Energy solutions for tomorrow Issue 13

In this issue

Drivers and trends in the energy business

Wärtsilä Energy News is published for business Decentralisation is no longer the dream of environmentalists and small equipment suppliers.
friends and employees of Wärtsilä. Distributed energy has arrived, as this analysis of the drivers behind the energy business in
Editorial Board: Pekka Ahlqvist, Jussi the UK and EU shows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Heikkinen, Lars Gustaf Martin, Maria Hällund
Editor: Maria Strand / Maria Hällund
English Editing: Andrew Gardiner Renewables - the ins and outs of biofuels
Layout: Bock’s Office
Biofuels, what exactly are they and where do they fit in the fuel spectrum today? . . . . . . . . . 8
Please address correspondence to:
Wärtsilä Finland Oy, Maria Strand
P.O.Box 252, 65101 Vaasa, Finland Wärtsilä expands into biopower
e-mail: maria.hallund@wartsila.com
Wärtsilä recently acquired Sermet Oy, a leading Finnish supplier of small and medium-sized
ISSN 1456-3274
boiler plants running on biofuels, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Information in this publication is subject to
change without notice. © Wärtsilä Corporation.
Printed in November 2001.
All rights reserved.

The Western energy and power crisis: after the storm?

The USA avoided the worst-scenario blackouts and brownouts last summer predicted by
analysts and generators. But where does that leave the US electricity market? . . . . . . . . . . 14

Also in this issue

Wärtsilä to supply largest gas- fired
power plant using reciprocating
engines in the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Wärtsilä 20V34SG – experience
from the first installation . . . . . . . . . . . 18
WPM – birth of a modular
power solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
New OCP pipeline opens oil production
bottlenecks in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Occidental Eden Yuturi, Ecuador . . . . . 27
Kipevu II low-cost energy in Kenya . . . 28
Interview with KPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Power for extreme conditions . . . . . . . 32
Fast-track power for
Brazilian textile factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fast-track gas conversion improves
efficiency and lowers NOx emissions in
Portuguese plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Power for remote petrochemical
plant in Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Wärtsilä Power Commodore – prince of
barges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Wärtsilä 220SG power plant reduces
Bausch & Lomb’s energy costs . . . . . 40
Power and heat for arctic Siberia . . . . . 41
Bangladeshi IPP wins ISO environmental
and quality certification . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Recognition for Wärtsilä’s first
Environmental Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Wärtsilä technical papers
at conferences worldwide . . . . . . . . . . 44
Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Product Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2 - Energy News
Issue 13
Dear Reader,
Wärtsilä’s engines offer high electrical efficiency directly from the prime mover,
without additional steam cycles. They form an ideal foundation for power generation
as they are capable of true multifuel combustion of most oils and gases, and accept
very demanding load characteristics without major impacts on maintenance costs and
lifetime.
Compared to a global average electricity generation efficiency
of close to 30 %, Wärtsilä’s power plants reach between
40…50 % depending on fuel and engine type. Such high
efficiency makes it possible to reduce CO2 emissions, since less
fuel is needed to produce a given amount of electricity.
Simultaneous cogeneration of heat and power, a standard option
in all our products, reduces emissions still further, as fuel is saved
in the heat boilers.
Modern Wärtsilä power plants can be equipped with
ultra-effective flue gas cleaners for reduction of NOx and SOx –
recent gas power plants delivered in the USA go down to a NOx
level of 5 ppm. Our new Orimulsion-fired Power Master plants
reach the World Bank emission guidelines in all respects.
Wärtsilä has made a strategic decision to expand its power
plant business to include renewable energy. There are strong
political drivers for this business. European Union directives, for
example, call for an increase in the use of renewable energy
sources from 6 % to 12 % of total energy consumption before the
year 2010, and therefore this business is expected to grow rapidly
over the next years. New laws and tariffs for renewable energy
have already passed the legislators in EU countries; a good
example is Germany, where a new law guarantees a well paid electrical load for
biomass-fired electricity up to a plant output of 20 MWe.
Wärtsilä enters the biopower business by acquiring proven technology, which we
will distribute through our global network. We will initially offer modular boiler plants
in the range of 1...15 MWth and power plants in the range of 1…10 MWe, burning
mainly wood based fuels. Later both the fuel spectrum and power output ranges will
be expanded.
Even though recent incidents and developments have created some uncertainty in
the marketplace, energy will increasingly be needed in various forms in the future,
and we in Wärtsilä are firm believers in distributed energy and in combined heat and
power generation.

Pekka Ahlqvist
Group Vice President
Power plants

Energy News - 3
Issue 13
 Energy solutions for tomorrow
Drivers and trends in the
energy business
The energy business has undergone
a wave of changes since
liberalisation started during the
second half of the 1980s. Large
utilities are struggling and
re-engineering their businesses.
Independent Power Producers (IPP)
have made strong inroads but
investors are now wondering how
to invest in projects without a
contracted long-term off-taker.
Decentralisation is no longer the
dream of environmentalists and
small equipment suppliers; new
small-scale power plant products
are frequently being launched on
the market. Companies like ABB
have left the big plant markets to
concentrate on distributed
generation.
What lies behind these incidents
and trends? In this article we take a
look at the patterns and structures
behind the scenes and offer some
predictions for the future.
Main business drivers
There are two main groups of
business behaviour drives in the
energy business: demand and
technology. In the first case,
population growth and society’s
continuous efforts to improve living
standards maintain a constant
increasing need for power through
industrial growth, automation and
increasing domestic consumption.
On the other hand ‘money’
dictates the technological choice
since, in deregulated markets, only
projects with short, controllable-risk
4 - Energy News
Issue 13
paybacks penetrate the decision
barrier.
Society passes on general
concern for the environment to the
energy business through political
decisions calling for continuously
stricter emission norms and
regulations. Digital equipment
requires a standard of reliable
power quality not obtainable with
earlier power systems. New
competitive solutions are needed as
the use of information technology
becomes more widespread.
To take an example, let us see
how money drives the technological
choices.
How money drives
the energy business
Firstly, normal banking principles
apply in the new free markets. All
power plant projects are
investments, and if a reasonably
short payback with controllable
risks is not available, there will be
no project.
Secondly, power prices depend
on demand and supply. If there is
oversupply, as in most of Europe at
the moment, prices will fall until a
certain ‘level of economic pain’ is
reached in the system. If there is a
lack of power, as in the USA during
the last few summers, prices will go
up. Electricity is not regulated by
utility governance, but becomes a
free trading commodity limited only
by certain transport restrictions.
The law of supply and demand
together with the payback rule will,
Size classification
Distributed generation DG market
Micro 0 - 200 kWe
Mini 200-1000 kWe
Small 1 - 60 MWe
Utility market
Medium 60 - 300 MWe
Large above 300 MWe
Table 1. Power plant size classes and approximate market sizes in 2000.
at least for the near future, create a
fluctuating investment movement in
the markets. Investment will boom
when power is lacking, whereas
little or nothing will be built for
some time when supply becomes
adequate, or perhaps after a period
of over-investment. This ‘low-
frequency swinging’ will have a life
cycle in the region of 10 years as
the system seeks economic
equilibrium.
Smaller is more efficient
During the era of monopolistic
utilities, most industrialised
countries had a national grid and a
number of large coal, hydro,
nuclear and gas-fired plants. These
formed an optimum power
structure for the utilities to
manage.
Today’s different market
conditions reveal some
large new business
opportunities in the
present systems.
Although large power
plants can run on cheap,
poor quality fuels (e.g. coal),
the heat loads seldom are
large enough for them and
therefore their total power
generation efficiency remains at
30-55 %.
The capital and running costs of
the main grid must be included in
the electricity price to consumers. In
Stationary Portable
10 GWe 10 GWe
12 GWe
24 GWe
20 GWe
80 GWe
European countries, where this has
been made visible, transmission
costs make up almost half of the
industrial electricity costs.
A power plant, connected
directly to the local electrical and
heat loads, can reach a total
efficiency of 60-90 % depending on
the heat load. Nor does it need to
pay for using the main grid.
A new business opportunity? Yes,
but not really new any more, since
the search for suitable heat loads
started some ten years ago in
Europe, and thousands of small
industrial plants have now been
built. Due to its indisputable
economic benefits distributed
industrial cogeneration will be
everyday life in all free markets
around the world in the future.
Note that the decision of
industrial companies to become
power producers is motivated by
purely economic factors. Besides
being more economical, distributed
cogeneration also offers potential
for an overall reduction in
atmospheric emissions. So far
cogeneration plants have not
enjoyed any direct benefits on
lowering nationwide emissions.
Equipment suppliers have started
to engineer solutions for specific
needs in the load segment.
Examples include products for peak
shaving, or to ensure high power
availability for Internet centres etc.
Probable future growth areas
Analysing the technology drivers
and trends in detail, as in the
money driver example above, one
can start to draw conclusions on
probable growth areas in the energy
business. Let us examine the
situation from the fuel perspective.
Natural gas products
An obvious growth area is natural
gas products. The reasons are
fairly simple and apply both to
gas turbines (including
combi-cycles) and
reciprocating engines:
• Good availability of
clean fuel for many
years to come
• Easy, clean,
high-efficiency
combustion
• Lowest CO2 emissions
with fossil fuels
• Simple plant technology
with low specific costs.
As the natural gas power plant
business grows, gas compression
equipment is a high potential
growth area as well.
Energy News - 5
Issue 12
 Energy solutions for tomorrow

Renewables
The principal renewable fuels are:
• Wind Power price Voltage
5...15 USc 110...400 kV
• Solar Wire
• Biomass
Transformer
• Small hydro. Consumption Production
Wind power will continue to grow,
Wire
although in some countries the best Ma
rke Transformer
sites have already been used and td
riv
er
developers must increasingly look
for offshore locations. The costs of Wire

wind power plants are expected to Transformer

fall further, although not at the same
pace as during the 1990s.
Solar power will remain a local
solution and will not become
commercially competitive in the
foreseeable future owing to the
excessive investment costs involved.
Biomass-based power production
holds out large potential as products
now available on the markets are
not yet commercially competitive
with other power generation
alternatives unless the fuel cost is
very low or negative. Industry will
work hard to create competitive
products with lower investment
costs.
Certain EU countries have
defined special autogeneration-type
electricity tariffs for biomass-based
power generation. Although the
main driver behind this trend is the
need to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions, the tariffs will help
industry to commercialise its
products.
®
Orimulsion
Orimulsion® offers similar benefits
as coal on a wider power scale. Its
price can be indexed firmly to coal
prices for extended periods of time,
Households
220...380 V
Wire Offices, Flats
Industries
1 kW 10 kW 100 kW
Fig. 1 Power consumption versus production.
plant can be reduced to meet the
World Bank guidelines for
emissions, it is easy to predict that
this fuel has a high growth potential
especially in the developing world.
Are there drivers to go
for even smaller plants?
Whether micropower will penetrate
the markets is a widely discussed
subject at the moment. Let us
analyse the drivers behind this.
Power consumption
In Figure 1, the left vertical scale
and the blue curve illustrate the
number of actual power
consumption points in a state grid.
Power is consumed in lamps,
resistors (heaters), electric motors
(driving fans, pumps, conveyors),
and electronics etc.
Electrical consumption in the EU,
Table 2, offers an example. The
1.5...6USc
1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW
kilowatts of power. Many of them
have heat loads at least during the
colder period of the year.
The largest electricity consumer
in MWh is industry, which
consumes more than half of the
nation’s total electrical energy. The
total number of industrial
consumers in the EU is presented in
Table 3. There is a large number of
smaller consumers while the largest
single point of power consumption
is a steel or paper mill, which can
consume as much as 200 MW of
electrical power at one location.
Conclusion: The number of
electrical loads – end users –
increases exponentially when going
downwards in the distribution chain
and main fuse size.
Households 200.000.000
Offices > 100 kW 500.000
Hotels, hospitals, 35.000
supermarkets > 100 kW

while the fuel can be combusted in
modern diesel engines expanding
the power range downwards from
what we are used to with coal fired
plants.
As emissions from an
Orimulsion® fired diesel power
biggest group of final electricity
consumers is households; there are
about 200 million households in the
EU. The typical connected power of
a house corresponds to 5-15 kW.
Most office buildings, hotels and
supermarkets consume hundreds of
Table 2. Electricity consumers in the
EU.
Power production
One of the axioms of the earlier
world of large power utilities was
‘economies of scale’. In practice this

6 - Energy News
Issue 13
 100-300 kW 300-1000 kW > 1000 kW Total
investing in power plants operating
Metal 16290 6954 2061 25306
Electrical 6990 3038 1317 11345 at medium voltage levels and it is
Rubber 3441 5108 2483 11033 just a question of time when
Machinery 6271 3312 794 10378 commercially competitive technical
Schools 5596 293 1093 6981
Chemicals 543 3370 2990 6903
solutions emerge on the micro
Vehicles 3118 1442 1145 5705 scale.
Dairy 2997 369 234 3601 The big issue is what technology
Sawmills 1819 1059 244 3122
will be able to produce reliable,
Web-hotels 2251 315 1 2567
Paper 0 0 995 995 emission-free (and noise-free)
Beverages 335 215 237 786 power to households at a
Pulp mills 0 0 331 331 competitive cost. Obviously this
Table 3. Industrial electricity consumers in the EU. requires a fuel infrastructure, a
‘global household power plant
meant that the bigger the plant, the Finland – we can see in Table 4 interface’, a comprehensive service
lower the specific costs and the how the price the household pays is set-up and a new grid control
higher the electrical efficiency. roughly 2.5 times higher than the system to function. And probably
Most of the plants that exist in the large grid feeding power plant gets households will not actually own
present system are large, shown by when selling its product to the grid. the plants, but the utilities,
the red curve in Fig. 1. Plants with municipalities or ESCO’s will own
Big power plant selling price 2.3 EUR/MWh
outputs below 100 MW were to the grid at 400 kV and operate them, creating a ‘new
seldom constructed by the state 1 MW industrial load pays 4.0 EUR/MWh economies of scale’ with a
for the 10 kV electricity
utilities unless the country consisted Average household pays 6.0 EUR/MWh multitude of micro plants.
for 380 V power
of islands or large remote regions. A So the money driver exists for
strong grid is necessary with large Table 4. Typical Finnish electricity small, local power plants.
plants and a good share of the prices at different voltage levels. Distributed energy is here to stay,
money invested into the system and might even come to your home
went into constructing the grids. The rise in the electricity price as one day! n
Mainly large industrial companies the power moves closer to smaller
have constructed power plants customers, as illustrated in Fig.1, Author: Jussi Heikkinen
within their own perimeters, provides an economic driver for Vice President, Marketing
even household-sized power plants! Wärtsilä Corporation
producing their own power.
Recently smaller scale industrial Industrial companies are already
cogeneration has been very popular
especially in Europe.

