding
the activation parameter, see Table 22 on page 58.
A deactivation delay may be configured if required. The deactivation delay, in seconds,

defines the amount of time that the input variable must be below or above the stop trigger
value, depending if the snapshot is a rising or falling trigger, for the snapshot feature to
deactivate. For example, if the snapshot feature is used with the Pmax(f) function to
curtail active power with increasing frequency and a deactivation delay of 300 seconds
was configured, this would correspond to the active power reduction level being held
constant and not be released until the frequency revered below the stop trigger value for a
continuous 300 seconds. Setting the deactivation delay value to zero disables this
feature. For information regarding the activation parameter, see Table 22 on page 58.
The snapshot custom release ramp parameter enables or disables a specific method of
ramping the output variable when snapshot is deactivated from the reduced value during
snapshot back to the operating value before snapshot was activate. When the snapshot
custom release ramp is disabled and snapshot is deactivated the reduced output variable
is ramped back to the previous value before snapshot according to the snapshot release
ramp rate as mentioned previously. When snapshot custom release ramp is enabled the
output variable is ramped according to the following method.
Ye = operating output value before snapshot was enabled
Ymin = minimum value of the output value reached during snapshot
Yn = nominal rating of the output variable
∆y = ye – ymin (the amount of reduction of y during snapshot)
The custom release ramp rate depends on the amount of reduction of y.
For ∆y ≥ 0.25 pu
Release ramp rate = 0.20 * ∆y [pu / min]
For ∆y < 0.25 pu
Release ramp rate = 0.05 * yn [pu / min]
This corresponds to a 5-minute release ramp rate for large reductions in output variable
(∆y ≥ 0.25 pu) and a 5-minute or less release ramp rate for small reductions in the output
variable, at a rate of 5% of the rated or nominal output variable per minute.
Table 22 lists all configurable parameters available for the snapshot feature for each
AGSF.

Table 22 Configurable parameters for the snapshot feature

Enable or disable the

SnapshotEnable n/a True / False
snapshot feature
Input variable value

Hz or pu (normalized
SnapshotStart when snapshot is n/a
input variable)
activated
Input variable value

Hz or pu (normalized
SnapshotStop when snapshot is n/a
input variable)
deactivate
Output ramp rate

SnapshotReleaseRamp when snapshot is pu per second 0 to inf
deactivated
Time that the input

variable must be
higher or lower than
the start trigger
value, depending if
SnapshotActDelay seconds 0 to 3600
the snapshot is a
rising or falling
trigger, for the
snapshot feature to
activate.
Time that the input

variable must be
below or above the
stop trigger value,
SnapshotDeactDelay depending if the seconds 0 to 3600
snapshot is a rising
or falling trigger, for
the snapshot feature
to deactivate.

SnapshotCustomEnable custom snapshot n/a True / False
release ramp

Summary of AGSF Parameters

Table 23 Summary of AGSF parameters
Function Parameter Description Unit Range
Enable or disable a
Control curveEnable n/a True / False
function
Settling time of the input

Input filter SettleTimeSec sec 0 to 60
variable low pass filter
List of x coordinates
Point[i]x Hz or pu -inf to +inf
defining the curve shape
List of y coordinates
Point[i]y pu of yScale -inf to +inf
Function profile defining the curve shape
The number of points set

NumPoints in x[i] and y[i] which define n/a 2 to 20
the curve shape
Ramp rate incrementing y''

RampIncrease pu per sec 0 to inf
value in seconds
Ramp rate decrementing

RampDecrease pu per sec 0 to inf
y'' value in seconds
Alternative ramp rate

Ramp incrementing and
AltRampRate decrementing when pu per sec 0 to inf
alternative ramp is
enabled

AltRamp n/a True / False
alternative ramp

Table 23 Summary of AGSF parameters

Function Parameter Description Unit Range

SnapshotEnable n/a True / False
snapshot feature
Input variable value when Hz or pu (normalized input

SnapshotStart n/a
snapshot is activated variable)
Input variable value when Hz or pu (normalized input

SnapshotStop n/a
snapshot is deactivate variable)
Output ramp rate when

SnapshotReleaseRamp pu per second 0 to inf
snapshot is deactivated
Time that the input

variable must be higher or
lower than the start trigger
value, depending if the
SnapshotActDelay seconds 0 to 3600
snapshot is a rising or
Snapshot falling trigger, for the
snapshot feature to
activate.
Time that the input

variable must be below or
above the stop trigger
value, depending if the
SnapshotDeactDelay seconds 0 to 3600
snapshot is a rising or
falling trigger, for the
snapshot feature to
deactivate.

SnapshotCustomEnable
custom snapshot release n/a True / False
ramp
1: GenZINV/VarRtg
Reactive power Selection of the yScale for
CurveYScale n/a 2: available vars
yScale select reactive current curves
3: GenZINV/WRt

∆P(f) Function
The ∆P(f) function adjusts active (real) power set-point based on the output voltage
frequency.
Typically, the function is configured to:
n reduce the active power set-point of the inverter in response to rising frequencies or
n increase the active power set-point of the inverter under falling frequencies. However,
the output power is limited by available PV power, nameplate rated watts, and other
factors. The deltaP(f) will only be able to increase the active power output of the
inverter if the inverter is already operating at an active power level lower than what it
could operate at. Typically this would have to be achieved by setting a PPC watt
command lower than the available PV power.
Setup
Configuration parameter PwrFMAR/PairArray1
input variable (x) frequency
output variable (y) delta active power
xOffset 0
xScalePositive 1
xScaleNegative 1
yScale GenZINV/WRtg
This configuration parameter includes all the child parameters listed in Table 25 on page
62.
Parameters
For information on parameters, see Summary of AGSF Parameters on page 59.
Example
Increase active power set-point of the inverter when frequency falls below 49.7 Hz for a
50Hz nominal grid. Increase active power set-point to +10% rated power when frequency
is 49.3Hz. At any point if frequency starts to recover hold the active power output level
until frequency recovers above 50Hz. Filter the frequency with a 1.0sec filter, and ramp
the active power adjustment at 0.2 pu per second.
Table 24 ∆P(f) function points

Figure Label Frequency (Hz) Delta Power (% WMax)
P0 49.3 0.100000001
P1 49.7 0
P2 50 0
P3 50 0.100000001

Figure 19 ∆P(f) function graph
0.12
Delta Power Setpoint (normalized)

0.1 P0 P1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0 P3 P2
49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1
Frequency (Hz)
Table 25 ∆P(f) function configuration parameter values

Function Parameter Value Unit
Control Enable True n/a

Point[i]x [49.3, 50, 50, 49.7] Hz
Function profile Point[i]y [0.1, 0.1, 0, 0] pu of yScale
NumPoints 4 n/a
RampIncrease 0.2 pu per sec
RampDecrease 0.2 pu per sec

Ramp
AltRampRate 0.2 pu per sec
AltRamp False n/a
SnapshotEnable False n/a
SnapshotStart 0 Hz
SnapshotStop 0 Hz
Snapshot SnapshotReleaseRamp 0 pu per second
SnapshotActDelay 0 seconds
SnapshotDeactDelay 0 seconds
SnapshotCustomEnable False n/a
1: GenZINV/VarRtg
Reactive power
CurveYScale 2: available vars n/a
yScale select
3: GenZINV/WRt

