Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660

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Applied Mathematical Modelling

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apm

Possibility of Love wave propagation in a porous layer under

the effect of linearly varying directional rigidities
Shishir Gupta, Sumit Kumar Vishwakarma ⇑, Dinesh Kumar Majhi, Santimoy Kundu
Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The present paper investigates the Love wave propagation in an anisotropic porous layer
Received 2 December 2011 under the effect of rigid boundary. Effect of initial stresses on the propagation of Love
Received in revised form 28 May 2012 waves in a fluid saturated, anisotropic, porous layer having linear variation in directional
Accepted 10 January 2013
rigidities lying in contact over a pre-stressed, inhomogeneous elastic half-space has also
Available online 5 February 2013
been considered. The dispersion equation of phase velocity has been derived and the influ-
ence of medium characteristic such as porosity, rigid boundary, initial stress, anisotropy
Keywords:
and inhomogeneity over it has been discussed. The velocities of Love waves have been cal-
Love wave
Anisotropic
culated numerically as a function of KH (where K is the wave number and H is the thickness
Initial stress of the layer) and are presented in a number of graphs.
Rigid boundary Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Phase velocity

1. Introduction

The earth is generally assumed in both theory and practical application to be isotropic, or at most, to be composed of iso-
tropic layers. Sufficiently detailed studies (Shearer [1]), however, often indicate the presence of anisotropy. This situation
usually manifests itself in the directional dependence of seismic body waves, but there are other anomalous observations
which indirectly suggest a departure from isotropy. Some seismologists showed that large errors in depth determinations
occur in seismic exploration if the anisotropy is neglected. Anderson [2] has presented theoretical arguments for the exis-
tence of anisotropy in angular material.
As variations in the physical and chemical properties of mater are generally associated with its dynamic behaviour, the
study of the nature of elastic wave propagation within earth’s interior is an important approach to this end. The stresses
which exist in an elastic body even though external forces are absent are termed as initial stresses and the body is said
to be initially stressed. These stresses might exert significant influence on the elastic waves produced by earthquakes, explo-
rations or impacts. Wave velocities in a pre-stressed anisotropic elastic medium have been studied by Sharma and Garg [3].
Heterogeneities exist at all levels within the earth’s crust and its resolution is of central importance in seismology. It is
well known fact that the earth’s crust consists of a huge amount of sand. Weiskopf [4] pointed out that due to mutual slip-
page of the granular particles in soil, the resistance of shear diminished so that the shear modulus of elasticity of a dry sandy
body become small compared to that of a solid material. The effect of porosity in a medium on the propagation of elastic
waves drew the attention of several authors. By virtue of the theory given by Biot [5], the problems of wave propagation
through porous media have been discussed by several authors, viz. Deresiewiez and Rice [6], Sharma and Gogna [7], Gardner
[8] and others. Deresiewiez [9] was the first who used Biot’s theory for waves propagation in statistically isotropic fluid-
saturated porous medium, studied the propagation of Love waves in a porous layer resting on an elastic homogeneous

⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sumo.ism@gmail.com (S.K. Vishwakarma).

0307-904X/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.01.008
 S. Gupta et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660 6653

Nomenclature

H thickness of the layer

N, L directional rigidities of the layer
l rigidity of the half-space
q density of the medium
P initial stress
u, v, w displacement components in radial, circumferential & axial directions respectively
K wave number
c velocity of love wave in the layer
ba velocity of shear wave in the layer
cos velocity of shear wave in the half-space
R0 , R, g0 , g, c1 dimensionless quantity
m, a, b constants having dimensions that are inverse of length
D1, D2, E1 arbitrary constants