The delivery chain

At a large power plant, electricity is
transformed up to a high voltage
level of 100-400 kV. It then moves
along cables and lines through
various transformers until it reaches
the final consumption point. Along
the way different companies
including local municipalities
administer the ‘electrons’, sending
invoices and maintaining the
system. It is the final consumer who
pays all the costs generated in the
delivery chain!
Looking at actual electricity prices
in the home country of Wärtsilä –

Energy News - 7
Issue 13
 Energy solutions for tomorrow
Renewables – the ins and
outs of biofuels
Various types of natural
biomasses and recovered
combustible fuels from
municipal waste are available in
huge quantities globally. There is
a strong political will worldwide
to make increasing use of these
fuels in heat and power
generation. Here we analyse the
situation today and the
challenges in the future.
Political drivers
One of the main driving forces
behind the strong support for
biomass fuels, among other
renewable fuels, is the need to
reduce CO2 emissions. Compared to
NOx and SOx emissions, these are
extremely expensive to remove
from flue gases by technological
means. Biomasses, when growing,
8 - Energy News
Issue 13
absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,
releasing it back when burned.
Hence the total amount of CO2 in
the atmosphere remains the same,
which is not the case when burning
fossil fuels.
Another political driver
encouraging the use of biofuels is
that they are local; they generate
employment and economic benefits
compared to imported fossil fuels.
A third driver is the need to
reduce methane in landfills, which
has already led to a ban on
combustible waste dumping in
Europe and the USA.
Europe has taken a leading role
in developing government
commitments to reducing emissions.
A recent European Union white
paper states that EU electricity
generation capacity based on
renewable fuels must be increased
from 6 to 12 % by 2010. The EU
parliament is soon expected to pass
an EU directive setting targets on
bio-electricity production for each
EU country.
Politically the business drivers for
clean energy are created by defining
a system which relates actual
commercial costs to emissions. This
involves not just direct taxes but
‘green certificates’, which will be
awarded for REF-E (renewable
energy source electricity) power
plants and may be sold to utilities or
distributors not willing or able to
fullfil the above mentioned EU
requirements. In this respect Europe
is the leader, and even though the
final form of the clean energy
business and cost of emissions is
still not fully defined, emission
trading will inevitably be a growing
business in the future, and thereby
improve the competitiveness of
renewable fuel power plants.
Biofuels
Biofuels fall into five main groups:
1) Wood and forest biomass
These fuels are based on wood,
which grows naturally in forests and
exists in large quantities on the
boreal forest belt and the equatorial
zone. These fuels are typically quite
laborious to collect and are mainly
integrated in the forest industry
business. They are available either
in the forests after harvesting, or at
sawmills, pulp and paper mills, and
industrial manufacturers of
wood-based products.
Wood is quite easy to burn
effectively with any combustion
technology although very high
moisture contents (> 60 %) may
require special techniques. Burning
these fuels is an established
business with its own technical
solutions. Big global combustion
equipment suppliers exist in the
– Shavings, typically dry,
moisture content < 20 %
– Plywood residues, furniture
industry residues, moisture
content < 20 %
• Forest residues (often left unused
in forests)
A Logset chipper for production of wood fuels from tree harvesting residues.
– Exist globally in forest zones,
numerous sorts and properties
upper power range (> 50 MW), • Spent cooking liquors, black
while the smaller power range is liquor
covered by numerous local or – Widely used as fuel by the
regional manufacturers. paper industry.
Fuel prices vary strongly
depending on how the fuel is
collected. If it is available as a
by-product at a sawmill, the value
may be close to zero or even
negative. If it has to be collected
from the forest using specific labour
and machinery, the cost rapidly
increases as the collection radius
widens.
Main fuel types:
• Solid wood residues from 2) Agricultural residues
industrial processes
Agricultural fuels exist almost
– Bark, high moisture content, globally, but the types of fuel differ
45…65 %
greatly in different climate, welfare
– Sawdust, moisture content and cultural zones. Most of these
40…55 %
fuels are highly seasonal and
Energy News - 9
Issue 13
 Energy solutions for tomorrow
require storage capacity or back-up
energy solutions.
Agricultural fuels from farming
are available mainly locally on a
fairly small scale, although larger
quantities are available in the
backyards of industrial producers.
This naturally limits the number of
large projects for combustion
equipment whereas there are a
large number of smaller projects
and local boiler makers around the
world.
These fuels are often quite
difficult to burn because of ash
problems related to their high
alkaline and chlorine content.
It is almost impossible to define
any general price for these fuels
since the prime cost is the cost of
collection, which is a strongly local
issue. At industrial sites the cost can
again be very low, whereas
collecting the fuel from the field
easily pushes the cost into the same
range as with forest residue fuels.
Main fuel types:
• Straw
– Globally available, 3 billion t/a,
1 BTOE/a
• Sugar cane residues, bagasse
– Large quantities in tropical and
subtropical zones
N.V. Huisvuilcentrale N-H in Alkmaar (the Netherlands). Wärtsilä’s Pure Energy solution integrated in a
Waste-to-Energy concept.
10 - Energy News
Issue 13
• Rice husk similar to those for forest residues
– Mainly in Asia, less seasonal or slightly higher.
than many others Main fuel types:
• Cotton stalks • Annual and biannual crops (e.g.
– In sub-tropical zones, India, reed canary grass)
China, USA • SRF (willow, poplar).
• Olive residues
– Regional around the
Mediterranean Sea, highly
seasonal
• Palm oil residue
– East Asia, Malaysia, Thailand,
South America
• Animal manure and similar
– Locally in smaller quantities,
landfill production.
4) Recovered fuel from municipal
3) Energy crops and Short
and industrial wastes
Rotation Forestry (SRF)
These fuels are available in large
Agricultural policies drive the
quantities in human societies
systematic cultivation of special
globally. With the growing ban on
energy forests. These produce
land filling, there is increasing
combustible energy rapidly in
demand for converting them to
tropical zones, but such forests also
usable energy through combustion.
exist even in northern countries
This requires that the waste is
where the rate of growth is slower.
sorted in a suitable manner to
Global oil companies have
recover the combustible fuel. Both
envisioned that such forests will
the sorting and the combustion
form a major source of energy in
plant business, especially on smaller
the world ‘after oil and natural gas’.
scales, are still rather undeveloped.
These fuels burn in the same way
Recovered fuels are mainly
as straw. Fuel prices are typically
regarded as renewable but plastics
are not. These fuels are generally
subject to tighter emission
legislation than wood owing to their
varying and more uncontrollable
content. Large local variations of
course exist.
The price of municipal waste is
typically negative, i.e. it is a true
waste. If the fuel is derived – the
non-combustibles have been
separated – the price will approach
zero from the negative side.
Main fuel types:
• Municipal waste (MSW) and
derivates
– REF, recycled fuel; three
different combustible types
exist
– RDF, refuse-derived fuel
• Waste wood
– Demolition wood from the
building industry
• Industrial sludges.
5) Peat
Peat is a slowly renewable fuel
available from dry swamps locally
in Scandinavia, Ireland, Russia,
Indonesia and Canada. It is
regarded a Renewable Energy
Source (RES) by the European
Parliament, but not by the
Intergovernmental Panel of Climate
Change (IPCC).
Peat is collected from swamps
using special equipment. It is
transported to users by train or
truck. It burns relatively easily in
larger boilers.
Where available, peat costs
roughly as much as forest residues.
Biofuels – new challenges in
distributed power generation
Biofuels present distinct features
and issues that differ considerably
from fossil fuels such as oil and
coal.
Firstly, biomass fuels are not as
homogenous as oil, coal or natural
gas, but vary in composition and
moisture content etc. over time.
This is most obvious with fuels like
RDF. But also a certain wood type
(i.e. pine) may have quite different
combustion characteristics
depending on the soil and climate.
For this reason equipment
suppliers normally require fuel
samples for testing before they
guarantee performance data. The
crucial parameter defining the
available boiler output and the
allowable min./max. variation limits
of different fuel parameters is the
ash melting point of the fuel.
Keeping the fuel composition or
moisture content inside the agreed
limits is often a real challenge in
practice and may require special
measures.
Secondly, there are no global
(spot) fuel prices. The actual fuel
cost is a sum of:
• The cost of the fuel at its original
location
– Often quite low (unless
demand exceeds supply!)
• Collection cost
– Depends on the necessary
machinery and labour
Plant specific investment costs
versus plant size
Optimum project
Fig. 1 Business cost dynamics of a small-scale biomass power plant.
• Transportation cost
– The bigger the collection circle,
the higher the cost
• Handling cost (at the boiler plant)
– Milling, sorting, drying,
feeding.
Some large and special sources of
biomass fuel exist such as industrial
fuel collectors, who use the raw
material for something else and
produce a biomass by-product (e.g.
bark, sawdust, sludge). In these
cases the collection and
transportation costs are paid back
by the main business; the biofuel
cost can be very low and the
amount quite big.
In practice larger than 50 MWth
boiler and power plant projects are
possible only in conjunction with
the relatively limited number of the
following special customers:
• Saw mills
• Pulp and paper mills
• Municipal waste collection in
larger cities.
In all other cases the cost of fuel
collection becomes prohibitive to
large projects.
Fuel costs versus
collection radius
Energy News - 11
Issue 13
 Energy solutions for tomorrow
Forest industry residues
Sawdust and bark
Forest residues
Wood chips
Peat
MSW and commercial waste RDF
Typical gate fee for mass burning
Good quality RDF in Europe
Agricultural waste
Straw
Energy crops (SRF)
Landfill gas
Table 1. Typical average biofuel prices
There is an established, global
business for supplying heat boilers
and power plants with the major
large fuel sources mentioned above.
The smaller fuel sources are much
more scattered, and no established,
global heat and power plant
business yet exists for these.
Developing competitive power
generation solutions for these fuels
presents certain major challenges.
Figure 1 illustrates the challenge.
The blue curve shows the fuel costs
versus the collection circle. The red
curve illustrates the old truism
associated with large utilities called
‘economies of scale’: the bigger the
steam power plant, the lower the
specific investment cost and the
higher the electrical efficiency.
Hence scaling down steam plants in
size inevitably increases the specific
costs and leads to lower pressure
levels, reducing efficiency.
The situation could be improved
at least by:
• Utilising the benefits of
modularisation and serial
12 - Energy News
Issue 13
What's new
EUR/MWh
~ 0…7
~ 5…12
Wärtsilä exp
~ 6…13
~ 5…10
an establish
Wärtsilä will expand its power plant
EUR/MWh range to include biomass fuelled
plants. The company has signed an
~ - 13
agreement to acquire Finnish
~ - 7…0 company Sermet Oy, which
specialises in small and
medium-sized boiler plants running
EUR/MWh
on biofuels, oil and gas.
~ 8…12 Sermet’s net sales in 2001 is
expected to total approx. EUR 20
~ 10…15
million and the result to be on a
~0 good level.
By acquiring Sermet, Wärtsilä
strengthens its position as a supplier
of decentralised power plant
solutions.
Demand for power plants
Traditional power plant fuels EUR/MWh
running on fuels from renewable
Coal 6
energy sources is growing strongly.
HFO 15 The combined output of biomass
LFO 25 fuelled power plants currently
under construction in Europe totals
Natural gas 15
Table 2. Typical global fossil fuel
prices (tax = 0).
production to reduce the cost of
small-scale biomass steam power
plants
• Developing competing power
generation technologies with
different economies of scale
equations
• Accepting a wider variety of fuels.
In the next issue of Energy News
we will examine the various
technologies for biomass-based heat approximately 1,000 MW. There is a
and electricity generation. n large market potential in the
developing countries. In the market
Author: Jussi Heikkinen sector there are several local
Vice President, Marketing
Wärtsilä Corporation
equipment suppliers, but not yet
companies that supply small power
ands into biopower and acquires
ed company in the market
plants globally. In this field Sermet
is the leading company supplying
boilers for biofuels in the Nordic
countries and Finland is a front-line
biomass combustion know-how
base in the market.
“With Sermet’s combustion
technology supported by Wärtsilä’s
project management expertise and
worldwide sales network we expect
this business to grow substantially,”
stated Mr Pekka
Ahlqvist, Group Vice
President, Power Plants.
“The market for
small combined heat
and power plants is
growing rapidly.
Wärtsilä offers an
international network and strong
capabilities in product
modularisation and standardisation
and project management. Sermet is
a technology leader in this size of
power plants and in its market
segment. Pooling our resources will
open up outstanding growth
opportunities for Sermet’s
technology within Wärtsilä’s product
range,” commented Mr Juha
Huotari, President of Sermet Oy.
Sermet Oy
Sermet Oy, founded in Kiuruvesi,
Finland in 1975, was owned by its
operative management and
Forenvia Venture I Ky Fund
managed by 3i Finland Oy. The
company supplies small and
medium-sized boiler plants burning
biomass, oil and gas. Sermet has
supplied more than 1,100 stationary
or portable boiler plants around the
world. Its Sermet BioGrate rotating
grate combustion technology is
patented.
Sermet’s customers are the
mechanical forest industry,
municipalities, energy companies
and other sectors of industry.
Exports varied between 40 % and
90 % of total sales during recent
years. The company’s most
important markets are Finland,
Russia, the Nordic countries, the
Baltic countries and Canada. Sermet
has also supplied 1MWe/6 MWth
combined heat and power plants
running on biomass.
Sermet Oy’s products:
• Biomass fuelled boiler plants
(2-50 MW)
• Oil- and gas-fired medium-sized
boiler plants (1-70 MW)
• Biomass fuelled small power
plants (1-5MWe/6-15MWth).
The patented Sermet BioGrate
combustion technology is especially
suitable for burning wood waste,
bark and sawdust. Sermet BioPower
small power plant technology is
based on Sermet BioGrate
combustion technology. Sermet also
has special expertise in demanding
environmental conditions (e.g. arctic
power plants). n
Energy News - 13
Issue 13
 Meeting the world's energy needs

The Western energy and

power crisis: after the storm?
Closely averted outages, some
help from Mother Nature, and a
collective public resolve to
conserve energy seemed to avert
major energy problems in the
USA this summer. But is the
crisis over?
Although electricity outages were
not completely avoided in California
this summer, blackouts and
brownouts did not prevail as the
‘norm’ in electrical patterns as
analysts and generators warned.
Some would call the experience this
summer a near-miss owing to
conservation measures, scheduled
rolling brownouts and some major
deployment of emergency diesel
backup units.
Approximately 1500 MW of new
and existing diesel engines were
installed or deployed in California
alone. In this emergency state,
emission regulations, which under
normal circumstances preclude
generation from being installed in
California, were allowed to avert the
expected energy catastrophe. A
short-term solution perhaps, but
one which successfully alleviated
the pressures and constraints in the
summer season.
Weather-aided relief
Mother Nature came to the rescue
on the West and East Coasts this
summer. According to data from the
National Climatic Data Center,

Departure from average number of 90 °F days

-11 to -8 0 to 2
2 to 4
-8 to -6 4 to 6
National Climatic Data Center, NOAA
-6 to -4 6 to 8
-4 to -2 8 to 10
-2 to 0 10 to 15

Fig. 1 Departure from average number of days with maximum temperature greater than or equal to 90 °F,
July 2001.