∆P(V) Function
The ΔP(V) function adjusts active (real) power set-point based on the inverter operating
voltage.
Typically, the function is configured to:
n reduce the active (real) power set-point of the inverter in response to rising grid
voltages or
n increase the active (real) power set-point of the inverter under falling grid voltages.
However, the output power is limited by available PV power, nameplate rated watts,
and other factors. The deltaP(V) will only be able to increase the active power output
of the inverter if the inverter is already operating at an active power level lower than
what it could operate at. Typically this would have to be achieved by setting a PPC
watt command lower than the available PV power.
Setup
input variable (x) inverter terminal voltage
output variable (y) delta active power
xOffset GenZINV/VRefOfs
xScalePositive AcAVCO/SptVol
xScaleNegative AcAVCO/SptVol
yScale GenZINV/WRtg
64.
Parameters
Example
Increase active power set-point of the inverter when voltage falls below 0.98 pu up to
0.5 pu active power at 0.95 pu. Decrease active power set-point of the inverter when
voltage rises above 1.02 pu, up to -0.5 pu active power at 1.05 pu voltage. Filter the
voltage with a 0.5 sec filter, and ramp the active power adjustment at 0.1 pu per second.
Table 26 ∆P(V) function points

Figure Label Voltage (normalized) Delta Power (normalized)
P0 0.95 .5
P1 0.98 0
P2 1.02 0
P3 1.05 -0.5

Figure 20 ∆P(V) function graph
0.6 P0
0.4
Delta Power (normalized)

0.2
P1 P2
0
-0.2
-0.4 P3
-0.6
0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06
Voltage (normalized)
Table 27 ∆P(v) function configuration parameter values


Low pass filter SettleTimeSec 0.5 seconds
Point[i]x [0.95, 0.98, 1.02, 1.05] Hz
Function profile Point[i]y [0.5, 0, 0, -0.5] pu of yScale
NumPoints 4 n/a

Ramp
AltRamp False n/a
SnapshotStart 0 Hz
SnapshotStop 0 Hz

∆Q(V) Function
The ∆Q(V) function provides reactive power adjustment based on the inverter output
voltage.
Typically, the function is configured to assist in stabilizing the grid voltage by absorbing
reactive power from the grid when the voltage increases and injecting reactive power to
the grid when the voltage is decreasing.
The y-scale of the function is in per-unit. It can be configured to be in per-unit of three

different options. One, it can be in per-unit of the rated reactive power of the inverter, two,
it can be in per-unit of the available reactive power of the inverter based on the apparent
power rating and the operating active power output level, or three, it can be in per-unit of
the inverter rated active power. These three options are described in Table 28. The per-
unit yScale is selected by the CurveYScale parameter shown in the parameter list
shown in Table 30 on page 67.
Table 28 Options for the per-unit scale of the curve y variable

Option Per-unit Scale Description
The yScale of the curve is defined in per-unit of

the inverter rated reactive power. This is
independent of the operating active power
1 GenZINV/VarRtg output of the inverter, or the available vars. This
will provide full range of reactive power, as
apparent power saturation is done with reactive
power priority.

the dynamically calculated value of available
vars, or available reactive power of the inverter.
The available vars is defined as the maximum
amount of reactive power the inverter can
2 available vars
output, and not reduce the currently active
power output based on apparent power
saturation. This option can achieve active power
priority, as the active power will not be reduced
to achieve a higher level of reactive power.

3 GenZINV/WRtg
the inverter rated active power.
The ∆Q(V) reactive power adjustment may be dynamically enabled or disabled based on
the inverter active power output with the En(P) function, if desired. When disabled the ∆Q
(V) function will not adjust the reactive power control regardless of the voltage level. For
more information, see En(P) Function on page 68.

Setup
function name PwrFMAR/PairArray3
output variable (y) delta reactive power
1: GenZINV/VarRtg
yScale 2: available vars
3: GenZINV/WRtg
67.
Parameters
Example
The inverter’s reactive power set-point shall be adjusted to help stabilize the grid voltage.
The inverter shall absorb reactive power when the voltage rises above 1.08 pu, from 0 up
to a maximum level of -0.5 pu reactive power when the voltage is 1.1 pu. The inverter
shall inject reactive power when the voltage falls below 0.92 pu up to a maximum level of
0.5 pu reactive power when the voltage is 0.9 pu. Filter the voltage with a 1.0 sec filter,
and ramp the reactive power adjustment at 0.2 pu per second.
The ∆Q(V) function curve values are shown in Table 29 and Figure 21.
Table 29 ∆Q(V) function points

Figure Label Voltage (V) Delta Power (var)
P0 0.9 0.5
P1 0.92 0
P2 1.08 0
P3 1.1 -0.5

Figure 21 ∆Q(V) function graph
0.6
Delta Reactive Power (normalized)

P0
0.4
0.2
P1 P2
0
-0.2
-0.4
P3
-0.6
0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15
Table 30 ∆Q(V) function configuration parameter values


Point[i]x [0.90, 0.92, 1.08, 1.10] pu of xScale
Function profile Point[i]y [0.5, 0, 0, -0.5] pu of yScale
NumPoints 4 n/a

Ramp
AltRamp False n/a
snapshotEnable False n/a
SnapshotStart 0 Hz
SnapshotStop 0 Hz
Reactive power
CurveYScale 1: GenZINV/VarRtg n/a
yScale select

En(P) Function
The En(P) function, if enabled, will dynamically enable or disable the ∆Q(V) reactive
power adjustment based on the inverter active power output. If the En(P) function, itself
is disabled, then it has no impact to the operation of the ∆Q(V) function.
The dependent variable, or y value of the En(P) function shall be 0 to disable the ∆Q(V)
function and 1 to enable the ∆Q(V) function.
Setup
function name PwrFMAR/PairArray4
input variable (x) inverter active power output
enable (1) or disable (0) the

output variable (y)
∆Q(V) function
xOffset 0
xScalePositive GenZINV/WRtg
xScaleNegative GenZINV/NgWRtg
yScale 1
Parameters
Example
The ∆Q(V) function shall be enabled when the inverter active power output increases
above 0.20 pu and shall remain active until the inverter active power output goes below
0.05 pu. The input voltage is filtered with a 1.0 sec filter.
NOTE: The ramp shall be set to a value of 50 pu/sec. The update rate of the En(P)
function is every 20 ms, so a ramp of 50 pu/sec corresponds to a change of 1 pu (or from
a value of 0 to 1) in 20 ms. This allows the function to switch from disabled to enabled, or
vice-versa, in a single execution cycle.
Table 31 En(p) function points

Figure Label Power(normalized) Enable/Disable
P0 0.05 0
P1 0.2 0
P2 0.2 1
P3 0.05 1

Figure 22 En(p) function graph
1.2
P3 P2
1
Enable (1 or 0)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
P0 P1
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Power (normalized)
Table 32 En(P) function configuration parameter values


Function profile Point[i]y [0, 0, 1, 1] pu of yScale
NumPoints 4 n/a
RampIncrease 50 pu per sec
RampDecrease 50 pu per sec

Ramp
AltRampRate 50 pu per sec
AltRamp False n/a
SnapshotStart 0 Hz
SnapshotStop 0 Hz
Reactive power
CurveYScale n/a n/a
yScale select
Q(P) Function
The Q(P) function provides reactive power output to the grid relative to the amount of
active power output of the inverter.