isotropic semi-infinite space. Wang and Zhang [10] studied the propagation of Love waves in a transversely isotropic fluid
saturated porous layered half-space. Ke et al. [11] discussed the propagation of Love waves in an inhomogeneous fluid sat-
urated porous layered half space with linearly varying properties. A detail study on elastic wave propagation and its gener-
ation in seismology had been made by Pujol [12] and Chapman [13].
In the linear theory of elastic material with void, the change in void volume fraction and the strain are taken as indepen-
dent kinematic variables. Materials having small distributed voids containing nothing may be called porous material. The
intended applications of this theory may be found in the field of Geophysics and to the manufactured porous solids. Various
problems of waves and vibrations based on these theories of elasticity have been attempted by the researchers and have
appeared in the open literature. Some notable of them are (Midya [14]; Isan and Nappa [15]; Golamhossen [16]).
In this paper, the porous medium is assumed to have kinetic isotropy, but elastic anisotropy of Weiskopf type; the vis-
cosity of water is neglected. The variations in directional rigidities in the layer is taken as N = N0(1 + mz) and
L = L0(1 + mz), where m is a constant having dimension that is inverse of length. The inhomogeneity in the half-space has
been assumed to be l = l1(1  az) and q = q1(1 + bz), where a and b are constant having dimension same as m, density q
and rigidity l vary linearly with space variable z, which is orthogonal to the x-axis i.e. direction of wave. These variations
have been taken keeping in view the earth model where density and rigidity are observed to increase upto certain depth
and after that although the density increases, the rigidity inside the earth decreases. The dispersion equation of Love waves
under these conditions has been derived. It has been observed that the phase velocity of Love waves is considerably influ-
enced by porosity and anisotropy of the porous medium, inhomogeneity of the half-space and prestressing in both media,
the layer under rigid boundary and the half-space. The effect of these characteristics of the media on the phase velocity
of Love waves has been discussed and compared with the classical case when both the media, i.e. the layer and the half-
space, are homogeneous, isotropic and initially stress-free. The numerical values of the phase velocity have been calculated
using the values of material constants given by Biot [17] from experiments.

2. Statement of the problem

The geometry of the problem consists of a water saturated porous layer of thickness H under the compressive initial stress
P 0 ¼ S011 along the direction of x over a non-homogeneous elastic half space under the compressive initial stress P = S11 as
shown in Fig. 1. The wave propagates along x-direction with z- axis directing vertically downwards. The surface of contact is
the plane z = 0. The upper boundary plane of the porous layer is assumed to be rigid. The equation of motion in the porous

Fig. 1. Geometry of the problem.

6654 S. Gupta et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660

layer under the effect of compressive initial stress P0 , when the viscosity of the water and the body forces do not exists, can be
taken as (Biot [5], Biot [18])
@s011 @s012 @s013 @ x0z @ x0y 2
9
þ þ  P0 þ P0 ¼ @t@ 2 ðq11 u0x þ q12 U x Þ; >
>
@x @y @z @y @z >
>
@s021 @s022 @s023 @ x0z
>
>
þ þ P
2
¼ @t@ 2 ðq11 v 0y þ q12 V y Þ; =
@x @y @z @x
ð1Þ
@s310
þ
@s032
þ
@s033
 P=
@ x0y 2
¼ @t@ 2 ðq11 w0z þ q12 W z Þ; >
>
@x @y @z @x >
>
>
>
2 2 2 ;
@S
@x
¼ @t@ 2 ðq12 u0x þ q22 U x Þ; @y
@S
¼ @t@ 2 ðq12 v 0y þ q22 V y Þ; @S
@z
¼ @t@ 2 ðq12 w0z þ q22 W z Þ;

where s0ij (i, j = 1, 2, 3) are the incremental stress components, (u0x ; v 0y ; w0z ) are the components of the displacement vector of
the solid, (Ux, Vy, Wz) are the components of the displacement vector of the liquid, S is the stress vector due to the liquid
     
1 @w0z @ v 0y 1 @u0x @w0z 1 @ v 0y @u0x
x0x ¼  ; x0y ¼  ; x0z ¼  ; ð2Þ
2 @y @z 2 @z @x 2 @x @y
where x0x ; x0y and x0z are the components of the rotational vector x0 .
The stress–strain relations for the water saturated anisotropic porous layer under the normal initial stress P0 are
9
s011 ¼ ðA þ P0 Þexx þ ðA  2N þ P 0 Þeyy þ ðF þ P0 Þezz þ Q e; >
>
>
=
s0 ¼ ðA  2NÞe þ Ae þ Fe þ Q e;
22 xx yy zz
ð3aÞ
s033 ¼ Fexx þ Feyy þ Cezz þ Q e; >
>
>
;
s012 ¼ 2Nexy ; s023 ¼ 2Leyz ; s013 ¼ 2Lezx ;
where A, F, C, N and L are elastic constants for the medium; N and L are, in particular, shear moduli of the anisotropic layer in
the x and z direction respectively, and
 