14 - Energy News
Issue 13
temperatures this summer in the Actual Precipitation
Average Precipitation
Western and Eastern regions of the Trend
USA were below, in some cases
well below, average temperatures 5 5
(Fig. 1). This provided some relief
to already limited electricity supply, 4 4
gas and electric transmission lines.

Inches

Inches
A lower summer ambient 3 3
temperature meant less de-rating of
generation equipment, and a lower 2 2
peak demand, since air conditioning
equipment and other related 1 1
electricity-consuming devices were
not loaded as highly as expected.
1995 2000
At the same time, other weather
Year
patterns have not been so kind. On
the West Coast, precipitation levels Fig. 2 Precipitation levels on the west coast of USA.
have been below average and
decreasing for the last two summers
back to their own homes. It became The troubles with electricity
(Fig. 2). Since a majority of the
a positive means of discussing supply in the USA still exist, and
power imported to California from
community issues, the energy crisis, volatility of price and availability is
the Northwest is from
and sharing ideas as to how each still an issue with customers. As
hydro-generation, the depleted
household was ‘doing their part’ to energy prices drop for the moment,
resources have greatly affected the
conserve energy. it allows time for the system
capacity of energy throughout the
operators, legislators, and users of
region. On a national level,
Clear skies? energy to lay out a long-term
hydropower makes up about 8.3 %
The US electricity market is still strategy to alleviate the more serious
of the electricity supply, 70-80 % of
experiencing shortages in issues surrounding the electricity
which comes from Washington and
generation capacity, resulting crisis. n
Oregon1.
ultimately in higher and more
volatile prices, lower reliability and Author: Kelly Speakes
Conservation measures Marketing Director
quality of electricity, and
Operator-initiated outages were Wärtsilä North America
record-high prices of natural gas.
scheduled this summer as
The same issues cited in the
scheduled rolling brownouts
previous article (Western Energy 1 eia.doe.gov, Share of Net Generation by Energy
throughout targeted residential and
and Power Crisis, Energy News Source and Industry Sector, 1999
small commercial neighbourhoods,
Issue 12) still exist. A crisis for the
in order to reduce demand and
summer was averted, but is the lack
avoid major unplanned outages.
of generation reserves and
Governor Gray Davis publicly
diminishing supply resolved? Have
requested the citizens of California
transmission lines been installed to
to reduce usage by 15 % overall, to
transport the power without serious
which the citizens responded fully.
constraint to load pocket areas?
As an anecdote, in a suburban
neighbourhood outside San
Francisco, ‘block parties’ were
planned around the outages, as a
way to gather and chat with nearby
neighbourhoods, meeting at homes
that had electricity, and returning
the visits when electricity came

Energy News - 15
Issue 13
 Meeting the world's energy needs
Wärtsilä to supply largest gas-
fired power plant using
reciprocating engines in the USA
On 1 June 2001, PG&E National
Energy Group (NEG) issued Notice
to Proceed to Wärtsilä for the Plains
End project in Colorado. This would
be a typical Wärtsilä plant
installation if it weren’t for one
thing: it is the largest gas-fired
reciprocating engine plant in the
USA to date, a fact confirmed by the
US Department of Energy.
Wärtsilä has received the largest
order ever for a gas-fired turnkey
110 MW power plant located in
Arvada, on the outskirts of Denver,
Colorado. NEG’s power plant,
scheduled to begin operation in
April 2002, will operate for up to
16 - Energy News
Issue 13
6000 hours per year, within 11
months from notice to proceed. The
plant is a pre-engineered,
pre-packaged gas-fired power plant
based upon twenty 18-cylinder
Wartsila 34SG natural gas engines,
each delivering 5.7 MW.
Readying the site
The site was mobilised on 7 June.
By 12 July, the first project progress
meeting, the site office and
temporary electricity supply were 100 % complete and the Detailed
set up, the site lay-down area was Engineering Package will be
cleared and grading of final site released in the first week of
slopes was completed. As of the September. In fact, all the key
time of this report, engineering is deliverables were procured by the
11 June in accordance with the
contractual milestones.

Start your engines

“Wärtsilä was chosen for its fast
delivery time and ability to operate
at peak efficiency even at high
altitudes – two criteria that many of
the gas turbine power plants sold
today cannot match.
“Distributed power generation
will help Plains End maintain its
high level of service and low rates
for electrical services, while
mitigating the risks of power
shortfalls,” commented Thomas M.
Carbone, president of Wartsila
North America.
“The first steps in executing the
contract with NEG,” said Sami

To date, Wärtsilä has achieved all
those contractual milestones. All the
engineering milestone dates were
met with professional precision. The
foundations-only permit was
received on 29 June, and the
subcontract for concrete works was
awarded on 27 June. The building
permit was issued on 31 August,
five days before erection of the
Myllyviita, project manager for
Plains End, “and making sure our
customer provides their customer
with the capacity they need, is to be
sure to achieve all our contractual
milestones in a timely manner. And
I think our global project team has
done that so far.”
power house commenced.
Today, concrete works are 90 %
complete. Erection of the building
frame is 100 % complete and the
building envelope will be finished
by the end of October. The erection
of the steel structures for the coolers
and exhaust gas system is
proceeding well and will be ready
by the end of October. The first
engine is on the foundation.
Back at the factory, the first four
gensets have been tested, and
transportation was contracted to
Kuehne&Nagel. The first main
shipment (5 gensets, main
auxiliaries, and emission control
equipment) arrived in October. The
rest are in progress and the final
genset is due to be on site by 17
December.
Wärtsilä has won nine orders for
gas-fired power plants in the USA,
representing 330 MW, in the last
twelve months – more than
doubling its installed capacity in the
USA.
“This is a very exciting time for
Wärtsilä in North America,” said
Tom Carbone. “We are seeing the
fruits of our efforts, and doing
everything we can to fulfil the
needs of our customers.” n

Energy News - 17
Issue 13
 Technology in focus

Wärtsilä 20V34SG
experience from the first installation
Wärtsilä has continuously enlarged
its gas engine portfolio. Different
gas engine types such as
spark-ignited or dual-fuel engines
have been developed for various
applications to suit a magnitude of
customer needs.
The new 20-cylinder Wärtsilä
34SG extends the output range of
the spark-ignited gas engines to
8 MW. It applies the well-proven
technology used on previous 34SG
engine, but offers several new
benefits such as:
• Higher unit output owing to
bigger cylinder stroke and more
cylinders
• Higher efficiency owing to the
further improved combustion Fig. 1 Wärtsilä 20V34SG
process
• Longer maintenance intervals due After completion of the test lengthening the piston stroke, see
to mechanically controlled period the engine was transported Fig. 3. The first output stage has a
pre-chamber gas feed system and to Bermeo in Spain for further BMEP of 17.6 bar corresponding to
improved ignition system verification of engine performance 8 MW shaft output, although the
• Lower lifecycle cost owing to and endurance before ramping up engine is actually designed for
minimised planned and the delivery volume. 20 bar BMEP.
unplanned maintenance with The plant is producing electricity The efficiency target for the
new components with longer for the national grid and due to engine was 45 %. This was already
lifetime and further increased tariff reasons running during the exceeded in the first tests, where
reliability day time, usually between 8.00 am the engine efficiency was measured
• Easier installation using built-on and 10.00 pm. The engine was to be 46 %, the highest efficiency of
systems. started in January 2001 and by any lean-burn spark ignited gas
September had accumulated about engine on the market.
Testing in Finland and Spain 2000 running hours. A major The engine in Bermeo is running
The first Wärtsilä 20V34SG was inspection of all main components with NOx emissions of 500 mg/m3n
tested on the gas test bed in and gas-specific components was at 5 % O2. It can be optimised for
Finland, in the spring of 2000. made after 1700 running hours and lower NOx emissions, which affect
During the test the combustion was results were very positive. the engine efficiency slightly.
optimised and the main
components were checked Higher output and efficiency Three compression ratios
regarding their functionality as well The output of the Wärtsilä 34SG Gas quality varies considerably
as mechanical and thermal load. engine has been increased by around the world. Along with
adding two cylinders and different ambient conditions, this

18 - Energy News
Issue 13
requires engines optimised for
different parameters to ensure the
best possible performance in all
conditions.
Three different compression
ratios are available for the 20V34SG.
The highest compression ratio is
used for installations with a high
methane number gas and with fairly
low ambient temperatures, which
together provide highest engine
efficiency. The lowest compression
ratio is used on installations with a
low methane number gas and high
ambient temperatures. This
combination gives the same high
output in more severe site
conditions with slightly lower
Fig. 2 The Bermeo pilot plant
engine efficiency.
As an example, the gas in Spain
20V34SG 18V34SG
has a methane number of 70-75.
This number is in the middle Bore 340 mm 340 mm
between the high and low and
Stroke 400 mm 350 mm
therefore the medium compression
ratio is used. The compression ratio BMEP 17.6 bar@750 rpm 17.4 bar@750 rpm
is changed using different shim
Unit output shaft 8 MW 6.2 MW
thicknesses between the upper and
lower part of the connecting rod.
Fig. 3 Comparison of theWärtsilä 34SG engines.
Engine design
The 20V34SG engine is based on periodical maintenance in a gas cam between the inlet and exhaust
the latest advances in combustion engine. Earlier designs used a valve systems, Fig. 4. The valve has
technology. It is also designed for non-return pre-chamber valve two functions: to control the gas
flexible manufacturing and long controlled by the pressure feed and to prevent exhaust gases
maintenance-free operating periods. difference between the gas pressure during combustion from entering
Compared with the previous 34SG and the pressure in the the gas feed system.
engine, the new model has the pre-chamber. This valve is quite Using a mechanically actuated
following features: sensitive to carbon deposits from pre-chamber gas valve together with
• Mechanically actuated the combustion and may start to longer-lifetime spark plugs has
pre-chamber gas valve leak or get stuck in the closed reduced the need for planned
• Starting air system with starting position, leading to misfiring in the maintenance. The maintenance
air valves cylinder. To ensure reliable interval is 2000 hours compared to
• Turbocharger with VTG (variable function, the non-return valve must 1000 hours with the older 34SG
turbine geometry) control be cleaned regularly, usually at engine. The lower frequency of
• Upgraded engine control system 1000-hour intervals. planned maintenance together with
(WECS 8000). The new Wärtsilä 34SG engine is the engine’s improved reliability has
equipped with a mechanically a significant impact on the lifetime
Pre-chamber gas actuated gas feed valve inside the cost of the power plant.
admission system pre-chamber unit. The valve is There is even potential to further
The pre-chamber non-return valve operated with a rocker arm, a push increase the maintenance interval
is one of the components requiring rod and a glide tappet running on a with new spark plugs with a longer