Typically, the function is configured to provide a desired power factor level as a function
of active power output. Based on the desired power factor curve as a function of active
power the reactive power curve based on active power can be calculated and the function
configured appropriately.
The y-scale of the function is in per-unit. It can be configured to be in per-unit of three

different options. One, it can be in per-unit of the rated reactive power of the inverter, two,
it can be in per-unit of the available reactive power of the inverter based on the apparent
power rating and the operating active power output level, or three, it can be in per-unit of
the inverter rated active power. These three options are described in Table 33. The per-
unit yScale is selected by the CurveYScale parameter shown in the parameter list
shown in Table 36 on page 73.
Table 33 Options for the per-unit scale of the curve y variable

Option Per-unit Scale Description

the inverter rated reactive power. This is
independent of the operating active power
1 GenZINV/VarRtg output of the inverter, or the available vars. This
will provide full range of reactive power, as
apparent power saturation is done with reactive
power priority.

the dynamically calculated value of available
vars, or available reactive power of the inverter.
The available vars is defined as the maximum
amount of reactive power the inverter can
2 available vars
output, and not reduce the currently active
power output based on apparent power
saturation. This option can achieve active power
priority, as the active power will not be reduced
to achieve a higher level of reactive power.

3 GenZINV/WRtg
the inverter rated active power.
The Q(P) reactive power control may be dynamically enabled or disabled based on the
inverter voltage with the En(V) function, if desired.
When disabled the Q(P) function will control reactive power to zero. For more information
see, En(V) Function on page 73.

Setup
input variable (x) inverter output active power
output variable (y) reactive power
xOffset 0
xScalePositive GenZINV/WRtg
xScaleNegative GenZINV/NgWRtg
1: GenZINV/VarRtg
yScale 2: available vars
3: GenZINV/WRtg
73.
Parameters
Example
The inverter must regulate the reactive power to maintain the power factor shown in
Figure 23. The sign of power factor is explained in PF (Power Factor) Sign Convention on
page 21.
Figure 23 Qpu function graph
0.98
0.96
Power Factor
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Active Power (normalized)
The positive power factor dictates that the reactive power is capacitive load, so the
inverter is absorbing reactive power. The reactive power level in per-unit as a function of
active power can be calculated based on the desired power factor as a function of active
power as per the function below.

1 Pnominal
Qpu= –sign(pf) × Ppu × –1 ×
pf2 Qnominal
The reactive power for each power factor point from Figure 23 on page 71 is calculated
and shown in Table 34.
Table 34 Qpu function values

P/Pn Pf Q/Qn
0.5 1.00 0
0.6 0.98 -0.122
0.7 0.96 -0.024
0.8 0.94 -0.290
0.9 0.92 -0.383
1.0 0.90 -0.484
The Q(P) function curve values are shown in Table 35 and Figure 24.
Table 35 Q(P) function points

Active power Reactive power
Figure Label
(normalized) (normalized)
P0 0.5 0
P1 0.6 -0.122
P2 0.7 -0.204
P3 0.8 -0.290
P4 0.9 -0.383
P5 1.0 -0.484
Figure 24 Q(P) function graph

0 P0
Reactive Power (normalized)
-0.1
P1
-0.2 P2
-0.3 P3
-0.4 P4
-0.5 P5
-0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Active Power (normalized)

Table 36 Q(P) function configuration parameter values


[0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9,

Point[i]x pu of xScale
1.0]
Function profile [0, -0.122, -0.204, -

Point[i]y pu of yScale
0.290, -0.383, -0.484]
NumPoints 6.0 n/a

Ramp
AltRamp False n/a
SnapshotStart 0 Hz
SnapshotStop 0 Hz
Reactive power
CurveYScale 1: GenZINV/VarRtg n/a
yScale select
En(V) Function
The En(V) function, if enabled, will dynamically enable or disable the Q(P) reactive power
control based on the inverter voltage. If the En(V) function, itself is disabled, then it has
no impact to the operation of the Q(P) function.
The dependent variable, or y value of the En(V) function shall be 0 to disable the Q(P)
function and 1 to enable the Q(P) function.

Setup
enable (1) or disable (0)

output variable (y)
the Q(P) function
yScale 1
75.
Parameters
Example
The Q(P) function shall be enabled when the inverter voltage increases above 1.02 pu
and remain active until the inverter voltage goes below 0.98 pu. The input voltage is
filtered with a 1.0 sec filter.
NOTE: The ramp shall be set to a value of 50 pu/sec. The update rate of the En(V)
function is every 20 ms, so a ramp of 50 pu/sec corresponds to a change of 1 pu (or from
a value of 0 to 1) in 20 ms. This allows the function to switch from disabled to enabled, or
vice-versa, in a single execution cycle.
Table 37 En(V) function points

Figure Label Voltage (normalized) Enable/Disable
P0 0.98 0
P1 1.02 0
P2 1.02 1
P3 0.98 1

Figure 25 En(V) function graph
1
P3 P2
Enable (1 or 0)
P0 P1
0
0.98 1.02
Table 38 En(V) function configuration parameter values


NumPoints 4 n/a
RampIncrease 50 pu per sec
RampDecrease 50 pu per sec

Ramp
AltRampRate 50 pu per sec
AltRamp False n/a
SnapshotStart 0 Hz
SnapshotStop 0 Hz
Reactive power
CurveYScale n/a n/a
yScale select

Pmax(f) Function
The Pmax(f) function limits or curtails the active (real) power output of the inverter based
on the frequency.
Typically, the function is configured to curtail the active power output in response to
rising frequencies.
Hysteresis can be utilized by configuring the curve shape appropriately to hold the active
power reduction until the frequency returns closer to the nominal value.
If the snapshot feature is enabled, the output or y points of the curve are in per-unit of the
operating active power when the frequency goes higher than the start trigger value. This
provides the ability to have the grid supporting feature act on the current value of active
power output and not on an absolute value. After the frequency recovers below the stop
trigger value, close to the nominal, the active power reduction will be released and the
active power output can return to its previous value before the curtailment was engaged.
To prevent abrupt changes in the active power limit after this curtailment release, the
active power output is ramped according to the snapshot release ramp rate.
Setup
input variable (x) frequency (Hz)
output variable (y) active power limit
xOffset 0
xScalePositive 1
xScaleNegative 1
GenZINV/WRtg
(unless snapshot is
enabled and then the
yScale yScale is the active power
output of the inverter when
frequency passes the
snapshot start trigger value)
77.
Parameters
Example
Reduce the active power output of the inverter when the frequency goes above 50.3Hz.
Reduce the power output from the operating level down to 0% linearly from 50.3Hz to
51.5Hz. When frequency recovers and begins to decrease hold the maximum level of
power reduction seen during the frequency increase. Maintain the power curtailment level
until frequency recovers below 50.1Hz and then ramp from the reduced power level to the

previous on at 0.1 pu per second. Filter the frequency measurement with a 1.0sec filter,
and ramp the active power adjustment at 0.25 pu per second.
Table 39 Pmax(f) function points