1 @ui @uj @U x @U y @U z
eij ¼ þ ; e¼ þ þ : ð3bÞ
2 @xj @xi @x @y @z
Further, Q being the measure of coupling between the volume change of the solid and the liquid is a positive quantity, and S
is the stress vector due to the liquid. This stress vector S is related to the fluid pressure p by the relation
S ¼ fp; ð4Þ
0
where f is porosity of the layer. The mass coefficients q11, q12 and q22 are related to the densities q , qs, qw of the layer, solid
and water, respectively, by (Biot [5])
q11 þ q12 ¼ ð1  f Þqs ; q12 þ q22 ¼ f qw : ð5Þ
So that the mass density of the aggregate is
q0 ¼ q11 þ 2q12 þ q22 ¼ qs þ f ðqw  qs Þ: ð6Þ
These mass coefficients also obey the following inequalities:

q11 > 0; q22 > 0; q12 < 0; q11 q22  q212 > 0: ð7Þ
The dynamic Eq. (1) have been constructed by coupling the Biot’s dynamic equations in an initially stressed medium (Biot
[18]) and his dynamic equations for a poro-elastic medium (Biot [5])

3. Solution

3.1. Solution for the upper layer

For the Loves propagating along the x-direction, having the displacement of particles along the y-direction, we have

u0x ¼ 0; w0z ¼ 0; v 0y ¼ v 0 ðx; z; tÞ;
ð8Þ
U x ¼ 0; W z ¼ 0; V y ¼ Vðx; z; tÞ:
These displacements will produce only the eyz and exy strain components and the other strain components will be zero.
Hence the stress–strain relations useful in the problem are
s023 ¼ 2Leyz and s012 ¼ 2Nexy ; ð9aÞ
where L = L0(1 + mz) and N = N0(1 + mz) and m is a constant having dimension inverse of length.Introducing relations (9a)
into system (1), the equations of motion which are not automatically satisfied are
 S. Gupta et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660 6655

9
@s021 @s022 @s023 @w0z
¼ @t@ 2 ðq11 v 0y þ q12 V y Þ; =
2
@x
þ @y
þ @z
 P0 @x
ð9bÞ
@S 2
¼ @t@ 2 ðq12 v 0y þ q22 V y Þ: ;
@y

Since v 0y ¼ v 0 ðx; z; tÞ and Vy = V(x, z, t), with the help of Eqs. (8) and (9a), we have
 
P0 @ 2 v 0 @v 0 @2v 0 @2
N0 ð1 þ mzÞ  2
þ L0 m þ L0 ð1 þ mzÞ 2 ¼ 2 ðq11 v 0 þ q12 VÞ; ð10Þ
2 @x @z @z @t

@2
ðq12 v 0 þ q22 VÞ ¼ 0; ð11Þ
@t 2
00 00 0
which gives V ¼ ðd  q12 v 0 Þ=q22 , where d ¼ q12 v 0 þ q22 V. Now, o2/ot2(q11v0 + q12V) = d0 (o2v0 /ot2), where d ¼ q11  ðq212 =q22 Þ.
Hence, Eq. (10) reduces to
 
P0 @ 2 v 0 @2v 0 @v 0 2 0
0@ v
N0 ð1 þ mzÞ  þ L0 ð1 þ mzÞ 2 þ L0 m ¼d : ð12Þ
2 @x2 @z @z @t 2
From Eq. (12), it is clear that the velocity of shear wave along the x-direction is [{N0(1 + mz)  P0 /2}/d0 ]1/2. The shear wave
velocity in the porous medium along the x-direction can be expressed as
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0
b0 ¼ fN0 ð1 þ mzÞ  P0 =2g=d ¼ ba 1  f0 =d; ð13Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where d ¼ c11  ðc212 =c22 Þ, ba ¼ N 0 ð1 þ mzÞ=q0 is the velocity of shear wave in the corresponding initial stress-free, non-
porous, anisotropic, elastic medium along the direction x when the upper boundary plane of the layer is rigid,
f0 ¼ P 0 =2N 0 ð1 þ mzÞ is the non-dimensional parameter due to the initial stress P0 and
q11 q q
c11 ¼ ; c12 ¼ 110 ; c12 ¼ 220 ; ð14Þ
q0 q q
where c11, c12 and c22 are the non-dimensional parameters for the material of the porous layer as obtained by Biot [5]. For
the Love wave propagating along the x-direction, the solution of Eq. (12) may be taken as

