SEX

 Biological differences
 Males are: GENDER
 10% taller
 An inner feeling that you are male, female, both, or
 20% heavier somewhere in between
 Process of social presentation
 35% stronger
 Gender roles
 May have been influenced by social decisions of  Behavioral expectations and norms
our evolutionary past.  Individual adopts the behaviors of the gender
 Women tend to live longer, hit puberty earlier they wish to portray
 Can change

From Race to Gender  Socialization

 Boys are ……
 Girls are ……

 Sarah Baartman  Self-fulfilling prophecy

 Hottentot Venus
 19th century  Lorber - Night to his Day
 “Doing” gender
 Gender roles change over time
 Ms. Magazine, Louise Gould
Sex vs. Gender (1972)
 Thought experiment
 Raising a child free of
 Sex gender-typing
 Biological or physical attribute
 Gender
 Social/cultural attribute For every 100 girls
 For every 100 girl babies born, there are 105 boy
babies born
SEX GENDER  For every 100 girls aged 5-14 who die, 148 boys
die
• Physiological • Social  For every 100 high school girls who left too unsafe
• Related to reproduction • Cultural to go to school, 104 boys left the same way
• Congenital • Learned behavior  For every 100 twelfth-grade girls who engaged in
• Unchanging • Changes over time a physical fight on school property, 214 boys got in
• Varies within a a fit
culture/among cultures  For every 100 girls in grades 10-12 who drop out
of high school, 121 boys drop out
 Sex differences  For every 100 women aged 20-24 who commit
 The physical and biological differences between males suicide, 624 males of the same age kill themselves
and females
 Gender differences  For every 100 women ages 22-24 in correctional
 Social expectations about how males and females out facilities, there are 1430 males in correctional
to act their respective rights and duties facilities
 Mead - Sex and temperament in Three Primitive  For every 100 women aged 18-24 living in
Societies emergency and transitional shelters, there are 86
men living in similar shelters
 Work and Occupations Queer Theory
 Split labor market  “Queer is by definition whatever is at odds with the
Primary and secondary labor market normal, the legitimate, the dominant. There is nothing in
 “Motherhood wage penalty” particular to which it necessarily refers. It is an identity
 Comparable worth without essence. ‘Queer’ then, demarcates not a
 Work of equal value, requiring the same level of skills,
should earn equal pay, even when the work is not positivity but a positionality vis-à-vis the normative”
identical -David Halperin
 Identities are not fixed
 Cannot be categorized or labeled
 Consist of many varied components
 Separation between what one does and what one is
 Performativity
 Heteronormativity is embedded in social institutions
 Goal is to destabilize identity categories

Sexism Issues Facing LGBTQ Community

 Group identity
 Belief that one sex is superior to another  Prejudice
 Belief that men and women are different and that  Bullying
should be reflected in society  Homelessness
 Hatred of men (misandry) or women (misogyny)  Equal rights
 Health issues
 Gay marriage
Gender Identity  Employment

 Cisgender  Heteronormativity is
 Not all cultures have one or two sexes embedded in social
institutions
 Kothoey (Thailand)
 Goal is to destabilize
 Transsexual identity categories
Gender Discordance
 When gender identity and biological sex conflict
 Not always looked down upon in all cultures
 A typical behaving youth are socialized so that
their individual characteristics provide useful
functions for society
 Shaman, medicine man, tong-ki (Daoism), berdache
(Native American Two Spirit), hijra (South Asia),
xanith (Arabic).
Sexuality
 Socially constructed
 Heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality,
pansexuality, etc…
 Freud
 Oedipus complex
 Erogenous zones
 Fetishes