Figure Label Frequency (Hz) Power (normalized)
P0 50.1 1
P1 50.3 1
P2 51.5 0
P3 50.1 0
Figure 26 Pmax(f) function graph
1.2
P0 P1
1
Power (normalized)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
P2
0
50 P3 50.2 50.4 50.6 50.8 51 51.2 51.4 51.6
Frequency (Hz)
Table 40 Pmax(f) function configuration parameter values


Low pass filter SettleTimeSec 0 to 60 sec
Point[i]x [50.1, 50.3, 51.5, 50.1] Hz
NumPoints 4 n/a

Ramp
AltRamp False n/a

Table 40 Pmax(f) function configuration parameter values

SnapshotEnable True n/a
SnapshotStart 50.3 Hz
SnapshotStop 50.1 Hz
Snapshot SnapshotReleaseRamp 0.1 pu per second
Reactive power
CurveYScale n/a n/a
yScale select

Pmin(f) Function
The Pmin(f) function limits or curtails negative active (real) power output of the inverter
based on the frequency. Typically, the function is configured to curtail negative active
power output in response to falling frequencies while charging energy storage systems.
NOTE: This function is applicable to energy storage systems (ES) solutions only and is
not utilized in photovoltaic (PV) plant inverters.

Pmax(V) Function
The Pmax(V) function limits or curtails the active (real) power output of the inverter based
on the inverter terminal voltage.
Typically, the function is configured to curtail the active power output in response to
rising grid voltages.
Hysteresis can be utilized by configuring the curve shape appropriately to hold the active
power reduction until the voltage returns closer to the nominal value.
If the snapshot feature is enabled, the output or y points of the curve are in per-unit of the
operating active power when the voltage goes higher than the start trigger value. This
provides the ability to have the grid supporting feature act on the current value of active
power output and not on an absolute value. After the voltage recovers below the stop
trigger value, close to the nominal, the active power reduction will be released and the
active power output can return to its previous value before the curtailment was engaged.
To prevent abrupt changes in the active power limit after this curtailment release, the
active power output is ramped according to the snapshot release ramp rate.
Setup
output variable (y) active power limit
GenZINV/WRtg
(unless snapshot is enabled and then the yScale is the

yScale
active power output of the inverter when voltage
passes the snapshot start trigger value)
81.
Parameters
Example
Limit the maximum active power output of the inverter when the voltage goes above
1.0 pu. Limit the power from 1.0 pu of the rated power to 0.70 pu rated power at 1.11 pu
voltage. Above 1.11 pu continue to decrease the power down to 0.1 pu at voltage of
1.15 pu. Filter the voltage measurement with a 1.0 sec filter, and ramp the active power
adjustment at 0.2 pu per second.

Table 41 Pmax(V) function points

Voltage
Figure Label Power (normalized)
(normalized)
P0 1 1
P1 1.11 0.7
P2 1.15 0.1
Figure 27 Pmax(V) function graph
1.2
P0
1
Power (normalized)
0.8 P1
0.6
0.4
0.2
P2
0
0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16
Table 42 Pmax(V) function configuration parameter values


Point[i]x [1.0, 1.11, 1.15] pu of xScale
Function profile Point[i]y [1.0, 0.7, 0.1] pu of yScale
NumPoints 3 n/a

Ramp
AltRamp False n/a

Table 42 Pmax(V) function configuration parameter values

SnapshotStart 0 Hz
SnapshotStop 0 Hz
Reactive power
CurveYScale n/a n/a
yScale select

Pmin(V) Function
The Pmin(V) function limits or curtails negative active (real) power output of the inverter
based on the inverter voltage. Typically, the function is configured to curtail negative
active power output in response to falling grid voltages while charging energy storage
systems.
NOTE: This function is applicable to energy storage systems (ES) solutions only and is
not utilized in photovoltaic (PV) plant inverters.

Return to Service Function

The return to service (RTS) function is applied when the inverter transitions from an
Offline state to Online state (or from Idle state to Online state). For more information on
inverter states, see the Conext SmartGen User Guide (document number 990-9847). The
RTS can be enabled or disabled by a configuration parameter GenDRCT/RtsEna.
RTS includes two features:
n Ramp - the operating power (operating current) of the inverter is increased gradually to
the maximum level.
n Delay - the delay is a time-based delay that is applied before the start of "ramping".
Function Diagram
Figure 28 Return to service function diagram
Offline to Online to
Online state Offline state
Idle to Online to
Online state Idle state
execute
RTS option (ramp rate, region delay, unit delay)
Full Power
“ramping”
No power Sec
RTS Parameters
Inputs
Parameter Description
The RTS option affects both ramp rate and delay

settings. It has four options: 1 (fast ramp, short
delay), 2, 3, and 4 (slow ramp, long delay).
NOTE: The inverter determines which RTS option

to use based on an event or all the events that
GenDRCT/RampSet,
the inverter detected which caused it to transition
GenDRCT/RampCfg
to Offline (or Idle). Every event has the
RTS option as a configuration parameter that the
inverter uses to execute the return to service. In
the case of multiple events occurring, the slowest
RTS option from one or many events is used.

Each of the four RTS options contains the RTS

GenDRCT/RtNomTms1, ramp rate which is a value expressed as % of
GenDRCT/RtNomTms2, nominal power per second. Nominal power is
GenDRCT/RtNomTms3, either reactive (var) or active (watt) power.
GenDRCT/RtNomTms4 The ramp rate determines how fast or slow power
is brought from zero power to the power setpoint.
GenDRCT/DlCfgTms0
Time in seconds before ramping is started. The
GenDRCT/DlCfgTms1
delay is specified by regional regulations.
GenDRCT/DlCfgTms2
NOTE: This delay is added to RTS unit delay.
GenDRCT/DlCfgTms3
GenDRCT/DlCfgUnit0 This is also time in seconds, in addition to RTS

GenDRCT/DlCfgUnit1 region delay, before ramping is started. The
GenDRCT/DlCfgUnit2 delay is for additional customization of ramping.
GenDRCT/DlCfgUnit3 NOTE: This delay is added to RTS region delay.