v 0 ðx; z; tÞ ¼ VðzÞ  eikðxctÞ : ð15Þ

Using (15) in Eq. (12)
2  0 2 
d VðzÞ m dVðzÞ ðd c þ P0 =2Þ N0 2
2
þ þ  K VðzÞ ¼ 0: ð16Þ
dz ð1 þ mzÞ dz L0 ð1 þ mzÞ L0
/ðzÞ dVðzÞ
Now, we put V ¼ ð1þmzÞ 1=2 in Eq. (16) to eliminate dz
, we
 " #
2 0
d /ðzÞ m 2 N0 ðd c2 þ P0 =2Þ
2
get þ K  /ðzÞ ¼ 0: ð17Þ
dz 4ð1 þ mzÞ2 L0 L0 ð1 þ mzÞ
qffiffiffiffi
Now, putting g0 ¼ m2 NL00 Kð1 þ mzÞ and x = Kc in Eq. (17), we get
2  
d /ðg0 Þ R0 1 1
þ þ  /ðg0 Þ ¼ 0; ð18Þ
dg20 2g0 4g20 4
K
qNffiffiffiffi0 n
2 f0
o
where R0 ¼ m L0
ð1 þ mzÞd bc 2 þ dð1þmzÞ in which, f0 ¼ P 0 =2N 0 ð1 þ mzÞ and K is the wave number.
a

The solution of Whittaker’s Eq. (18) is given by

/ðg0 Þ ¼ D1 W R0 =2;0 ðg0 Þ þ D2 W R0 =2;0 ðg0 Þ: ð19Þ
Hence, the displacement component in the anisotropic porous layer is given by
eiKðxctÞ  
v0 ¼ 1=2
D1 W R0 =2;0 ðg0 Þ þ D2 W R0 =2;0 ðg0 Þ : ð20Þ
ð1 þ mzÞ

3.2. Solution of the half-space

The lower medium is considered as non-homogeneous elastic half space. The equation of motion corresponding to the
displacement due to Love waves can be written as (Biot [18])
!
@s21 @s23 P @ 2 v @2
þ  ¼ ðqv Þ; ð21Þ
@x @z 2 @x2 @t2
6656 S. Gupta et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660

where sij are the incremental stress components in the half-space, P is the initial compressive stress along the x-direction,
and q is the density of the material of the half-space. The non-homogeneity in the medium has been taken as
l ¼ l1 ð1  azÞ; q ¼ q1 ð1 þ bzÞ; ð22Þ
where l1 and q1 are the values of l and q at z = 0, and a, b are constants having dimensions that are inverse of length. Using
the stress–strain relations
s21 ¼ 2lexy ; s23 ¼ 2leyz ð23Þ
and the relation (22), the equations of motion (21) can be written as
  2
P @ v @2v a @ v q1 ð1 þ bzÞ @ 2 v
1 þ  ¼ : ð24Þ
2l1 ð1  azÞ @x2 @z2 ð1  azÞ @z l1 ð1  azÞ @t 2
Let v = V(z)eiK(x  ct) be the solution of (24), then Eq. (24) gives
2   
d VðzÞ a dVðzÞ q ð1 þ bzÞ 2 P
 þ 1 c  1 K 2 V ¼ 0: ð25Þ
dz
2 ð1  azÞ dz l1 ð1  azÞ 2l1 ð1  azÞ
/ðzÞ dVðzÞ
Now, we put V ¼ ð1þazÞ1=2 in Eq. (25) to eliminate the term dz
, we get
2
"   #
2 2
d /ðzÞ a 2 P c ð1 þ bzÞ
þ  K 1  2 /ðzÞ ¼ 0; ð26Þ
dz
2
4ð1  azÞ 2 2l1 ð1  azÞ cos ð1  azÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where cos ¼ l1 =q1 and c is phase-velocity.
h i0:5
þ cc2 ba , g ¼  2c1 Kð1azÞ
P 2
Now putting c1 ¼ 1  2l ð1azÞ a
, x = Kc in Eq. (26), we get
1 os
2  
d / R 1 1
þ þ  /ðgÞ ¼ 0; ð27Þ
dg2 2g 4g2 4
2
where R ¼  cx2 aðaþbÞ
2c K
os 1