Energy News - 19
Issue 13
 Technology in focus
Mechanically actuated
Fig 4. Comparison of pre-chamber gas admission systems
lifetime. A new type of spark plug
has been tested on the 18V34SG
engine with very promising results.
This new spark plug has the
potential to increase spark plug
lifetime to 3000 hours, and beyond.
The benefits of the new spark plug
cannot be fully realised on an
engine with a non-return valve as
the engine must still be stopped for
cleaning of the non-return valve.
Starting air system with
starting air valves
The starting air valves in the
cylinder head are a standard
solution on Wärtsilä diesel engines
because of their reliable design. On
lean-burn gas engines the crevice
Fig 5. Turbocharger with VTG control
20 - Energy News
Issue 13
Spring loaded
Check valve
Gas flow
Prechamber
volumes inside the cylinder head
– including the starting air inlet –
must be minimised to avoid
knocking and to achieve low THC
emissions. Therefore starter motors
engaged on the flywheel have been
used to start the engine. The new
starting air valve has been designed
with a valve disc at the same level
as the flame plate of the cylinder
head to provide more reliable and
faster start-up.
Turbocharger with VTG control
The turbochargers are equipped with
variable turbine geometry (VTG).
This adjusts the gas cross section and
flow velocity at the inlet of the
turbine wheel to optimise turbine
Fig 6. WECS 8000 system.
performance at different loads. At
high engine load, the turbocharger
decreases the gas cross section,
keeping the charge air pressure at
the required level. The cross section
modulation is controlled directly
using an actuator, Fig. 5.
The turbocharger with VTG is still
a prototype and will be further
followed-up and evalueted on the
engine in Bermeo.
WECS 8000
engine control system
The engine control system has been
updated from WECS 3000 to the
new WECS 8000 system. The basic
system structure is the same with
electronic control modules
dedicated for different functions
mounted on the engine.
The units used in the WECS 8000
system have been modified to
withstand the demanding
environment on the engine better.
The cabling is made of
prefabricated harnesses, which
makes assembly faster and easier,
Fig. 6.
Engine inspection and
operating experience
A major engine inspection was
performed after 1700 running hours.
The main engine components and
 At the mechanical inspection after The wear of the pre-chamber nozzle
1700 hours there was minor carbon holes has been negligible and there
built-up on the valve, but cleaning has been no need to replace the
was not necessary and there was no pre-chambers themselves. The
indication of unexpected valve pre-chamber is nowadays inspected
wear. A thorough follow-up of the at the same time as the cylinder
valve performance as well as the head, i.e. 20,000 hours.
The main gas valve is the same as
used in the older 34SG engine. It is
Fig. 7 Piston top. electronically controlled, which is a
must to ensure optimal combustion
the gas-specific components were
in every cylinder. The field
found to be in excellent condition.
experience of the main gas valve
The piston is designed with a low
has been very good. Based on
top land height to minimise the
experience from the 18V34SG the
amount of unburned hydrocarbons
main gas valves need no
trapped in the crevice volume. Since
maintenance between the cylinder
a lower piston top land height also
head overhauls.
increases the temperature of the

Conclusion
Fig. 9 Pre-chamber nozzle.
The running experiences together
with the mechanical inspection
related parts will continue to ensure
demonstrate that the new 20V34SG
that the expected time between
engine is performing even better
overhaul can be achieved.
than expected. Ramp-up of
The pre-chamber design and
manufacturing volumes can
material is based on the older 34SG
therefore start during 2002. n
engine. These have accumulated
more than 500,000 operating hours
Author: Ulf Åstrand
and several individual engines have Manager, Gas Engine Development
reached more than 25,000 hours. Wärtsilä Technology
Fig. 8. Pre-chamber gas valve.

piston rings and ring grooves, the

piston cooling has been optimised
to keep temperatures at a moderate
level.
No carbon-built up was observed
behind the piston rings and in the
piston ring grooves, Fig. 7. This
indicates that the piston, piston
rings and the cylinder liner will
have a prolonged lifetime.
The mechanically actuated
pre-chamber gas valve is designed
for an overhaul period of 10,000
running hours. So far no cylinder
misfiring has taken place because of
a malfunction of the pre-chamber
gas valve.
Fig. 10 Main gas valve.

Energy News - 21
Issue 13
 Inside view
WPM – birth of a modular
power solution
The Wärtsilä Power Module
marks the latest development in
modern distributed power
solutions. The concept is
designed for fast-track power
from 2 to 40 MWe, fuelled by gas
or light fuel oil (LFO) and
suitable for continuous
operation and peaking
applications.
In our ever more rapidly changing
world the traditional role of state
power utility companies, large in
size and used to cost-based tariff
electricity prices, is getting weaker.
Liberalisation, deregulation and
decentralisation are the watch
words in the power industry today.
In many parts of the world,
deregulation has even caused
shortages in electricity supply, as
governments/utilities are more
hesitant to construct large
centralised power plants. In
the industrial world concern
about power quality is
growing as downtime
resulting from power cuts and
fluctuating power quality
becomes increasingly costly.
Industries are looking for
decentralised power solutions
with ultra-short lead times and good
pay-backs.
The Wärtsilä Power Module
concept
The Wärtsilä Power Module (WPM)
has been developed in response to
these power requirements. Its main
features are:
• Flexible modular concept
22 - Energy News
Issue 13
• Fast-track delivery
• Can burn either natural gas or
LFO
• High efficiency and low operating
cost
• Easy maintenance inside the
Power Module
• Low emissions
• Fast return on investment.
The WPM is a modular power plant
with the following main
components:
• High-efficiency, low-emission
Wärtsilä 220 SG gas or Wärtsilä
200 LFO generator set
(1.8-3.5 MWe unit size)
• Self-supporting, fire-safe steel
enclosure with sandwich-type
walls for sound attenuation
• Sound-attenuated WPM
ventilation and combustion air
system
• Generator set starting system
• Engine lubricating oil system
• Generator set control system
• Cooling system
• Automatic fire fighting equipment
• Exhaust silencer with gas engine
safety systems
• Maintenance platform on both
sides of the generator set
• Maintenance hoist
• Gas regulating unit for gas
engines
• Diesel fuel system for LFO
engines
• Full standard documentation on
mechanical and electrical systems
including transportation and civil
works guide for easy installation
• Operation and maintenance
manual.
The WPM is fabricated from 100 %
pre-engineered and qualified
components at the Wärtsilä factory.
The standard design has enabled
Wärtsilä to reduce the
manufacturing time to the absolute
minimum. The time required for
engineering, usually several weeks,
is entirely eliminated.
Lead time only 80 days
The delivery time of the WPM from
customer order to handover is
currently 80 days, even to
most remote sites in the
world.
Since the main module is
transported in only three
parts, site installation is simple
and takes only a few days.
This gives the customer
unique security concerning
fast return on investment. It
also guarantees rapid availability
and good quality power.
The WPM is a factory-built and
factory-tested power plant, and
requires practically no infrastructure
for installation and commissioning.
Modular design and simple,
cost-effective foundation ensure fast
installation with minimum site work
and risks.
Flexibility
The output of the generator set in
the Wärtsilä Power Module is 1.8 to
3.5 MWe, extendible as a modular
power plant to 40 MWe.
Units are easily added as energy
requirements grow since the
pre-engineered nature of the
concept ensures that systems are
interconnectable and no major
changes are necessary to the
existing mechanical and electrical
systems.
On the other hand the WPM
concept gives added options to the
investor; the modules can be
relocated at low cost, making them
ideal also for short-term power sales
and peaking applications in a
higher power range than traditional
rental generating sets.
Combined heat and power
Since the lean-burn Wärtsilä 220 SG
gas generator set has an electrical
efficiency of over 40 % and, with
heat recovery, a total efficiency of
up to 90 %, the WPM concept is
also ideally suited to combined heat
and power (CHP) installations.
Modern technology keeps the
exhaust emissions of the gas-fired
WPM competitively low.
One of the unique features of the
WPM concept is the possibility to
add a CHP module to the standard
generator set module. The standard
CHP module can produce hot water
or steam, or both, from the gas
engine exhaust gas and cooling
system. The CHP module can be
extended to produce chilled water,
hot air and desalinated water as
well.
Remote power plant operation
and performance management
The Wärtsilä power plant control
system (WOIS) has been designed
for total control and monitoring of
the power plant including the CHP
systems.
Wärtsilä Power Modules are
designed to be linked to worldwide
communications systems for remote
monitoring of the power plant’s
performance. This feature gives
added value especially for
predictive maintenance, unmanned
operation and power sales
accounting purposes.
The advantages of the WPM
concept can be summarised as
follows:
• A modularized, low-risk asset
• Fast-track delivery and startup
• Faster return on investment
through high efficiency and low
operating costs
• Meets demanding environmental
regulations
• Remote power plant operation
and management
• Adaptable to future power needs,
including CHP
• Manufactured according to
Wärtsilä ISO 9001 quality
standards
• The worldwide Wärtsilä service
network guarantees easy and
efficient maintenance and
operation of the power plant. n
Author: Markku Rinne
Marketing & Training Manager
Wärtsilä France
Energy News - 23
Issue 13
 Inside view

New OCP pi
bottlenecks
Ecuador has enormous oil reserves in
the jungle of the Amazonas. But this
also creates a dilemma: how to get
the oil to the world market. To the
east lies the jungle and in the west the
sky-high Andes mountains. Existing
transportation systems reached full
capacity more than ten years ago and
the main issue hampering oil
production in Ecuador throughout the
1990s was the shortage of additional
oil transport capacity.

The SOTE pipeline

The existing TransEcuadorian
Pipeline System, the SOTE pipeline,
was built across the Andes to the
Pacific Coast by Texaco for its own
oil production in the 1970s. When
Texaco’s operation rights expired in
1992 SOTE and the entire Texaco
operation in Ecuador was
transferred to the Ecuadorian
government, and in practice to
Petroecuador to operate.
In 1993 Ecuador introduced legal
reforms intended to reduce
Petroecuador’s domination of
petroleum development and to
attract more private investment to
E&P (Exploration and Production)
in Ecuador. Thereafter two bidding
rounds were organized in Ecuador,
resulting in more than ten
international oil companies to start
exploration in the jungle.
In 1994 Petroecuador called for
bids to upgrade SOTE to a targeted
capacity of up to 450,000 bbl/d
(barrels/day). Estimated oil reserves
indicated that the country’s oil
production could easily be doubled,
but SOTE’s capacity was only
330,000 bbl/d.

24 - Energy News
Issue 13
peline opens oil production
in Ecuador
By then SOTE had been in
operation for about 20 years and
the lifetime of the machinery was
running out. There are six pump
stations with five pumping units in
operation and one on stand-by at
each station. The pump stations are
located on the eastern, up-hill side
of the Andes. The highest point of
the pipeline is 4000 m and the
highest location of a pump station is
3000 m. Each pumping unit
comprises a diesel engine driver
running on crude oil, a step-up gear
and a centrifugal pump.
Several upgrading options have
been studied since 1994 but
additional units on each station, and
even the addition of a new pumping
station, have only increased the
capacity to 390,000 bbl/d.
“You gotta have a pipeline,
or two”
In 1998 the Ecuadorian government
invited oil producers operating in
Ecuador Oriente to launch a parallel
pipeline project for SOTE. The oil
producers, ‘shippers’ and
Petroecuador agreed that the new
pipeline would transport heavy
crude oils, below API° 24, and the
existing pipeline would be used for
the lighter crude oils. So the new
The pipeline project implementation
was given the formal technical
go-ahead at the beginning of 2001
and in early July, following
environmental approval, the green
light was given for the construction
start and the contract with Techint
became effective in its full form.
The scheduled target to start
operating OCP is the beginning of
2003.
The total investment cost estimate
of the OCP pipeline is 1.1 billion
USD including the construction
project and all the right-of-way
permits and land acquisitions.
OCP Consortium
The shareholders of OCP are:
• Alberta Energy, Canada
• Agip Petroleum, Italy
• Kerr-McGee, U.S.A.
• Occidental Petroleum, U.S.A.
• Repsol - YPF, Spain
• Perez Companc, Argentina
• Techint Argentina.
Wärtsilä four-stroke engines as pump drivers
bhp
Multifuel (LFO, HFO, CRO)
Wärtsilä 46
Wärtsilä 38
Wärtsilä 32
Wärtsilä Vasa 32LN
The shareholders are all oil
companies operating and producing
hydrocarbons in Ecuador Orient
except Techint. Techint is the main
contractor for OCP working as the
EPC contractor for the pipeline,
pump stations and terminals.
OCP project introduction
For most of its length the OCP
pipeline system runs in parallel with
SOTE, except that OCP will pass
Quito, the capital of Ecuador, in the
north and SOTE in the south. The
pipeline begins near Lago Agrio, in
the Oriente Region of Ecuador, goes
across the Andes at a highest point
of 4062 m above sea level, and ends
at the Marine Terminal near
Esmeraldas on the Pacific Coast.
OCP will have a nominal,
sustainable capacity of 410,000 bbl/d
at Amazonas Terminal and 450,000
bbl/d after the injection point at the
Sardinas pump station. The total
length of the pipeline is about 500
5000 10000 15000 20000

pipeline got its name: OCP, Wärtsilä 20

Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados, Dual fuel (natural gas / liquid fuel)

Wärtsilä 46GD
Heavy Crude Oil Pipeline, and later
Wärtsilä Vasa32GD
on the pipeline venture took the Wärtsilä 32DF
name OCP Consortium. Gas (only)
The pipeline project development Wärtsilä 34SG

started right away and Techint was Wärtsilä 220SG

selected as the main Engineering, LFO

Wärtsilä 200 (high-speed)
Procurement and Construction
kW 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
(EPC) contractor at the end of 1999.

Energy News - 25
Issue 13
 Inside view
Oleoducto Crudos Pesados, Ecuador. 4 pump stations, altogether 22 pumping units.