AC Current Control Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
4 AC Current Control
Overview of AC Current Control 88

Power to Current Reference Conversion 88
MPPT Active Current Saturation 88
AC Current Ramp 88
AC Current Saturation 89
Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide AC Current Control
Overview of AC Current Control

The AC current control takes as inputs the active and reactive power references from the
Power Control and the AC voltage measured at the inverter terminals. After converting
the power reference to current reference the AC current set-points are ramped and
saturated. The LVRT/HVRT response function may modify the current references under
low voltage ride-through (LVRT) or high voltage ride-through (HVRT) situation but it is
transparent during normal operation (see LVRT / HVRT Response on page 91).
Figure 29 AC Current Control block diagram
MPPT
ID MAX
MPPT
ID REF ACC
P COMMAND ID REF Active Current ACC ID COMMAND
Saturation
Power to LVRT/HVRT
Current AC Current Response AC Current
Conversion Ramp Management Saturation
IQ REF DRCS
Q COMMAND IQ REF DRCS IQ COMMAND
AC VOLTAGE
NOTE: Only shaded blocks are discussed in this section.
Power to Current Reference Conversion

The inverter AC current references in the D/Q frame are calculated from the active and
reactive power references and AC voltage measurements.
MPPT Active Current Saturation

When operating in PV mode, the active current reference ID REF is saturated by the
MPPT algorithm so that the inverter will operate at the maximum power of the PV array,
when the requested power level is equal to or higher than the array maximum power. If
the requested power level is lower than the PV array maximum power, the inverter will
output the requested power level.
When operating in VAR mode, the ID REF is set to zero as the inverter will not output
any active power. This mode is typically used at night or other times when there is no
power available from the PV array. During this mode, the inverter will consume a small
amount of active power from the grid to maintain operation.
AC Current Ramp
The ramp on the inverter AC output current is applied to the ID and IQ signals
independently. ID is ramped at a ramp rate GenDRCT/RampIdStpDec3 when it
decreases and GenDRCT/RampIdStpInc3 when it increases. IQ is ramped at a ramp
rate GenDRCT/RampIqStpDec3 when it decreases and GenDRCT/RampIqStpInc3
when it increases.

AC Current Control Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
AC Current Saturation
The norm of the inverter current output, IS, is saturated to a maximum value of
GenZINV/ANomPk. The current may be saturated below this value due to thermal
derating. The saturation is made with a priority on reactive current.
Figure 30 Current saturation example

q
IMAX
IS saturated
IS

LVRT / HVRT Response Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
5 LVRT / HVRT Response
LVRT / HVRT Response Overview 92

Per-Unit AC Voltage Calculation 92
LVRT Detection 93
ACC (Active Current Control) Function 94
Overview 94
ACC Parameters 95
ACC During LVRT Examples 96
DRCS (Dynamic Reactive Current Support) Function 98
Overview 98
DRCS Curves 99
Static Range 101
Blocking Zone 102
Reactive Current Limitation 103
DRCS Parameters 104
DRCS During LVRT Examples 104
Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide LVRT / HVRT Response
LVRT / HVRT Response Overview

During LVRT/HVRT event the inverter can automatically react by dynamically modifying
or overriding its active and reactive current output. The active current ID of the inverter is
modified by the Active Current Control (ACC) during LVRT and the reactive current IQ is
modified by the Dynamic Reactive Current Support (DRCS) during LVRT and HVRT.
The autonomous response of active or reactive current output depends on the
configuration of the ACC and DRCS functions and on the level of the voltage sag
(decrease) or swell (increase).
Figure 31 LVRT/HVRT inverter automatic response
ID REFERENCE
RAMPED
ACC ID REFERENCE ACC
LVRT Detection LVRT Active

AC VOLTAGE VD
Per-Unit AC
Voltage V PU
Calculation
AC VOLTAGES
RMS
DRCS IQ REFERENCE DRCS
IQ REFERENCE
RAMPED
Per-Unit AC Voltage Calculation

The inverter LVRT/HVRT response is based on a per-unit measurement of the voltage
Vpu defined as:
V_NOM: AcAVCO/SptVol
Vmeasure
Vpu =
V_NOM
Where AcAVCO/SptVol is the nominal voltage of the inverter.
The measured voltage Vmeasure can be chosen among three options with the parameter
BrgRDGS/Type:
n BrgRDGS/Type = 1: Positive sequence direct component (D component in the D/Q

frame) of the inverter output three phase voltages.
n BrgRDGS/Type = 2: Average of the inverter output three phase RMS voltages.
n BrgRDGS/Type = 3: Minimum of the inverter output three phase RMS voltages.

LVRT Detection
The LVRT detection is active when the per-unit voltage Vpu goes below
BrgRDGS/VLim. The output stays active until the voltage goes back above
BrgRDGS/ClrV.
Figure 32 LVRT detection

Voltage
(pu) Instantaneous
voltage
BrgRDGS/ClrV
Hysteresis
BrgRDGS/VLim
Time
LVRT Active

ACC (Active Current Control) Function

Overview
The ACC function is activated by the LVRT Active signal (see LVRT Detection on page
93). During a low voltage event, the active current output of the inverter follows one of the
two low voltage ride-through (LVRT) behaviors based on the parameter BrgRDGS/Mod:
n BrgRDGS/Mod = 1, the inverter ID reference is set to 0 for the duration of the low
voltage condition.
n BrgRDGS/Mod = 2, the inverter ID reference holds its pre-fault value for the duration
of the low voltage condition. The pre-fault value of ID is defined as the value of ID
10ms before the event.
After the low voltage condition has passed, the active current reference always goes
back to the pre-fault active current set-point. In the special case where the active current
set-point is changed during the fault, the active current reference ramps up/down to the
modified active current set-point at a ramp rate of GenDRCT/FpgaRampA.

ACC Parameters
Enable LVRT detection and ACC during voltage

sag.
BrgRDGS/ACtlEna
n 0 : Not Enabled
n 1 : Enabled
Select the type of ACC response during LVRT:
BrgRDGS/Mod n 1 : The active current is set to 0.
n 2 : The active current is frozen.

ACC During LVRT Examples

The LVRT graphs in Figure 33 and Figure 34 are set with the following parameters.
Parameter Value
BrgRDGS/ACtlEna 1
BrgRDGS/VLim 0.85
BrgRDGS/ClrV 0.9
GenDRCT/FpgaRampA 10000
BrgRDGS/Type 1
Three-phase LVRT with ACC type 1

NOTE: Id set to 0 during the event.
Parameter Value
BrgRDGS/Mod 1
Figure 33 Symmetrical LVRT with ACC curve type 1

Three-phase LVRT with ACC type 2

NOTE: Id is frozen during the event.
Parameter Value
BrgRDGS/Mod 2
Figure 34 Asymmetrical LVRT with ACC curve type 2

DRCS (Dynamic Reactive Current Support) Function

Overview
When the DRCS feature is enabled (GenRDGS/ACtlEna set to 1), the inverter provides
positive sequence reactive current in support of grid voltage during LVRT and HVRT
events. The inverter injects capacitive reactive current when the voltage sags (LVRT)
and inductive reactive current when the voltage swells (HVRT). The magnitude of the
reactive current injection is based on the DRCS configuration and the voltage difference
between the instantaneous value and a moving average.
The reactive current injection is triggered by both symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage
swells or sags. The reactive current injection can be limited during asymmetrical sags to
avoid an over-voltage on the non-faulted phase(s) (see Asymmetrical Overvoltage
Cutback on page 101).
Voltage Difference
The voltage difference, or Delta Voltage is calculated in real time as the difference
between the instantaneous voltage minus the moving average voltage. A first order IIR
(filter) is used to calculate this moving average and its 95% settling time is defined by the
parameter GenRDGS/FilTms.
Figure 35 DRCS curve delta voltage

Voltage
(pu)
Instantaneous
voltage
Filtered voltage
Delta Voltage
@ Time = Present
GenRDGS/FilTms
Time
Present
Activation and Deactivation

The DRCS function is activated when the Delta Voltage is higher than
GenRDGS/DbVMax or lower than GenRDGS/DbVMin. Once the delta voltage recovers
within the GenRDGS/DbVMax or GenRDGS/DbVMin limits the function is deactivated
after a delay of GenRDGS/HoldTms seconds.