The solution of Whittaker’s Eq. (27) is given by /ðgÞ ¼ E1 W R=2;0 ðgÞ þ E2 W R=2;0 ðgÞ, where E1 and E2 are arbitrary con-
stants and WR/2,0(g) is the Whittaker’s function. The solution of Eq. (27) satisfying the condition lim z ? 1 when V(z) ? 0
i.e. lim g ? 1 when u(g) ? 0 may be taken as
/ðgÞ ¼ E1 W R=2;0 ðgÞ: ð28Þ
Hence, the displacement component in the heterogeneous medium is given by
E1 W R=2;0 ðgÞ
v¼ eikðxctÞ : ð29Þ
ð1  azÞ1=2

4. Boundary conditions and dispersive equation

The suitable boundary conditions according to formulation of the problem are

v 0 ¼ 0 at z ¼ H;
@v 0 @v
L0 ¼ l1 at z ¼ 0;
@z @z

v0 ¼ v at z ¼ 0:
Using Eqs. (20) and (29) in the above three boundary conditions, following equations have been obtained
sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi !
2 N0 2 N0
D1 W R0 =2;0 Kð1  mHÞ þ D2 W R0 =2;0  Kð1  mHÞ ¼ 0; ð30Þ
m L0 m L0

" sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! #

N0 2 N0 1 2 N0
L0 D1 W 0R0 =2;0 K 2 K  W R0 =2;0 K m
L0 m L0 2 m L0
" sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi !#
0 2 N0 N0 1 2 N0 N0
þ L0 D2 W R0 =2;0  K 2 K  W R0 =2;0  K 2 K
m L0 L0 2 m L0 L0
    
2c K a 2c K
 l1 E1 W R=2;0  1 ð2c1 KÞ þ W R=2;0  1 ¼ 0; ð31Þ
a 2 a
 S. Gupta et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660 6657

sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi !  
2 N0 2 N0 2c K
D1 W R0 =2;0 K þ D2 W R0 =2;0  K  E1 W R=2;0  1 ¼ 0; ð32Þ
m L0 m L0 a

where dash over Whittaker function denote differentiation with respect to z.

Eliminating D1, D2 and E1 from Eqs. (30)–(32), we get

A1 B1 0


A2 B2 C 2 ¼ 0 or A1 ðB2 C 3  B3 C 2 Þ ¼ B1 ðA2 C 3  A3 C 2 Þ; ð33Þ

A3 B3 C3
where
sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi !
2 N0 2 N0
A1 ¼ W R0 =2;0 Kð1  mHÞ ; B1 ¼ W R0 =2;0  Kð1  mHÞ ;
m L0 m L0

" sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! #

2 N0 N0 1 2 N0
A2 ¼ L0 W 0R0 =2;0 K 2 K  W R0 =2;0 K m ;
m L0 L0 2 m L0

" sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi !#

2 N0 N0 1 2 N0 N0
B2 ¼ L0 W 0R0 =2;0  K 2 K  W R0 =2;0  K 2 K ;
m L0 L0 2 m L0 L0

    
2c K a 2c K
C 2 ¼ l1 W 0R=2;0  1 ð2c1 KÞ þ W R=2;0  1 ;
a 2 a

sffiffiffiffiffiffi ! sffiffiffiffiffiffi !  
2 N0 2 N0 2c K
A3 ¼ W R0 =2;0 K ; B3 ¼ W R0 =2;0  K ; C 3 ¼ W R=2;0  1 :
m L0 m L0 a