Equal units, each comprising:

1 Wärtsilä 12V32LN crude oil fuelled driver-engine
1 Sulzer MSD 8x10x13B, 6-stage centrifugal pump
1 Lufkin N3307D speed increasing gearbox
Ordered in July, 2001, client Techint S.A. Argentina

6.1 m 5.9 m
49.4 tons 27.6 tons

km and the pipe diameters range Pump Station Power Data

from 24" (610 mm) to 36" (914 mm).
The initial, Amazonas pump
station is located adjacent to the
1,200,000 barrel storage terminal,
where the oil streams of the
shippers will be blended. There are
also two pressure reduction stations
and one automatic block station on
the downhill, western side of the
Andes.
A 3,750,000 barrel marine storage
terminal is located at 205 m above
sea level with two 56" on-shore
loading lines and two 48" off-shore
lines for gravity loading of the
tankers at two single buoy
moorings.
The entire OCP pipeline system
process will be provided with SCADA
control and communications system.
OCP pump stations
The pipeline flow will be initiated
from the terminal tanks at
Amazonas Terminal by screw-type
booster pumps, which will push the
crude oil blend through heat
exchangers. The heavy crude oil
blend will be heated in order to
reduce its viscosity to a level
suitable for the centrifugal type
main pumps. The other pump
stations also have heating systems
to ensure that the temperature of
Pump Stations Configuration
PS-1 Amazonas 4+1
PS-2 Cayagama 4+1
PS-3 Sardinas 5+1
PS-4 Paramo 5+1
the flow ranges from 65 °C to 75 °C
at all the pump stations.
The four pump stations operate
in series along the pipeline
providing the dynamic pressure
head for the flow and the static
head for the altitude increase. At
each station the high-pressure
centrifugal pumps are connected in
parallel, the suction nozzles of the
pumps are connected in parallel to
the inlet-header pipe and the
discharge nozzles of the pumps to
the outlet-header.
The driver engines will use the
crude oil blend from the pipeline as
fuel and therefore 10,000 barrel
crude oil tanks are installed in each
pump station. Crude oil will be
centrifuged and feeder-booster units
will adjust the viscosity and pressure
for the engines.
Each pump station is also
provided with scraper (‘pig’)
stations on the inlet and outlet main
pipes for internal checking and
cleaning of the pipeline. The relief
tank on each station will collect
Brake power demand per unit Altitude
3370 kW 300 m
3443 kW 1040 m
3119 kW 1803 m
3101 kW 2862 m
crude oil spills in emergency
situations, such as pressure surges.
The pump stations and all the
equipment are designed according
to American Petroleum Institute
(API) standards and the explosion
hazard has been given particular
consideration.
Main pump units from Wärtsilä
Wärtsilä is supplying equipment for
four pumping stations, in total 22
main pump units.
The output of each pumping unit
will vary from 3.1 MW to 3.4 MW
and each unit consists of one
Wärtsilä 12V32LN crude oil fuelled
driver engine including auxiliary
equipment, a centrifugal pump, and
speed-increasing gearboxes. All the
units are identical, comprising the
pump, gearbox and engine installed
on a common baseframe, which is
split into two parts for
transportation. The two parts, one
with the pump and gearbox and the
other with the engine, are then
bolted together into one piece, first

26 - Energy News
Issue 13
in the factory for aligning, and
finally on site.
The packaging of the units will
be made by Wärtsilä in Finland.
Since the units are identical, only
one unit will be string-tested by
Wärtsilä to verify its mechanical and
operational performance at full
capacity. This requires installation of
one complete pumping unit at the
factory including a pipeline loop for
pumping the water.
Pump units
The power demand of the pumping
units is based on the required
pumping duty of each station and
on the pump station configuration.
Adding the gearbox loss defines the
brake power demand per unit. The
driver engine has been selected for
the site conditions according to that
brake power demand with an
additional output reserve of
minimum 10 % according to API
standards.
The driver engine was selected
based on normal rating principles
governed by the altitude and the
ambient temperature. The driver
also had to be a variable-speed
engine with a speed range of
50-100 %.
OCP project status at Wärtsilä
When writing this story, in October
2001, detailed engineering of the
units is in full swing at Wärtsilä and
Techint’s supervisors are approving
the documentation online with
Wärtsilä to speed up the project.
Manufacturing of the units has
also started and the delivery to
Ecuador will take place in three lots:
• 8 units in January 2002
• 6 units in March 2002
• 8 units in April 2002 n
Author: Pekka Laine
Application Manager
Wärtsilä Finland
Occidental Eden Yuturi,
Ecuador
Wärtsilä has contracted a 25 MW Power Master plant for the Eden-Yuturi oil
field development site in eastern Ecuador. The plant is owned and will be
operated by Occidental Petroleum Inc. and located on Block 15 in the
Ecuador Oriente jungle.
The Wärtsilä Power Master will supply power to the drilling pumps, the
new Central Process Facility and the oil boosting pipeline pumps.
Wärtsilä solution
The Power Master plant runs on crude oil and consists of four Wärtsilä Vasa
32LN engines, each producing 6.3 MW. With only minor changes to the
engines and their fuel systems, the Wärtsilä engines perform as a
conventional HFO plant.
The main properties of the API 19.6° crude oil from Eden Yuturi are:
density 937 kg/m3 @ 15 °C, viscosity 136 cSt @ 50 °C; water 0.2 v/v %,
sulphur 1.88 % and ambient flash point.
The total site engineering and contract management will be done by
Universal Ensco with the option for an extension of four engines.
Wärtsilä’s scope of supply also includes the medium-voltage switchgear,
control systems, fuel and cooling systems, and other auxiliaries.
The engines will be delivered to the site in January 2002 and, the plant
will be handed over to the customer when crude oil is available at the site
in late summer 2002.
The estimated production capacity of Eden Yuturi oil field in 2003 will be
70,000 bbl/day.
Main Data
Total electric output:. . . . . . . . 25 MW
Engine type: . . . . 4 x Wärtsilä 18V32LN
Year of commissioning: . . . . . . . 2002
OCP Marine Terminal
Chiquilpe Cayagama Amazonas
Puerto Quito Occidental
Paramo
Sardinas
Agip Villano
South Pacific
Ocean
Ecuador
Golfo de Guayaquil
OCP pipeline
Existing pipeline
Pump stations
Wärtsilä power stations
Pressure reduction stations
Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados, Heavy Crude Oil Pipeline.
Energy News - 27
Issue 13
 Inside view

Kipevu II Power Plant in Mombasa, Kenya

Kipevu II Low-cost energy in Kenya

A 74 MW Power Master Plant in Services, Inc. (WDFS) submitted a WDFS in 1997 and the Power
Mombasa, Kenya, was started up proposal in response to the tender. Purchase Agreement (PPA) and
in September 2001 right on The contract for developing the Payment Security Agreement (PSA)
schedule. Today the Kipevu II Kipevu II project was awarded to were signed in late 1998.
project is Kenya Power and
Lighting Co. Ltd’s lowest-cost
energy producer.

The Kipevu II project started in

1996 when the Government of
Kenya embarked on a series of
major policy reforms, including
private sector investments. This
resulted in the Government of
Kenya issuing an international
tender for a power generating
station in Mombasa known as
Kipevu II. In November 1996,
Wärtsilä Development & Financial

28 - Energy News
Issue 13

WDFS selected Industrial
Promotion Services (IPS) of Nairobi
as its local partner early in the
development process. After signing
of the PPA and PSA, WDFS and IPS
teamed up with the Commonwealth
Development Corporation (CDC) of
the UK and Cinergy Corporation of
the US to complete the
development and financing of the
project.
Imaginative financing
In keeping with its view of private
sector development, the
Government of Kenya did not agree
to guarantee the obligations of
Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd.
(KPLC) despite heavy pressure from
WDFS and the financing
community. This made it a
challenge to obtain financing that at
times seemed insurmountable. The
usual sources of finance for IPP
projects, commercial banks, were
simply not available without direct
government support and eventually
help was sought from the
multilateral agencies.
Among those that expressed
interest were the International
Finance Corporation (IFC), the
Commonwealth Development
Corporation (CDC) and the
Deutsche Investitions und
Entwicklungsgesellschaft mgH
(DEG). During 1999 an agreement
was reached with this group of
financial institutions to act as
parallel lenders for the project and
provide limited recourse finance.
In addition, the IFC provided
additional financing through its ‘B’
loan program. Syndication of this
financing was arranged by WDFS
and included the following
institutions: The Netherlands
Development Finance Company
(FMO), Merita Bank, Leonia Bank
and WD Power Fund. Also, some
subordinated debt was obtained
through IFC’s ‘C’ loan program and
DEG.
Owing to the lack of government
guarantees, WDFS developed a
unique security structure (the PSA)
in which the revenues from a
‘revenue circle’ in the Mombasa
coastal area flow through a set of
accounts dedicated to servicing
KPLC’s obligations under the PPA.
This arrangement is further backed
by letters of credit and direct
agreements between the lenders
and KPLC and, for certain limited
circumstances, the Government of
Kenya. As one can imagine, this
security structure represented
unfamiliar territory to all the parties
concerned and was very difficult to
negotiate. Eventually terms
satisfactory to the lenders were
agreed; the loan agreement was
signed in June of 2000 and
disbursements commenced in
August 2000.
In addition to the debt, the equity
holders invested in equity in the
special-purpose company that owns
the project, Tsavo Power Company
(TPC), to achieve the total project
cost with a debt/equity ratio of
Energy News - 29
Issue 13
 Inside view
75/25. The equity holders are CDC
(30 %), WDFS (15.1 %), a joint
venture between Cinergy and IPS
(49.9 %) and the IFC (5 %).
Fast equipment delivery
Kipevu II, a 74 MW Power Master
Plant, consists of seven Wärtsilä 38
generating sets. Wärtsilä began
construction immediately after
financial closing in August 2000,
and commercial operation was
started on 4 September 2001,
exactly on schedule.
One of the keys to the successful
Kipevu II project was fast
equipment delivery from Finland
and the Netherlands. This was
possible because the technical
discussions during the negotiations
reached a balanced compromise
between the customers’
requirements and Wärtsilä’s Power
Master concept. Furthermore the
project risks were properly
identified and well managed using
Wärtsilä Eastern Africa’s (WEA)
knowledge of the local market.
The construction works were
ahead of schedule and key
milestones were achieved exactly as
planned:
• Foundations ready and first main
shipment arrival at site on 30
November 2000
• First ‘smoke’ on 18 May 2001
• Plant produced 74 MWe at full
capacity for testing purposes on
15 June 2001
• Plant Acceptance 1 September
2001.
Today Wärtsilä has an installed base
of over 400 MW in the Eastern
African region, which contributes
approximately to 15 % of the total
installed capacity in the region.
Full O&M responsibility
TPC entered into an Operations &
Maintenance Agreement with
Wärtsilä Operations, Ltd. for a term
30 - Energy News
Issue 13
of 15 years. Wärtsilä Operations
assigned the whole contract to
WEA.
The full O&M contract reduces
the business risk for Tsavo
significantly. Not only does it
guarantee all technical parameters
such as heat rate, output and
availability, it also provides an
active partner for Tsavo with the
end-user KPLC.
In general the operation of the
plant is managed on a rotating
three-shift basis with a staff of
operation and maintenance
technicians.
During the mobilisation part of
the O&M contract the technical and
procedural training included a
schooling process designed to
ensure that personnel ‘buy into’ the
plant operational philosophy. After
the successful mobilisation period
the personnel were formally
qualified as competent to operate
the plant in a safe and reliable
manner. Ongoing ‘on the job’
training for staff is also provided to
ensure the transfer of knowledge
from the expatriate personnel to the
plant staff.
In general all minor and major
overhauls and repairs are performed
on site by the plant staff. If
required, WEA field service group
may assist in major works or
technically complex operations.
Success all round
The project has been a success story
for all the partners: Tsavo, KPLC
and Wärtsilä. Today the Kipevu II
project is KPLC’s lowest-cost energy
producer among all their
geothermal projects.
Wärtsilä showed their capabilities
in total energy concepts by
developing an IPP project without
government guarantees in the most
cost-effective way for the investors
with KPLC as the off-taker. n
Authors: Edze-Jan Kroneman,
General Manager Power Plants,
Wärtsilä Eastern Africa
Pieter Hokkeling,
Senior Project Development Manager,
Wärtsilä Development & Financial Services
Interview with KPLC
Energy News interviewed Mr S. K. Gichuru,
Managing Director of Kenya Power and Lighting Co.
Ltd. (KPLC) on the power situation in Kenya in
general and on KPLC’s co-operation with Wärtsilä.

Mr Gichuru, could you describe the

power mix in the national grid?
The interconnected network comprises the following
mix:
Installed Effective
capacity (MW) capacity (MW)
Hydro 677 639
Kengen Thermal 224.5 196
Kengen Geothermal 45 45
IPPs
Iberafrica (diesel) 56 56
Westmont (turbines) 43.5 43.5 In Kenya, IPPs commenced developments in 1966
Orpower (geothermal) 12.0 12.0
Tsavo, Kipevu II(diesel) 74.2 74.2 and the first IPP plant was commissioned in 1997.
Imports 30.0 0
Total capacity 1,162.2 1,065.7
Since then three other IPP projects have started
operation. It is expected that IPP projects will
Hydro currently represents 60 % of the installed continue to play a significant role in power
capacity. The 20-year generation expansion plan, production in the future. This is true not only for
based on a least-cost approach in determining the Kenya, but for other countries in the region.
plant to be considered for development, will have Furthermore, there is co-operation within the region
the following composition by the year 2019: in power trade as evidenced by the proposed East
Capacity (MW)
African Power Master Plan, the Arusha to Nairobi
Hydro 860 power transmission interconnector, and the Zambia
Geothermal 496 to Tanzania interconnector. The transmission
Thermal 804 interconnectors will enable East African countries to
Import 150
Total 2,310
trade power with the South African Power Pool.

How would you rate the importance to

By 2019, therefore, hydro capacity is expected to
decline from the current 60 % to 37 % of total
effective generation. Note also that this type of
generation mix maximises renewable resources such
as hydro and geothermal, while maintaining enough
fossil fuel thermal plant capacity to cater for drought
periods.
the Kenyan economy of the Kipevu II project
compared with other power plants?
The Kipevu II project capacity is about 7 % of the
current effective capacity. However, due to its lower
cost of energy, it is expected to contribute
approximately 11 % of the total energy generated in
the financial year 2001/02.