Figure 36 DRCS activation and deactivation

Voltage
(pu) Instantaneous
Filtered voltage voltage
GenRDGS/DbVMax
GenRDGS/DbVMin
Delta Voltage
@Time = t
Time
t GenRDGS/HoldTms
DRCS Active
Upon DRCS activation the inverter reactive current set-point is equal to the DRCS delta
reactive current based on the voltage difference (as explained below) added to the pre-
fault reactive current set-point. Once deactivated the current reference is ramped back to
the reactive current set-point at a ramp rate of GenDRCT/FpgaRampA.
DRCS Curves
The DRCS function outputs additional capacitive or inductive reactive current if the Delta
Voltage is higher than GenRDGS/DbVMax or lower than GenRDGS/DbVMin.
The additional DRCS current is added/subtracted to the pre-fault reactive current set-
point of the inverter. The amount of additional reactive current is dependent on the delta
voltage and the slope, or k factor of the DRCS curve. The DRCS slopes are defined by
the parameters GenRDGS/ArGraSag for negative Delta Voltage and
GenRDGS/ArGraSwell for positive Delta Voltage as shown in Figure 37 on page 100
and Figure 38 on page 101. One of the two available curve types is selected by setting
the parameter GenRDGS/ArGraMod.

If GenRDGS/ArGraMod = 1, the DRCS curve has the following profile:
Figure 37 DRCS curve type 1

Delta Iq (pu)
GenRDGS/DbVMin GenRDGS/DbVMax
Dead Band
Capacitive
GenRDGS/ArGraSag
Delta Voltage (pu)
Inductive
GenRDGS/ArGraSwell
With this configuration, once the Delta Voltage goes outside the dead-band, the DRCS
current injection increases linearly from zero following the equation:
IQdrcs = –Slope * (deltaVoltage – deadBand)
When the Delta Voltage recovers within the Dead Band the DRCS reactive current
injection is zero.

If GenRDGS/ArGraMod = 2, the DRCS curve has the following profile:
Figure 38 DRCS curve type 2

Delta Iq (pu)
GenRDGS/DbVMin GenRDGS/DbVMax
Dead Band
Capacitive
GenRDGS/ArGraSag
Delta Voltage (pu)
Inductive
GenRDGS/ArGraSwell
With this configuration, once the Delta Voltage goes outside the Dead Band, the DRCS
current injection jumps to the value equal to the Slope*Dead-Band; then it increases
linearly following the equation:
IQdrcs = –Slope * deltaVoltage
When the Delta Voltage recovers within the Dead Band the reactive current injection
follows the linear curve with a value of zero at delta voltage of zero.
Asymmetrical Overvoltage Cutback

The Asymmetrical Overvoltage Cutback function avoids over-voltages on the non-faulted
phases during asymmetrical voltage sage with symmetrical reactive current injection.
This function decreases the DRCS slope when the highest of the three phase RMS
voltages (in per-unit) crosses the first value of GenRDGS/VAcLimValCgt. The slope
can be decreased down to 0 if the highest of the RMS voltage is higher or equal to the
second value of GenRDGS/VAcLimValCgt.
This function can be disabled by setting the voltage thresholds to high values. For
example, GenRDGS/VAcLimValCgt (first value) = 1.9 and GenRDGS/VAcLimValCgt
(second value) = 2.0.
Static Range
The static range feature is an additional method to deactivate DRCS injection feature
once activated. This feature can be enabled with the parameter GenRDGS/StcEna. This
function disables the DRCS injection after GenRDGS/StcTms seconds in the case

where, during the sag/swell, the instantaneous voltage remains within the range defined
by the parameters GenRDGS/StcVMin and GenRDGS/StcVMax.
Figure 39 DRCS curve static range

Voltage
(pu) Instantaneous
GenRDGS/StcVMax
Filtered voltage
- GenRDGS/DbVMin
GenRDGS/StcVMin
Dynamic Reactive
Current Support
Zone
Time
GenRDGS/StcTms
Blocking Zone
This feature can be enabled with the parameter GenRDGS/BlkZnEna.
This function allows for the optional definition of a blocking zone, inside which reactive
current support is not provided. This zone is defined by the three parameters
GenRDGS/BlkZnTms, GenRDGS/BlkZnV, and GenRDGS/HystBlkZnV.
Figure 40 Blocking zone

Voltage
(pu) Instantaneous
Filtered voltage
- GenRDGS/DbVMin
Dynamic Reactive Current Support Zone
GenRDGS/BlkZnV
+ GenRDGS/HystBlkZnV
Hysteresis
GenRDGS/BlkZnV
t0
No Dynamic Reactive Current Support t1
Time
GenRDGS/BlkZnTms
As illustrated in Figure 40, at t0 the voltage falls to the level indicated by the
GenRDGS/BlkZnV setting and dynamic reactive current support stops. Current support
does not resume until the voltage rises above GenRDGS/BlkZnV +
GenRDGS/HystBlkZnV as shown at t1. GenRDGS/BlkZnTms provides a time from
the beginning on the fault where DRCS continues, regardless of how low the voltage may
sag.
While the current injection is stopped by this feature, the DRCS remains active and the
reactive current setpoint remains frozen for the duration of the sag.

Reactive Current Limitation

The total reactive current of the inverter can be limited when the DRCS is active with the
parameter GenRDGS/AQMax (in per-unit). The sum of the DRCS current and the pre-
fault reactive current reference is saturated to GenRDGS/AQMax for the duration of the
event. Once the DRCS is deactivated, the reactive current reference always goes back
to the pre-fault reactive current set-point. In the special case where the reactive current
set-point is changed during the fault, the reactive current reference ramps up/down to the
modified reactive current set-point at a ramp rate of GenDRCT/FpgaRampA.