Eq. (33) is the dispersive equation for Love waves in the initially stressed, water saturated, anisotropic porous layer overlay-
ing a vertically inhomogeneous half-space when the upper boundary plane of the layer is assumed to be rigid. The presence
of a, b, m, f0 , f ¼ 2lP , c1 and d in Eq. (33) shows that the Love wave is affected by the parameters under study. It should be
1
noted that (1  d) gives the fraction of porosity in the layer. If the layer is non-porous then f ? 0 and hence qs ? q0 . From
relation (5) one gets c11 + c12 ? 1 and c12 + c22 ? 0, which leads to ðc11  c212 =c22 Þ ! 1, i.e. d ? 1. Again, if f ? 1, then qw ? q0
and the layer becomes a fluid, and in that case the shear velocity in the layer cannot exist which happens when c11  c212 =c22 ,
i.e., d ? 0. Thus we have
I. d ! 1, when the layer is non-porous
II. d ! 0, when the layer tends to be fluid
III. 0 < d < 1, when the layer is porous

5. Particular Case

Case I: This is the case which gives the dispersion equation of Love waves in the layer when directional rigidities are con-
stant, i.e. N = N0 and L = L0 when m ? 0 and upper boundary plane is assumed to be rigid. The dispersion equation can be
written as
  
2 vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
!ffi3 R1
a2 ðR20:5Þ2 R3
2
ðR20:5Þ a
u   a þ þ c K 1 þ
u N0 c2 1  f0 5 l 2 2c1 K 2 1 2c1 K
cot 4KHtd 2
 ¼ 1 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
    :
L0 ba d L0 0 að20:5Þ
R 2

K d NL00 bc 2  1f
2
d
1 þ 2c K
a 1

Case II: If the Layer becomes non-porous i.e. d ? 1 under the effect of rigid boundary has constant directional rigidities,
i.e. m ? 0 and the half space is homogeneous, i.e. a ? 0 and b ? 0, then the dispersion equation of Love waves become
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 
2 vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
!3
u  n  1  cc2
2
u N0 c 2 l
cot 4KHt
os
 ð1  n0 Þ 5 ¼ 1 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi :
L0 b2a L0 N0  2
L0
1  f0  bc 2
a

Case III: When both the layer and the half-space are homogeneous (i.e. m ? 0 and a ! 0; b ! 0), and both the media are
free from initial stress (i.e. f0 = 0 and f = 0), isotropic (i.e. c = 1) and the upper layer is non porous (i.e. d ? 0) under the effect
6658 S. Gupta et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c2 1
ffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi c2

2 l
of rigid boundary, the dispersion equation takes the form cot kH bc 2  1 ¼ L01 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
os
2
ffi , which is the well-known classical re-
a 1 c 2
b
a

sult for Love wave under the effect of rigid boundary and hence responsible for validating the solution of the problem
discussed.

6. Numerical computation and discussion

In order to emerge with the effect of porosity, anisotropy, inhomogeneity, initial stresses and rigid boundary on the prop-
agation of Love waves, numerical computations of Eq. (33) were performed by taking the asymptotic expansion of Whittaker
function Wk,m(z) up to linear term according as W k;m ðzÞ ¼ e2  zk ½1 þ fm2  ðk  1=2Þ2 g=1!z and putting different values of
z

the parameters so as to represent the above characteristics.

Fig. 2 shows the effect of porosity on the propagation of Love waves in an inhomogeneous, anisotropic, initially stress free
medium under the rigid boundary plane. It has been found that as the porosity increases, i.e. as the value of d
ð¼ c11  c212 =c22 Þ decreases, the velocity of Love wave increases. This effect becomes more prominent for higher frequencies.

1.8 Curve no d
1 0.6
1.7 2 0.7
3 0.8
1.6 4 0.9
c 2/ β20

1.5
1
2
1.4 3
4

1.3

1.2

1.1
4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4 4.45 4.5 4.55 4.6 4.65 4.7
KH

Fig. 2. Velocity dispersion curves of Love waves in a porous layer for various porosity in terms of parameter d and for l0/L = 2.50, N0/L0 = 0.01, b/K = 0.4, a/
K = 1, m/K = 0.2, n = n0 = 0 and ba/cos = 0.7.