How significant are IPPs for Kenya
and the region as a whole?
In the past, power generation was developed by the
public sector through multilateral agency funding.
Recent trends have shifted financing by these
agencies to other sectors of the economy, leaving
power generation development to private sector
funding.
What challenges do you see for the energy
sector in the future and what role can Wärtsilä
play as an active partner?
Attracting investment in the energy sector continues
to be a challenge due to the high capital required
and long payback periods. Wärtsilä, having already
made a step by investing in Kipevu II, is well
positioned to invest more in the energy sector. n

Energy News - 31
Issue 13
 Meeting the world's energy needs
Power for extreme conditions
Wärtsilä has been supplying
power plants to some of the
world’s most inhospitable places
for many years. From the peaks
of the Andes to the swamps of
the Kalimantan jungle, and from
the frozen wastes of Siberia to
the scorching heat of Western
Australia, Wärtsilä is there
providing reliable power.
Reciprocating engines have distinct
advantages over gas turbines in
extreme conditions. They are far
more flexible and economical, and
they do not require as much power
de-rating at high temperatures.
Experience is the key in these
difficult conditions and Wärtsilä has
more experience in supplying
turnkey packages for such projects
in all parts of the world than most
other companies. A wide base of
32 - Energy News
Issue 13
site experiences is invaluable when
offering guaranteed performance
packages.
The plant’s high availability is of
prime concern so the problems
associated with maintenance and
service in these inhospitable areas
must be overcome. A common
challenge for operators of very
remote power plants is the rapid
availability of spare parts. Wärtsilä is
bringing further improvements to
this critical situation by offering
remote monitoring of engine
performance with trend analysing
software - Wärtsilä’s WAP based
FAKS system and with critical
transducer redundancy in the
engine construction.
A potential major problem is the
time needed by the mechanical
engine maintenance crew to adapt
to the new advanced
computer-controlled engines. This
can be avoided by demonstrating
the benefits and creating a will
among site people to learn and
adapt. And once they have adapted,
any good crew will be able to run
the equipment more reliably than
before.
Boiling hot power
The gas-fired power plant at
Plutonic Gold Mine in Western
Australia experiences ambient
temperatures of 45 ºC in the
summer months. The plant has
been in commercial operation since
February 1998.
Plutonic Gold Mine is benefiting
from significant savings in the cost
of power generation since the plant
started supplying the base load for
the mine. The older diesel station
acts as a peaking / stand-by plant.
 The Pure Energy plant consists of
four 4 MW Wärtsilä 34SG gas
generator sets. These highly efficient
lean-burn units were manufactured
in Finland and shipped via
Fremantle to the Plutonic Gold Mine
site.
The plant is controlled and
monitored by the Wärtsilä WECS
3000 digital control system. Thanks
to the high efficiency of the power
plant and the use of natural gas, the
specific (g/kWhe) CO2 emissions
are low.
All cooling equipment such as
heat exchangers, lube oil coolers
and radiators are specially designed
to meet the high ambient
temperature requirements. High
external temperatures lead to high
powerhouse temperatures, so all
equipment, especially alternators,
are designed for the conditions.
Also all of the electrical panels
which are located inside the engine
room have a self-cooling
arrangement to ensure their efficient
and reliable operation.
Freezing cold power
Power plants operating in extremely
cold conditions present a number of
unique problems. In some cases
temperatures can sink down to
-65 °C. Some plants are built on
permafrost soils and operate in
electrical island mode conditions
without a connection to any grid.
There is invariably heavy snow and
icing to endure together with high
winds.
The arctic environment also
presents problems in the form of
remote locations without any
infrastructure. This can cause major
headaches for transportation and
operational logistics. For example, it
is not unusual that there are no
roads; heavy equipment must be
transported by rivers or winter
roads over swamps. This is typical
especially on the Siberian oil and
gas fields, where power is needed
for the start of exploration and
drilling operations. During autumn
and spring the only means of
transporting equipment is often by
helicopter.
Solutions to all these problems
are based on Wärtsilä’s extensive
experience in providing reliable
power in the arctic conditions of
northern Finland, Russian Siberia
and North West Territories of
Canada. Wärtsilä has created and
developed special knowhow in all
fields of arctic technology. This also
covers the areas of project
management, as working in the
extreme cold climates requires
specific measures, procedures and
safety precautions.
Wärtsilä’s arctic knowledge used
in the design and engineering of
power plants is a total concept. It
includes all the materials, processes,
working methods and equipment
required for the harsh environment.
The supply, operation and
maintenance of power plants in
arctic conditions has not attracted
many manufacturers as the market
is relatively small and requires
specialist knowledge, material,
equipment and experience in the
field – skills and capabilities that
need to be developed specifically
for this purpose.
Energy News - 33
Issue 13
 Meeting the world's energy needs

Power above the clouds

Standing at 4200 metres, the
Quebrada Blanca copper mine’s
power plant suffers from both high
altitude and freezing cold
temperatures. These extreme
conditions present a number of
unique problems for both man and
machine.
The Quebrada copper mine is
located on a high plateau in the
Andes some 30 km west of the
Bolivian border and 170 km from
the Chilean port city of Iquique. En
route to the site, plant equipment
consisting of ten Wärtsilä 32
generating sets, each weighing 100
tons, had to be hauled through 125
hairpin bends including 60 closed
curves.

atmospheric pressure at high Wärtsilä – for example – had to

altitudes water boils at only 86 ºC,
for example, and fuel evaporates at
a lower temperature than normal.
The low boiling point for liquids
at high altitude requires the use of
closed systems and sufficient static
pressures. To accomplish this
design special expansion tanks.
Electrical motors do not provide
normal output at this height either,
so larger motors must be used.
The extreme conditions at the site
make working difficult. The mine
therefore decided that as much of

The human body finds it difficult

to work efficiently at high altitudes;
it simply does not get enough
oxygen to perform in the normal
way so performance is greatly
reduced. Exactly the same thing
happens to engines. Less oxygen
reaches the cylinders and operators
have to be satisfied with lower than
‘normal’ outputs.
The climate experienced at high
altitude is invariably inhospitable.
On the plateau the weather is dry,
windy and cold. The temperatures
normally range between -8 ºC and
+15 ºC. Altitude also affects other
temperatures; owing to the lower

34 - Energy News
Issue 13

the power plant as was possible
should be pre-manufactured. The
pre-manufacturing concept of
Wärtsilä fitted the need to minimise
work at the site.
Nothing beats experience
Wärtsilä excels at installing
guaranteed power capacity using a
wide variety of fuels in any part of
the world. It is vital to maintain the
quality of the product supplied as
extreme conditions make extreme
demands on equipment and
personnel.
When supplying power plants to
sites located in regions that
experience extreme weather
conditions it is essential that the
supplier and the customer work
closely together to ensure that the
customer’s requirements are
specified accurately.
Wärtsilä has constructed power
plants in more than 130 countries,
and has accordingly developed
working methods for all conditions.
The company’s experience has
taken the guesswork out of design;
there is nothing better than
experience gained from running a
plant in extreme conditions. n
Author: Pilot Communications
What´s new
Fast-track power for
Brazilian textile factory
The shortage of a reliable power supply is a major problem for Brazilian
industry. Coteminas, a large Brazilian textile company, has decided to
solve their energy problems by independently producing power for their
textile factory in João Pessoa, close to the coastal city of Recife.
Coteminas, with eleven factories in Brazil, has awarded a contract to
Wärtsilä to supply a complete turnkey 5.6 MW Power Module plant
consisting of two engine modules, one electric module and a radiator
cooling system. The Power Module features two Wärtsilä 18V220SG
engines and is fuelled by natural gas.
Coteminas has urgent power needs owing to the current Brazilian
energy crisis. The new power plant will provide Coteminas with a reliable
source of power in a region that is susceptible to blackouts. The factory
has considerable power needs as the weaving machines and auxiliary
compressor sets create a high power demand. Reliable power will mean
less downtime and higher profitability.
Delivery in less than four months
This fast-track Power Plant delivery included transportation from Wärtsilä's
Mulhouse factory in France by sea to the port of Recife, Brazil, and then
by land to the site.
The Power Modules will arrive on site pre-tested and ready to connect
to the grid. The governing system allows the plant to be connected to the
public grid. The interface with the grid and the factory is controlled
through an advanced supervision system that includes digital monitoring
features.
The Power Modules will operate in base load. Later a development of
the project will include CHP to produce steam for textile bleaching and
drying processes. The steam will be produced by a steam boiler that will
utilise the exhaust gases from the engines. n
João Pessoa
Brazil
Energy News - 35
Issue 13
 Optimizing performance

Fast-track gas conversion improves

efficiency and lowers NOx emissions in
Portuguese plant
In a drive to meet their
environmental targets on low
emissions and to improve plant
profitability, Tintrofa decided to
convert their heavy fuel oil (HFO)
operated combined heat and power
(CHP) power plant in Portugal to
natural gas. The decision for a
natural gas conversion was both
environmentally and economically
logical for Tintrofa. The new plant’s
benefits include low emissions and
improved plant efficiency. The
conversion has decreased NOX
emissions by some 90 %.
Tintrofa awarded the contract to
Wärtsilä on 28 March 2001, the
conversion project was started in
the middle of May and the plant
was re-commissioned at the end of The Wärtsilä 12V34SG engine has an output of 3780 kWm/3630kWe
June 2001. This fast-track project
was made possible by Wärtsilä’s
This short downtime was made downtime was a key factor behind
ability to convert the power plant
possible as all the works were Tintrofa’s decision to proceed with
within a 5 to 6 week period.
carried out on-site. The short the gas conversion. The plant

Fast-track gas conversion

12V32E HFO engine converted to 12V34SG

NO X mg / Nm 3 at 5% O 2
6000 Fast-track turnkey project for
Tintrofa S.A., Portugal.
5000
The HFO plant, built in 1994,
4000 had 48,000 running hours.

After gas conversion: NOx

3000
emissions decreased by
some 90 %
2000 and improved plant efficiency.

1000

0
12V32E HFO 12V34SG (Natural gas)
Before conversion After conversion

36 - Energy News
Issue 13

conversion was completed as a
turnkey delivery for the customer.
The gas conversion gives several
operational benefits, such as longer
intervals between scheduled
maintenance.
The original plant was built in
1994 and had accumulated 48,000
running hours in HFO operation.
This CHP project included full
conversion of the Wärtsilä Vasa
12V32E to 12V34SG generating set,
which required auxiliaries for SG
operation plus all control system
changes, electrical system
modifications, compressed air
system, gas alarm, safety systems
and plant changes together with the
commissioning and training of
operators.
Tintrofa S.A. is a medium-sized
textile company with its factory and
offices located close to the city of
Porto, Portugal. The factory is a
process plant for textile products;
approximately 90 % of Tintrofa’s
textile products are for export sales.
The steam from the CHP plant is
used in the factory for heating and
drying. Surplus electricity, which
can be up to 60 % of electricity
generated, is sold to the local power
grid. This is a useful source of extra
revenue for Tintrofa. In addition
Tintrofa receive a green gas
operation fee for using gas for
power generation instead of HFO.
This successfully completed gas
conversion project, by Wärtsilä, is
an important break-through for the
company, as several similar
conversions will follow in other
industrial market areas. This is
brought about by the increased
possibilities to use natural gas for
power generation. n
Author: Pilot communications
What´s new
Power for remote
petrochemical plant in
Venezuela
A petrochemical plant, owned and operated by Petroleum De Venezuela
(PDVSA), close to the city of Gaufita in the remote south west of
Venezuela, is in urgent need of reliable power. PDVSA have so far rented
power units totalling 15 MWe, but this arrangement has not met all their
expectations. With an unreliable local grid, the company has decided to go
for a self-generation project.
Wärtsilä has been awarded a contract to supply a fast-track power plant
to the petrochemical plant by Hanover Company of Houston, Texas, USA.
Hanover will sell the electricity to PDVSA over a period of nine years. The
plant is due to be completed and fully operational by December 2001.
The 24 MWe power plant will supply electricity to the petrochemical
plant. It consists of nine Wärtsilä200 generator sets plus starting air systems,
fuel systems and cooling systems together with automation, control and
supervision systems. The project also includes a 90 days assistance package
to the operators of the power plant. Hanover will operate the plant with the
full support of Wärtsilä.
As with most remote locations, the region itself will present suppliers
with unique and difficult challenges to overcome. In the case of PDVSA’s
Gaufita petrochemical plant, the tropical ambient temperatures are very
high all through the year.
Wärtsilä was able to demonstrate to PDVSA the experience of supplying
reliable power to remote sites in South American countries. This is
Wärtsilä’s first power plant contract in Venezuela, strengthening Wärtsilä’s
position as the preferred partner for reliable power in the oil and gas
business around the world. n
Venezuela
Gaufita
Energy News - 37
Issue 13
 Meeting the world's energy needs
:Estella del Mar, Dominican Republic
Wärtsilä Power Commodore
– prince of barges
The start of Wärtsilä’s Power
Commodore business dates from
1989 when the first 35 MW
power barge, called Estrella del
Norte, was delivered to Seaboard
in the Dominican Republic.
Since then Wärtsilä has delivered
about 1200 MW in 21 barges to
six countries.
Wärtsilä’s Power Commodore
reference list includes the 115 MW
Haripur gas-fuelled barge in
Bangladesh and the 10 MW Riau
barge running on LFO in Indonesia.
The latter is the smallest Power
Commodore delivered so far,
whereas the world’s largest power
38 - Energy News
Issue 13
barge, Sultana del Este (148.6 MW),
has just recently arrived in the
Dominican Republic after being
constructed in Singapore.
The main argument for investing
in a Power Commodore is that this
barge concept makes it possible to
bring electricity production quickly
to places where this would
otherwise be difficult or impossible,
and where a nationwide grid for
example is not available. Barges
also eliminate the expensive cost of
piling when it is necessary to build
a power plant on extremely difficult
sites like a swamp or river shore.
The Power Commodore also
allows its owner to use short-term
power purchase agreements (PPA)
because the barge can be relocated
after the first PPA is over, a very
important issue from the financing
point of view. The possibility to use
different fuels also makes the barge
solution very flexible.
Seaboard fast-track delivery
The Dominican Republic has been
an active Power Commodore
market for Wärtsilä owing to its
long seashores and urgent need for
power. The customer Seaboard had
a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
of 120 MW with its first Power
Commodore, Estrella del Mar, and
wanted to have a fast-track project
of about 70 MW. Their main reason
for choosing a Power Commodore
was the tight time frame: the plant
needed to be running in 264 days.
Seaboard knew Wärtsilä’s
reputation and experience as a
Power Commodore builder, which
made the choice easier; Seaboard
also owns the first Power
Commodore ever built, the Estrella
del Norte. These two plants are
close enough to each other to allow
both to share the same, land-based
workshop and fuel treatment
equipment.
The contract for the new
71.2 MW power barge,
incorporating seven Wärtsilä 18V38
Sultana del Este, Dominican Republic
engines, was signed on 21 January
2000 and Wärtsilä had 264 days
possible for commissioning work to transported from its building site in
from that date, including 40 days for
start a few days later. The barge Singapore, via the Suez Canal, on a
transportation to the Dominican
was handed over on 18 October semi-submersible vessel to the
Republic.
2000 after a successful 72-hour test Dominican Republic. The plant
Because of the limited time for
run. This Power Commodore runs consists of nine Wärtsilä 18V46
the shipyard work Wärtsilä first
on heavy fuel oil with light fuel oil engines and is scheduled to be on
went to a shipyard with previous
as a back-up fuel. line in early November 2001.
experience of converting a transport
Wärtsilä has also signed an
barge to a Power Commodore.
Sultana del Este – world’s most Operation and Maintenance
Unfortunately this yard could not
powerful barge Agreement to operate the power
meet Wärtsilä’s requirements for this
Empresa Generadora de plant.
Power Commodore, so another
Electrididad Haina, S. A. (EGE
shipyard was contacted. This
Haina) is one of the two private Ongoing development
naturally put more pressure on
utility generators in the Dominican There is a considerable market
Wärtsilä’s own organisation,
Republic. They needed more potential in the world for Power
especially with respect to
electricity at a competitive price to Commodores, particularly for
supervision of the design and the
keep up with growing demand. islands but also in rivers and along
shipyard’s work. It was essential to
Working with developer Hart shorelines of countries with an
have the Power Commodore ready
International Energy Inc., EGE urgent need for power.
before leaving the yard. The Power
Haina decided to go for a Wärtsilä As a leading supplier of
Commodore was assembled in
solution. The result was not only barge-mounted power plants
Singapore and the base barge was
the most powerful Power Wärtsilä continues to develop the
already selected when the final
Commodore ever built, but also the Power Commodore concept and
contract was signed. The conversion
most powerful barge in the world. find new ways to improve their
work started at the shipyard on 22
In November 1999, EGE Haina design. Not least. this also includes
February 2000.
and Wärtsilä signed an Engineering, giving due consideration to
After the barge (97m x 30m) was
Procurement and Construction environmental issues, which are
converted, it was shipped on a
Contract for a 148.6 MWe Power increasing in importance
submersible via the Suez canal to
Commodore to be moored at EGE worldwide. n
the Dominican Republic in about 40
Haina’s site in San Pedro de
days, arriving in Santo Domingo on
Macoris, the Dominican Republic. Author: Jukka Hakola,
1 September. Some assembly work
This Wärtsilä Power Commodore, General Manager,
was performed during Market Information Management
called Sultana del Este, was
transportation, which made it Wärtsilä Finland