DRCS Parameters
GenRDGS/ArGraSwell Slope of the curve for voltage increase (k factor)
GenRDGS/ArGraSag Slope of the curve for voltage decrease (k factor)
Level of voltage difference (in per-unit) to activate

GenRDGS/DbVMax
DRCS
Level of voltage difference (in per-unit) to activate

GenRDGS/DbVMin
DRCS
Window of time in seconds for the moving

GenRDGS/FilTms
average filter
Delay time that DRCS remains active once

GenRDGS/HoldTms
voltage difference level is within the dead band
GenRDGS/ArGraMod Select the type of curve used for DRCS
GenRDGS/BlkZnEna Enable the blocking zone feature
GenRDGS/BlkZnV Minimum voltage for the blocking zone
GenRDGS/HysBlkZnV Hysteresis voltage for the blocking zone
Time delay before the DRCS is disabled due to

GenRDGS/BlkZnTms
the blocking zone feature
GenRDGS/StcVMax Maximum voltage of the static range
GenRDGS/StcVMin Minimum voltage of the static range
Time after which the DRCS is disabled when V

GenRDGS/StcTms
stays in the static range
GenRDGS/StcEna Enable the static voltage range feature
Voltage thresholds defining the region where Iq

injection is reduced during an asymmetrical dip.
This is a set of two values. The first value is the
voltage threshold where Iq injection starts to be
GenRDGS/VAcLimValCgt
reduced. The second value is the voltage
threshold where Iq injection is reduced to zero.
NOTE: The first value must be lower than the

second one.
Boolean for enabling/disabling the DRCS

GenRDGS/ACtlEna
function.
GenRDGS/AQMax Maximum reactive current during DRCS
DRCS During LVRT Examples

The DRCS injects reactive current on voltage fluctuations
The examples below show two types of low voltage ride-through (LVRT) events:

n a three-phase LVRT
n a two-phase LVRT
The following parameters are used by the two succeeding examples.
Parameter Value
GenRDGS/ArGraSwell 2
GenRDGS/ArGraSag 2
GenRDGS/DbVMin -0.1
GenRDGS/DbVMax 0.1
GenRDGS/FilTms 10
GenRDGS/BlkZnEna 1
GenRDGS/StcEna 1
GenRDGS/HoldTms 0.02
GenRDGS/VAcLimValCgt 1.02, 1.1
GenDRCT/FpgaRampA 10000
Three-Phase LVRT Example with DRCS type 1
Figure 41 Symmetrical LVRT with DRCS curve type 1

Two-Phase LVRT Example with DRCS type 2
Figure 42 Asymmetrical LVRT with DRCS curve type 2

Voltage and Frequency Disconnect Settings Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
6 Voltage and Frequency Disconnect

Settings
Overvoltage, Undervoltage, and Frequency Set Points 108

Rate of Change Of Frequency (ROCOF) Detection 110
Overvoltage, Undervoltage, and Frequency Set Points

The following table provides an overview of the voltage and frequency ride-through
capabilities of the CS2000, CS2200, and CS2400 inverters, as well as recommended
ranges of voltage and frequency disconnect settings to achieve these ride-through
capabilities. For more information, including site-specific settings, contact Schneider
Electric.
Table 43 Overvoltage, undervoltage, and frequency
Trip Trip Trip

Abnormal Trip Max
Threshold Threshold Threshold
V/f Threshold Setting Trip Time Setting Time Ride
Setting Setting Setting
Protection Parameter Parameter Setting Through
Range Range Range
Level Range Time
CS2000 CS2200 CS2400
Over Indefinitely
50.00- 50.00- 50.00- 0.01 s-
Frequency - AcPTOF/Gri4LimVal AcPTOF/Gri4TrpCntIntr producing
66.00 Hz 66.00 Hz 66.00 Hz indefinite
4 power 1
Over Indefinitely
50.00- 50.00- 50.00- 0.01 s-
Frequency - AcPTOF/SiteLimVal AcPTOF/SiteTrpCntIntr producing
3 power
Over Indefinitely
50.00- 50.00- 50.00- 0.01 s-
2 power 1
Over Indefinitely
50.00- 50.00- 50.00- 0.01 s-
1 power 1
Under Indefinitely
45.00- 45.00- 45.00- 0.01 s-
Frequency - AcPTUF/Gri1LimVal AcPTUF/Gri1TrpCntIntr producing
1 power 1
Under Indefinitely
45.00- 45.00- 45.00- 0.01 s-
2 power 1
Under Indefinitely
45.00- 45.00- 45.00- 0.01 s-
Frequency - AcPTUF/SiteLimVal AcPTUF/SiteTrpCntIntr producing
3 power 1
Under Indefinitely
45.00- 45.00- 45.00- 0.01 s-
4 power 1
1 At the ambient temperature of 25°C. Thermal derating may occur at higher ambient
temperatures.

Trip Trip Trip

Abnormal Trip Max
Threshold Threshold Threshold
V/f Threshold Setting Trip Time Setting Time Ride
Setting Setting Setting
Protection Parameter Parameter Setting Through
Range Range Range
Level Range Time
CS2000 CS2200 CS2400
1s
Over
AcPTUF/Gri5LimVal 1.0-1.4 pu 1.0-1.4 pu 1.0-1.4 pu AcPTUF/Gri5TrpCntIntr 0.01 s producing
Voltage - 5
power
10 s
Over
AcLtNRmsPTOV/Gri4LimVal 1.0-1.3 pu 1.0-1.3 pu 1.0-1.3 pu AcLtNRmsPTOV/Gri4TrpCntIntr 0.01-1 s producing
Voltage - 42
power
Indefinitely
Over 0.01-10
AcLtNRmsPTOV/Gri3LimVal 1.0-1.2 pu 1.0-1.15 pu 1.0-1.15 pu AcLtNRmsPTOV/Gri3TrpCntIntr producing
Voltage - 3 2 s
power
Indefinitely
Over 0.01-10
AcLtNRmsPTOV/Gri2LimVal 1.0-1.2 pu 1.0-1.15 pu 1.0-1.15 pu AcLtNRmsPTOV/Gri2TrpCntIntr producing
Voltage - 2 2 s
power
Indefinitely
Over
AcLtNRmsPTOV/Gri1LimVal 1.0-1.2 pu 1.0-1.15 pu 1.0-1.15 pu AcLtNRmsPTOV/Gri1TrpCntIntr 0.01 s producing
Voltage - 1
power
Indefinitely
Under 0.01-30
AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri1LimVal 0.85-1.0 pu 0.85-1.0 pu 0.85-1.0 pu AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri1TrpCntIntr producing
Voltage - 1 s
power
30 s
Under
AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri2LimVal 0.7-1.0 pu 0.7-1.0 pu 0.7-1.0 pu AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri2TrpCntIntr 0.01-10s producing
Voltage - 2
power
10 s
Under
AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri3LimVal 0.5-1.0 pu 0.5-1.0 pu 0.5-1.0 pu AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri3TrpCntIntr 0.01-2 s producing
Voltage - 3
power
2s
Under
AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri4LimVal 0.2-1.0 pu 0.2-1.0 pu 0.2-1.0 pu AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri4TrpCntIntr 0.01-1 s producing
Voltage - 4
power
1s
Under
AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri5LimVal 0-1.0 pu 0-1.0 pu 0-1.0 pu AcLtLRmsPTUV/Gri5TrpCntIntr 0.01-1 s producing
Voltage - 5
power
2 Settings for this level are applicable only if OV1 and OV5 levels are configured to the settings
from this table.