1.9
γ
1.8

1.7

1.6
c 2/β2
0

1.5
3 2
1.4
1
1.3

1.2

1.1

4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

KH

Fig. 3. Effect of anisotropy (N0/L0) in the porous layer on the propagation of Love waves for l1/L = 2.50, N0/L0 = 0.01, b/K = 0.4, a/K = 1, m/K = 0.2, f = f0 = 0 and
ba/cos = 0.7.
 S. Gupta et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660 6659

2 ξ'
1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

c2 /β 20
1.5 1
2
3
1.4
4
5
1.3 6

1.2

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

KH

Fig. 4. Effect of initial stresses (f0 ) in the porous layer on the propagation of Love waves for l0/L = 2.50, b/k = 0.4, a/k = 1, m/K = 0.2, N0/L0 = 0.01, d = 0.6154,
f = 0 and ba/cos = 0.7.

2.1 ξ
2

1.9
5

1.8 4

3
c 2/β20

1.7

1.6
2
1.5
1
1.4

1.3

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

KH

Fig. 5. Effect of tensile initial stresses (f < 0) in the half-space, in the absence of initial stresses in the porous layer (f0 = 0) on the propagation of Love waves
for l1/L = 2.50, b/k = 0.4, a/k = 1, m/K = 0.2, N0/L0 = 0.01, d = 0.6154, f0 = 0 and ba/cos = 0.7.

Fig. 3 describes the effect of anisotropy on the propagation of Love waves in a porous medium. The square of the velocity
of Love waves in a medium corresponding to c11 = 0.65, c12 = 0.15 and c22 = 0.65, i.e. d = 0.6154 in homogeneous or non-
homogeneous case, is always greater than 1.625 for all frequencies. It also reflects that as the anisotropy increases, the veloc-
ity of Love waves in the porous medium under the effect of rigid boundary decreases.
Fig. 4 manifests the effect of initial stresses (n0 ) present in the porous layer while the half-space is initially stress-free, i.e.
n = 0. It has been observed that an increase in compressive initial stresses (n0 > 0) in the porous layer decreases the velocity of
Love waves for the same frequency. The tensile initial stresses (n0 < 0) of small magnitude in the porous medium, however,
increase the velocity, but the large magnitude of tensile stress n0 does not allow Love waves to propagate.
Fig. 5 reflects the effect of tensile initial stresses ðn 6 0Þ in the half-space, in the absence of initial stresses in the porous
layer i.e. n0 = 0. The curves show that the tensile initial stresses in the half-space increase the velocity of Love waves remark-
ably at low frequency; for compressive initial stresses in the half-space, the Love waves do not propagate.
Fig. 6 shows the values of c2 =b2a in the porous medium (curves 1–3) and non-porous medium (curves 4–6) in the presence
of initial stresses of equal magnitude in the upper layer and half-space. It is also to be noted that as the initial stress in both
the media for porous and non-porous increases, the phase velocity decreases at a particular wave number and hence we con-
clude that porosity has significant effect on the propagation of Love waves.
6660 S. Gupta et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 6652–6660

2.1 ξ' ξ
2.05

1.95 1

1.9
2

c 2/β02
1.85 3

1.8 6 5 4

1.75

1.7

1.65

1.6
3.95 4 4.05 4.1 4.15 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4 4.45
KH

Fig. 6. Love wave dispersion curves in the presence of equal initial stress (f = f0 ) in both the mediums when the layer is porous (d = 0.6154) or non-porous
(d = 1) for l1/L = 2.50, b/k = 0.4, a/k = 1, m/K = 0.2, N0/L0 = 0.01 and ba/cos = 0.7.

7. Conclusion

An analytical approach is used to investigate Love wave propagation in an Anisotropic Porous Layer under the effect of
rigid boundary. The analytical solution of dispersion relations are obtained for different cases. The effects of porosity, anisot-
ropy, inhomogeneity and initial stresses on the phase velocity are discussed in detail. Numerical example shows that as the
porosity of the layer increases, the phase velocity of Love wave increases and as the anisotropy increases, the velocity de-
creases. An increase in compressive initial stresses in the layer decreases the velocity of Love waves. It has been found that
tensile initial stresses of small magnitude increases the velocity while large magnitude of tensile stress does not allow Love
wave to penetrate.

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