Energy News - 39
Issue 13
 Inside view
Wärtsilä 220SG power plant red
Bausch & Lomb’s energy costs
In a drive to increase profitability
Bausch & Lomb, a world leader in
eye care technology, identified the
need to reduce energy costs at their
plant in Waterford, Ireland. When
evaluating various scenarios to
achieve this, the company also
made it a top priority to choose an
energy solution that would fully
satisfy its environmental demands.
Bausch & Lomb approached ESB
(Ireland’s Electricity Supply Board)
to explore and recommend effective
energy solutions to meet their
electrical and thermal requirements.
In the end they decided to build a
gas-fired combined heat and power
(CHP) plant.
The CHP power plant is based on
a Wärtsilä 220SG gas engine
producing 3.2 MWe and 1.3 MWth
steam plus 1.4 MWth hot water with
the high-temperature and lube oil
circuits. The power and heat
40 - Energy News
Issue 13
generated by the plant are used for
the factory’s processes and general
power needs, while the steam is
used for sterilising and
dehumidification in the factory. Hot
water is used for water and space
heating.
Most advantageous tender
The decision to build the plant was
primarily a commercial one. The
new plant is projected to reduce
Bausch & Lomb’s energy costs
while providing an investment
return to ESB, the plant’s owners.
“Wärtsilä was chosen for this Billy Matthews, Maintenance
project because they submitted an Engineering Manager, ESB Power
economically most advantageous Generation
tender, which gave the best results
considering purchase price,
commented Bryan Ryan, Manager
efficiency and long-term operation.
CHP & Renewables Group, ESB
The electrical profile of the project
Power Generation.
was ideally suited to the Wärtsilä
“The plant is performing
220SG power plant package,”
satisfactorily as per the specified
 What´s new
uces
outputs. The O&M arrangement
with Wärtsilä is working well, too.”
According to Billy Matthews,
Maintenance Engineering Manager,
the gains for Bausch & Lomb are
measured in high availability,
significantly lower energy costs,
increased profitability and low
emissions. During most of the
months to date, for example,
monthly availability averages have
exceeded the targeted 92 % level.
The plant also meets strict TA Luft
environmental conditions:
90 ppm ± 10 % NOx and
296 ppm ± 10 % CO, as well as a
low noise level of 45dBA at the site
boundary (80 m free field
conditions). n
Author: Pilot Communications
Power and heat
for arctic Siberia
Reliable power and heat are critical to any company working in
extreme arctic conditions. In this respect northern Siberia
represents one of the world’s most inhospitable places to work
in.
Wärtsilä has been awarded a contract by Rao Gazprom, OOA
Yamalgazinvest, Moscow, Russia for a power plant which will
supply power and heat to the Purtazovskaya Compressor Station
in Siberia.
Gazprom is the world’s largest gas producer and is also the
largest company in Russia. Their Purtazovskaya compressor
station pumps natural gas from the northern Siberian
Zaporlarniye gas fields to central Russia and to western Europe.
The power plant will be located at the gas pipeline
compressor station in the Yamal-Nenets region of Siberia close
to the town of Novy Urengoi. The region experiences freezing
temperatures down to minus 60 °C. In these harsh and
demanding conditions critical plant availability is vital to
operations. Wärtsilä can meet Gazprom’s own strict rules and
norms for the design and operation of the power plant.
The plant’s planned output is 21.9 MWe and 18.8 MWth. The
contract consists of two plus two Wärtsilä 34SG gas generating
sets with hot water heat recovery, other plant equipment and the
power house.
The first part of the power plant will be commissioned in the
winter of 2002 and the second part in the winter of 2003. The
contract award was based on Wärtsilä’s considerable experience
in supplying reliable energy solutions in extreme conditions –
both cold and hot. n
Energy News - 41
Issue 13
 What´s new
Bangladeshi IPP wins
ISO environmental and
quality certification
Khulna Power Operators, the first independent power
plant operator in Bangladesh, has won ISO certification
for its environmental and quality management systems.
The certification was awarded by Lloyds Register
Quality Assurance, which is empowered to issue ISO
Certificates by the United Kingdom Accreditation
Society (UKAS). Khulna Power Operators Ltd is a
subsidiary of Wartsila Operations and Maintenance Ltd
Oy, Finland.
The certificate was awarded on 5 May 2001 at the
plant’s premises. The ceremony took place in the
presence of chief guest of honour, Mr M. A. Muyeed,
Member Planning and Development (BPDB), and other
invited guests including high officials from BPDB, the
owner of Khulna Power Company Ltd, representatives
42 - Energy News
Issue 13
from Wartsila Finland, Wärtsilä Bangladesh and Lloyds
Register, and the president of the Khulna Press Club.
Khulna Power Operators Ltd has been commercially
operating an independent 110 MW Power Commodore
power plant at Khulna since 13 October 1998. The
power plant, a joint venture between two Bangladeshi
companies and El Paso of the USA, is equipped with
nineteen 18V32LN Wärtsilä engines. The plant has a
guaranteed capacity of 110 MW and is capable of
producing 116 MW with all 19 engines on full load.
At the company’s formation, many of the top
management personnel employed by Power Operators
Ltd were expatriates from Finland, but since January
2001 most of the management team has comprised
local personnel. n
Recognition for Wärtsilä’s first
Environmental Report
Wärtsilä Group’s first Environmental Report was ranked
the best separate environmental report in 2001
alongside M-Real’s report in a competition held in
Finland annually to judge the environmental and social
responsibility reporting of Finnish companies. The prize
committee commented on Wärtsilä’s Environmental
Report as follows: The Wärtsilä report is the first report
to be published by a Finnish mechanical engineering
company. It has been prepared with highly
ambitious objectives, adopting the model of the
Global Reporting Initiative. The report describes
particularly well the company’s products and their
environmental impact.
Wärtsilä Group published its first
Environmental Report in June 2001. Its content
concentrates mainly on Wärtsilä’s research
and development activities although it also
gives considerable attention to the
operations of Wärtsilä’s factories and their
environmental impacts. Wärtsilä’s
Environmental Report, which is written
in English, applies the new Global
Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines for
environmental reporting. The next
report will be published in two years’
time.

Wärtsilä companies gain environmental

certification
Wärtsilä’s aim is to certify the environmental
management systems of its largest companies in
accordance with the ISO 14001 standard. These
certificates are awarded by independent international
classification and certification societies. Many of
Wärtsilä companies have achieved this certification:
Wärtsilä Deutschland GmbH, Wärtsilä Sweden AB,
Wärtsilä Pakistan Ltd., Wärtsilä Philippines Inc., Wärtsilä
Singapore Pte Ltd., Wärtsilä Technology Oy, Wärtsilä
Finland Oy, Wärtsilä Switzerland Ltd., Wärtsilä Australia
Pty Ltd., Wärtsilä Ibérica S.A., Wärtsilä China Ltd.,
Wärtsilä Danmark A/S, Columbia Energy Operations SA
and Khulna Power Operators Ltd.
ISO 14001 environmental certificates are a
recognition of the systematic efforts on behalf of the
environment undertaken in Wärtsilä’s companies. This
work has involved all employees in these companies.
Besides meeting legal and other requirements, the aim
of Wärtsilä’s environmental management system is to
prevent pollution, anticipate environmental risks,
control emissions and achieve cost efficiency.
Research and development is integral to the
environmental system. The thrust of Wärtsilä’s R&D
efforts is to manufacture engines that impose the least
possible impact on the environment. The most
effective way of doing this is to raise total engine
efficiency and at the same time develop emissions
reduction technologies. n