Rate of Change Of Frequency (ROCOF) Detection

In an islanding condition, the frequency output of the inverter may fluctuate up and down,
and normal operation the grid voltage frequency may drastically change due to abnormal grid
operation. The ROCOF detection event, can be configured to shut down the inverter when a
rate of change of frequency is detected greater than the adjustable trip threshold and trip
time.
The Rate of Change Of Frequency (ROCOF) is detected by finding the minimum and
maximum instantaneous frequency readings within a rolling window of time (Δt). If the
resulting ROCOF (Hz/s) value exceeds the set maximum threshold, an event will activate
and the inverter will shut down.
ROCOF calculation:
Table 44 and Table 45 show the minimum, maximum, and default values for ROCOF
parameters and events.
Table 44 ROCOF parameters

Max. Default
Function Parameter Min. value Unit
value value
Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). Stores calculated

Hz
fmax-fmin/deltaT, updated at 10 ms intervals. AcBrgMMXU/RteChgHz n/a n/a n/a
s^-1
This is used to trigger the GriPFRC/Hi event.
ROCOF sampling window for searching for the min/max

AcBrgMMXU/RteChgWin 0.01 1.0 0.5 seconds
frequency.
Table 45 ROCOF events

Max. Default
Function Parameter Min. value
value value
The event is enabled, auto clearing, turns the yellow LED

indicator on when active, and will take the inverter offline GriPFRC/HiCfg n/a n/a 0x00289101
when activated.
Clear count in 10 ms = 5 s GriPFRC/HiClrCntIntr 0 65535 500
Hysteresis in Hz/s GriPFRC/HiHysValIntr 0.0f 100.0f 0.1f
Threshold in Hz/s GriPFRC/HiLimVal 0.001f 500.0f 5.0f
Trip count in 10 ms = 0.8 s GriPFRC/HiTrpCntIntr 0 65535 80
NOTE: The unit of GriPFRC/HiLimVal is Hz/s. Therefore, when AcBrgMMXU/RteChgWin changes, the
GriPFRC/HiLimVal value needs to change to reflect the new window size.

Anti-Islanding Function Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
7 Anti-Islanding Function

Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide Anti-Islanding Function
Anti-Islanding Function
Islanding is a condition in which a portion of the utility grid system, which contains both
load and generation, is isolated from the remainder of the grid system and continues to
operate. It is desirable in such electrical systems to be able to detect an islanding
condition, and when detected, to stop producing power in the isolated portion of the
system. This is known as anti-islanding.
The Conext SmartGen Series inverter is designed with both active islanding detection
and passive islanding detection. The active islanding detection algorithm is a novel
approach which uses Reactive Power Variation (RPV) as a basis and does a cross
correlation between the grid response and the power variation signal. This method injects
a bi-directional perturbation signal with both positive and negative reactive power so that
the average sum is zero. The active islanding detection does not utilize positive
feedback. The passive islanding detection uses voltage and frequency set points and
time delays. Methods used are compliant with IEEE 1547.
The RPV signal or perturbation signal necessary to provide reliable detection of islanding
is illustrated in the figure below. The signal is a periodic full-wave square wave of reactive
current. It includes positive and negative portions, and a value of zero during the zero
(Tp0) and idle (Tp_idle) time. The perturbation magnitude (Iq_pert) for positive and
negative is 2% of the rated reactive current of the inverter. The injected perturbation
signal is constant, and is not increased by the system when it determines there may be
an islanding condition, thereby reducing the chance of adversely affecting the grid.

Anti-Islanding Function Conext SmartGen Series Grid Services User Guide
Figure 43 Reactive current test signal diagram

Tp_period
Iq_pert Tp+
Tp0
Iq_pert Tp_idle
Tp–
The signal timing is as follows:
Tp+ = Tp– = 20 ms
Tp0 = 40 ms
Tp_period = 160 sec
Tp_idle = (Tp_period) – (Tp+) – (Tp-) – (Tp0)
There are times, during inverter operation when reactive current is injected into the grid
for other purposes, such as doing grid voltage support. The Conext SmartGen Series
anti-islanding detection algorithm can differentiate between grid reactions from reactive
current from other purposes and the reactive current injected by the anti-islanding RPV
signal. This is achieved by doing a cross-correlation between the grid voltage response
during both the positive and negative-going parts of the perturbation signal. During normal
operation, there will only be one response in the reference voltage in one direction, and
not the other. In addition, the grid voltage is filtered to increase the robustness of the
detection algorithm in the presence of harmonics. An islanding is detected if and only if
there are two measurable responses in the reference voltage – one for the positive-going
and one for the negative-going part. In addition, detection of islanding requires four of the
positive and four of the corresponding negative pulses to push the reference voltage in
the positive and negative directions consecutively. This method is a more robust
approach to islanding detection, and essentially eliminates false positive detections.
The Conext SmartGen Series inverter's active islanding detection algorithm may be
enabled or disabled with the following parameter.

AntIslDOPR/Ena inverter's active seconds True / False
islanding detection

Schneider Electric
As standards, specifications, and designs change from time to time,
please ask for confirmation of the information given in this publication.
For other country details please contact your local Schneider Electric
Sales Representative or visit the Schneider Electric Solar Business
website at: http://solar.schneider-electric.com/
© 2019 Schneider Electric. All Rights Reserved.
AP-SG-004 Rev E Printed in:

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Exclusion for Documentation

Document Number: AP-SG-004 Rev E Date: October 2019

The addition of either symbol to a “Danger” or “Warning” safety label

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACC Active current control

AGSF Autonomous grid support functions

AI Anti-islanding, analog input

CTB Communications Terminal Board

DRCS Dynamic reactive current support

EEI Edison electric institute

HVRT High voltage ride-through

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IIR Infinite-impulse response

LVRT Low voltage ride-through

min Minimum, minute/s

MPPT Maximum power point tracking

NaN Not a Number

PPC Power plant controller

PRF Producer reference frame

PV Photovoltaic (that is, solar)

PWM Pulse width modulation

RPV Reactive power variation

RTU Remote terminal unit

RTS Return to service

TCP Transmission control protocol

var Volt-ampere reactive

n Conext SmartGen User Guide (document number 990-9847)

n Conext Viewer Online Help (document number SW-SG-017)

Failure to follow these instructions will result in death or serious injury.

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 6

Autonomous Grid Support Functions (AGSF) 44

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 7

Overvoltage, Undervoltage, and Frequency Set Points 108

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 8

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 9

Figure 38 DRCS curve type 2 101

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 10

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 11

Table 38 En(V) function configuration parameter values 75

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 12

What's in This Chapter?

Conext SmartGen Series Inverter 14

Conext SmartGen Series Inverter

Figure 1 Relationship between inverter, PV array, and grid

14 Property of Schneider Electric AP-SG-004 Rev E

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 15

2 Inverter Controls Architecture

What's in This Chapter?

Inverter Controls Architecture Block Diagram

EXTERNAL P, Q, PF, Power AC Current Inverter POWER

NOTE: Only shaded blocks are discussed in this User Guide.

Table 1 Inverter controls architecture blocks

AC Current Control: contains current ramping, current limiting, and current-based

Anti-Islanding: Contains the reactive current perturbation injection and islanding

18 Property of Schneider Electric AP-SG-004 Rev E

Active Power and Current Sign Convention

Figure 3 Power / Current sign convention

AP-SG-004 Rev E Property of Schneider Electric 19

Reactive Power and Current Sign Convention

Positive Reactive Power/Current

Figure 4 Positive Reactive Power