Energy News - 43
Issue 13
 Conferences & Seminars
Wärtsilä technical papers at
conferences worldwide
The engine and power industries are evolving
constantly as new technologies and innovative systems
come on line. As a global engineering corporation
focusing on power generation and marine propulsion,
Wärtsilä aims to be at the forefront of these changes.
Below we list the main technical papers given this
year at conferences worldwide by Wärtsilä experts.
They indicate the importance of Wärtsilä’s continuous
investment in R&D and the results that this is achieving.
If you would like a copy of any of them, please place
your order with the editor of Energy News:
maria.hallund@wartsila.com.
Klimstra J. Natural gas: an effective transient fuel for engines
in cogeneration plants, Ecogen 2001, 28-30 March 2001,
Melbourne, Australia.
Paro D. Development of the sustainable engine, 23rd Cimac
Congress, 7-10 May 2001, Hamburg, Germany.
Kytölä J, Jay D, Lehtonen K, Askew J. Common-rail fuel
injection for heavy fuel medium-speed engines, 23rd Cimac
Congress, May 7-10 2001, Hamburg, Germany.
Nylund I. A review of gas engine developments at Wärtsilä,
23rd Cimac Congress, May 7-10 2001, Hamburg, Germany.
44 - Energy News
Issue 13
Rabb R. Interpretation and evaluation of the statistical size
effect, 23rd Cimac Congress, 7-10 May 2001, Hamburg,
Germany.
Vuorinen A. Designing distributed power plants for new
liberalised electricity markets, Power-Gen Europe 2001, 29-31
May 2001, Brussels, Belgium.
Wideskog M. Design of a 9 MW spark-ignited ultra lean burn
gas engine, Power-Gen Europe 2001, 29-31 May 2001, Brussels,
Belgium.
Mäkelä J. Optimised combined heat and power production for
deregulated markets, Power-Gen Europe 2001, 29-31 May 2001,
Brussels, Belgium.
Klimstra J. Energy efficiency of engine-driven cogeneration
plants: an analysis of real-life examples, Power-Gen Europe
2001, 29-31 May 2001, Brussels, Belgium.
Wideskog M. The fuel-flexible engine, Dessau Gas Engine
Conference, 7-8 June 2001, Dessau, Germany.
Speakes K. Distributed Generation Redefined: An Insurance
Policy, Northeast Energy and Commerce Association, 7 June
2001, Boxborough, Maryland, USA.
Klimstra J. Natural-Gas-Fuelled Cogeneration – An Overview of
the Emission Aspects, Paper IECEC2001-EI-03, 36th Intersociety
Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 29 July – 2 August
2001, Savannah, Georgia, USA.
Stenhede T. Waste-to-energy combined cycle plant: profit
from waste, VI International Conference, 13-14 November 2001,
London, United Kingdom. n
 Who´s new
Appointments in Wärtsilä
Corporation
Mr Ravi Raina was appointed
Director, Business Development, as
of 1 September 2001. His
responsibilities include establishing
a Wärtsilä regional office and
network company in Egypt. He will
also lead the sales activities in Egypt
and in special cases in eastern
Africa. Mr Raina previously worked
as Managing Director of Wärtsilä
Eastern Africa, Kenya.
Wärtsilä Finland Oy
Mr Tore Björkman was appointed
Area Director for Europe as of 13
August 2001 as the Western and
Eastern Europe sales organizations
were combined. He has worked as
Area Director for Eastern Europe
since 1 March 2001 and before this
he was Director, Power Project
Development, at Wärtsilä
Development and Financial
Services.
Mr Lars-Åke Kjell was appointed
Assistant Area Director, Africa and
Middle East, as well as Assistant
Area Sales Manager, Brazil, as of 1
August 2001. Mr Kjell has previously
worked in Wärtsilä network
companies in the United Arab
Emirates, Pakistan and India.
Wärtsilä France S.A.S
Mr Kari Punnonen was appointed
Area Sales and Product Support
Manager as of 1 September 2001.
His responsibility in Wärtsilä France,
Power Plants, is sales and product
support for Europe, Africa and the
Middle East. Mr Punnonen’s former
position was as Area Sales Manager,
Eastern Europe, in Wärtsilä Finland
Oy.
Mr Nicolas Verrier was appointed
Sales Manager for Central America
and the Caribbean as of 6 June
2001. He previously worked as
Sales Support Engineer for
European sales in Wärtsilä
Netherlands. n
Ravi Raina Tore Björkman
Lars-Åke Kjell Nicolas Verrier Kari Punnonen
Energy News - 45
Issue 13
 Wärtsilä Corporation Worldwide
ARGENTINA
Wärtsilä Argentina S.A.
Cerrito 836 1st floor of 25
1010 Capital Federal
Tel: ..............................+54 11 4816 4131
Fax: .............................+54 11 4816 4135
AUSTRALIA
Wartsila Australia Pty Ltd.
48 Huntingwood Drive
Huntingwood, NSW 2148
Tel:.............................+61 (0)2 9672 8200
Fax:............................+61 (0)2 9672 8585
Wärtsilä Australia Pty Ltd.
109 Broadway , Bassendean WA 6054
Tel:.............................+61 (0)8 9377 3337
Fax:............................+61 (0)8 9377 3338
AZERBAIJAN
Wartsila Caspian Ltd
Salyan Shosse 32, Sabail District, Baku
Azerbaijan Republic
Tel:.....................+994 12 983175/6/7/8/9
Fax: ................................+994 12 983172
BANGLADESH
Wärtsilä Bangladesh Ltd.
Iqbal Centre (14th Floor)
42 Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Banani C/A
Dhaka - 1213
Tel: ................................+880 2 881 8666
......................................+880 18 240 302
Fax: ...............................+880 2 988 3372
BRAZIL
Wärtsilä Brasil Ltda.
Av. Rio Branco, 116/12 andar
Centro - Rio de Janeiro 20040-001
Tel:...........................+55 (0)21 2505 6562
Fax:..........................+55 (0)21 2505 6572
CANADA
Wärtsilä Canada Inc.
164 Akerley Boulevard,
Dartmouth (Halifax), Nova Scotia B3B 125
Tel: ................................+1 902 4681 264
Fax: ...............................+1 902 4681 265
CHILE
Wärtsilä Chile Ltda.
Nueva de Lyon 96, Office 306,
Providencia Santiago
Tel:...............................+56 (0)2 2325 031
.................................2325 469, 2325 608
Fax:..............................+56 (0)2 2328 754
Wärtsilä Chile Ltda.
Desiderio García, Manzana C
Sitio 23-A, Barrio Industrial, Iquique
Tel:...............................+56 (0)57 415 226
Fax:..............................+56 (0)57 414 731
Wärtsilä Chile Ltda.
Autopista 5980, Talcahuano
Tel:..............................+56 (0) 41 421 561
Fax:.............................+56 (0) 41 420 229
CHINA
Wärtsilä (China) Ltd.
Room 4201, Hopewell Centre
183 Queen´s Road East
Wanchai, Hong Kong
Tel: .................................+852 2528 6605
Tlx: ...................................72571 wdhk hx
Fax: ................................+852 2885 7544
Wartsila (China) Ltd.
Hong Kong Service Station
Shop No. 1, Ground Floor
5 A Kung Ngam Village Road
Shau Kei Wan, Hong Kong
Tel: .................................+852 2750 3880
Fax: ................................+852 2750 3669
Wärtsilä Shanghai Repr. Office
Unit A, 13 A/F Jiu Shi Fu Xing Mansion
918 Huai Hai Road (M)
Shanghai 200020, P.R. China
Tel:...........................+86 (0)21 6415 5218
Fax:..........................+86(0) 21 6415 5868
Wärtsilä Beijing Repr. Office
Room 2505, CITIC Building
19 Jianguomenwal Dajie,
100004 Beijing, P.R. China
Tel:...........................+86 (0)10 6593 1842
Fax:.........................+86 (0) 10 6593 1843
Wärtsilä Dalian repr. office
Room 815-816 Furama Hotel
No. 60 Ren Min Road, Dalian 116001
Tel: ..........................+86-(0)411-2822 100
Fax: .........................+86-(0)411-2804 455
46 - Energy News
Issue 13
Wärtsilä Panyu Service Station
Lian Hua Shan, Guaranteed
Processing Zone, 511440 Panyu,
Guangdong P.R China
Tel:..........................+86 (0)20 848 66 241
Fax:.........................+86 (0)20 848 66 240
Wärtsilä Taiwan Ltd.
13F-4, No 186, Jian Yi Road, Chung Ho
City, Taipei Hsieng, Taiwan R.O.C.
Tel:...........................+886 (0)2 8227 1066
Fax:..........................+886 (0)2 8227 1067
COLOMBIA
Wärtsilä Colombia S.A.
Avenida 19 # 118-30 Oficina 607
Edificio Centro de Negocios
Santafe de Bogotá, Sur America
Tel:...............................+57 (0)1 629 3760
Fax:..............................+57 (0)1 629 3821
CYPRUS
Wärtsilä Cyprus Ltd. &
Wärtsilä Mediterranean Ltd.
Rebecca Court, 2nd Floor
1 Promachon Eleftherias, Ayios Athanasios
4103 Limassol
Tel:..................................+357-5-322 620
Fax:.................................+357-5-314 467
DENMARK
Wärtsilä Danmark A/S
Jens Munksvej 1, P.O.Box 67
DK-9850 Hirtshals
Tel: ..................................+45 99 569 956
Fax: .................................+45 98 944 016
Wärtsilä Danmark A/S
Axeltrov 8, 1st Floor
DK-1609 Copenhagen V
Tel: ..................................+45 33 454 133
Fax: .................................+45 33 454 130
Wärtsilä Danmark A/S
Hækken 3, 6700 Esbjerg
Tel: ..................................+45 76 135 000
Fax: .................................+45 75 133 575
ECUADOR
Wartsila del Ecuador S.A.
Av. 12 de Octubre 2000 y Gral.Salazar
Edif. Plaza 2000, Piso 8, Quito
Tel: ..................................+593 2 235 130
Fax: .................................+593 2 235 110
FINLAND
Wärtsilä Corporation
Wärtsilä Development &
Financial Services Oy
Power Partners Oy
John Stenbergin ranta 2, P.O.Box 196
00531 Helsinki
Tel:...........................+358 (0)10 709 0000
Fax: .......+358-(0)10 709 5700 (Corporate)
Fax: .........................+358 (0)10 709 5710
(WDFS & Power Partners)
Wärtsilä Corporation
Wärtsilä Finland Oy
Wärtsilä Development &
Financial Services Oy
Wärtsilä Operations & Maintenance Ltd.
Järvikatu 2-4, P.O.Box 244
65101 Vaasa
Tel:...........................+358 (0)10 709 0000
Fax: ...........................+358 (0)6 317 1906
(Technology & Manufacturing)
Fax: .........................+358 (0)10 709 1771
(Power Plants headquarters)
Fax: .........................+358 (0)10 709 1757
(Operations & WDFS)
Wärtsilä Finland Oy
Tarhaajantie 2, P.O.Box 252, 65101 Vaasa
Tel............................+358 (0)10 709 0000
Fax: .....+358 (0)6 356 9133 (Power Plants)
Fax: ..............+358 (0)6 356 9155 (Service)
Fax:...............+358 (0)6 356 7188 (Marine)
Wärtsilä Finland Oy
Stålarminkatu 45, P.O.Box 50
20810 Turku
Tel............................+358 (0)10 709 0000
Fax...........................+358 (0)10 709 3169
FRANCE
Wärtsilä France S.A.
1, rue de la Fonderie, B.P. 1210
F-68054 Mulhouse Cedex
Tel:............................+33 (0)3 89 666 868
Fax:...........................+33 (0)3 89 666 830
Wärtsilä France S.A.
28, Boulevard Roger Salengro
78200 Mantes-la-Ville, B.P.1224
78202 Mantes-la-Jolie Cedex
Tel:..........................+33 (0)1 34 78 88 00
Fax:..........................+33 (0)1 34 78 88 03
Wärtsilä France S.A.
Etablissement de la Méditerranée
R.N. 8-Les Baux, F-13420 Gémenos
Tel:............................+33 (0)4 42 320 606
Fax:...........................+33 (0)4 42 320 666
Wärtsilä France S.A.
Etablissement du Nord
Z.I.A. Rue de Lorival, BP 411,
F-59474 Seclin
Tel:............................+33 (0)3 20 625 800
Fax:...........................+33 (0)3 20 327 147
GERMANY
Wärtsilä Deutschland GmbH
Schlenzigstrasse 6, 21107 Hamburg
Tel:..............................+49 (0)40 75 190 0
Fax:.........................+49 (0)40 75 190 190
GREECE
Wärtsilä Greece S.A.
25, Akti Miaouli
Piraeus 185 35
Tel: .................................+30 1 41 35 450
Fax: ................................+30 1 41 17 902
GUATEMALA
Wärtsilä Guatemala, S.A
14 Avenida 7-12, Zona 14, Oficina # 1,
Guatemala, Guatemala C.A.
Tel: ...................................+502 366 9511
Fax: ..................................+502 366 9552
INDIA
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
76, Free Press House, Nariman Point
Mumbai 400 021
Tel:.............................+91 (0)22 281 5601
Fax:............................+91 (0)22 284 0427
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
48, Neco Chambers, Sector 11
CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400 614
Tel: ............+91 (0)22 757 5361, 757 5371
Fax: ..................+91 (0)22 7575176/77/78
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
24, Siri Fort Road, New Delhi - 110049
Tel: ........................+91 (0)11 625 1105/-8
Fax:............................+91 (0)11 625 1109
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
Lakshmi Chambers, 30, Annasalai
Saidapet, Chennai 600015
Tel:.............................+91 (0)44 230 1080
Fax: ...........................+91-(0)44-230 0477
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
B Wing, 6th Floor, Rama Bhavan Complex,
Kodialbail, Mangalore 575 003
Tel:...............+91 (0)824 441 722/444 577
Fax:............................+91 (0)824 443 556
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
Flat No 302, 3rd Floor, Oxford Plaza,
9-1-129/1 Sarojini Devi Road,
Secunderabad 500 003
Tel: .......................+91 (0)40 7715383/4/5
Fax:.............................+91 (0)40 7715377
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
East Anglia House, 3 C, Camac Street
Kolkata 700 016
Tel:...............+91 (0)33 2172320/2269567
Fax: ...........................+91 (0)33 249 7535
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
Paul Commercial Complex, 5th Floor,
Ajni Square,Wardha Road
Nagpur 440015
Tel: ............... +91 (0)712 224291/224294
Fax: .......................... +91 (0)712 224 226
Wärtsilä India Ltd.
Opp Govt. Rest House
Mumbai Pune Road, Shilpata, Khopoli
410203
Tel:..............................+91 (0)2192 64389
Fax:.............................+91 (0)2192 63314
INDONESIA
PT Wärtsilä Indonesia
Cikarang Industrial Estate
Jl. Jababeka XVI, Kav. W-28
Bekasi 17530
Tel: ................................+62 21 893 7654
Fax: ...............................+62 21 893 7660
IRELAND
Wartsila Ireland Ltd.
54, Broomhill Drive
Tallaght Industrial Estate, Dublin 24
Tel: ................................+353 1 459 5668
Fax: ...............................+353 1 459 5672
ITALY
Wärtsilä Italia S.p.A.
Bagnoli della Rosandra 334
I-34018 Trieste
Tel: ..............................+39 040 319 5000
Fax: ...............................+39 040 827 371
Wärtsilä Italia S.p.A.
Via Nazario Sauro, 5, 20068 Canzo di
Peschiera Borromeo (Milano)
Tel: ................................+39 02 553 9061
Fax: .............................+39 02 553 90639
IVORY COAST
Wartsila ACO
17, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie
Zone 4A, Abidjan
Tel: ...............................+225 21 24 31 59
Fax: ..............................+225 21 35 15 06
JAPAN
Wartsila Japan Co., Ltd.
Kobe Yusen Bldg., 1-1-1, Kaigan-dori
Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0024
Tel:.............................+81 (0)78 392 8674
Fax:............................+81 (0)78 392 8688
Wartsila Japan Co., Ltd.
Binary Kita-Aoyama Bldg, 8F, 3-6-19,
Kita-Aoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0061
Tel:.............................+81 (0)3 3486 4531
Fax:............................+81 (0)3 3486 4153
KENYA
Wärtsilä Eastern Africa Ltd.
House of Vanguard, Fuji Plaza
Chiromo Road, Westlands, Nairobi
Tel: ...................+254-2-446 985, 446 986
Fax:.................................+254-2-446 719
KOREA
Wärtsilä Korea Ltd.
Noksan Bldg. 6th Fl.
50-11 Yonggang-dong, Mapo-Gu
Seoul 121-070
Tel:............................+82 2 3272 8032/-5
Fax: ...............................+82 2 3272 8036
Wärtsilä Korea Ltd.
Pusan Marine Center Bldg. 10th fl. 79-1,
Chungang-dong, 4-ga, Chung-gu, Pusan,
600-715, Korea
Tel: ................................+82 51 469 5421
Fax: ...............................+82 51 469 5422
MEXICO
Wartsila de Mexico S.A.
Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena
#1100 S Piso
Col Centro Ciudad de Santa Fe
Mexico D.F. 01210
Tel: ...................................+525 570 9200
Fax: ..................................+525 570 9201
THE NETHERLANDS
Wärtsilä Nederland BV
Wärtsilä Compression Systems
Hanzelaan 95, 8017 JE Zwolle
P.O.Box 10608, 8000 GB Zwolle
Tel:.............................+31 (0)38 425 3253
Fax:............................+31 (0)38 425 3973
NORWAY
Wärtsilä Norway AS
N-5420 Rubbestadneset
Tel: .................................+47 53 42 25 00
Fax: ................................+47 53 42 25 01
Wärtsilä Norway AS
Hestehagen 5 - Holter
Industriområde, N-1440 Drøbak
Tel: ..................................+47 64 937 650
Fax: .................................+47 64 937 660
PAKISTAN
Wartsila Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd.
16-kilometer, Raiwind Road
P.O.Box 10104, Lahore
Tel:..............................+92 (0)42 5418846
Fax:.............................+92 (0)42 5413481